COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Beslenme Alışkanlıklarındaki Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle sağlık çalışanlarının iş yükü ve çalışma saatleri artmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinin sağlık çalışanlarının beslenme alışkanlıkları üzerine etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma 18-65 yaş arası 239 yetişkin birey üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Sağlık çalışanlarının sosyo-demografik özellikleri, sağlık bilgileri, yaşam biçimi davranışları ve beslenme alışkanlıklarına ilişkin bilgiler çevrimiçi bir anket formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Pandemi öncesi ve sürecindeki vücut ağırlıkları ve boy uzunlukları bireylerin kendi beyanlarına dayalı olarak sorgulanmıştır. Bulgular: Pandemi sürecinde ana öğünleri atlayanların oranı (%48,1), pandemi öncesine göre (%43,9) artmıştır. En çok atlanan ana ve ara öğünler sırasıyla kahvaltı ve kuşluk öğünleridir. Pandemi sürecinde bireylerin %48,1'i sebze-meyve, %38,1'i su, %45,6'sı ise ev yemeği tüketimini artırmıştır. Bu süreçte ara öğün olarak en çok meyve-sebze (%62,3) ve kuruyemişler (%55,6) tercih edilmiştir. COVID-19 sürecinde bireylerin yaklaşık yarısının (%46,0) iştahında ve %50,6'sının vücut ağırlığında artış olmuştur. Ayrıca 51-64 yaş grubu bireylerin (3,73±4,13 kg) vücut ağırlık artışı, 18-50 yaş grubuna (0,43±4,51 kg) göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksektir (p=0,014). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde haftada en az 150 dakika egzersiz yaptığını bildirenlerin oranı (%30,5) pandemi öncesine (%43,9) göre azalmıştır. Sonuç: Pandemi sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının iştah durumları, bazı beslenme alışkanlıkları, vücut ağırlıkları ve fiziksel aktivite durumları genel olarak olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Orta yaş grubu pandemi sürecinde vücut ağırlık artışına daha yatkındır.

Keywords

• Sağlık çalışanları
• beslenme
• COVID-19
• pandemi

Evaluation of Changes in Dietary Habits of Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19

Abstract

Objective: The workload and working hours of healthcare professionals have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate how COVID-19 outbreak restrictions affect dietary habits among healthcare professionals. Material and Method: The study population was 239 adults aged between 18-65 years. An online survey including questions about demographic variables, health information, lifestyle behaviors, and dietary habits were sent via an online platform. Self-reported weight, and height before and during the pandemic were also collected. Results: The percentage of those who skip the main meals during the lockdown (48.1%) has increased compared to before the lockdown (43.9%). The most skipped main meal and snack were breakfast and mid-morning, respectively. Among the study population, 48.1% reported that they increased their vegetable-fruit consumption, 38.1% reported increased water intake and 45.6% reported consuming more home-cooked food. The most preferred snacks were fruits-vegetables (62.3%), and nuts (55.6%). Approximately half of the participants (46.0%) reported an increased appetite and 50.6% of the participants stated an increase in body weight during COVID-19. The weight gain of the 51-64 age group (3.73±4.13 kg) was statistically significantly higher than the 18-50 age group (0.43±4.51 kg) (p=0.014). The rate of those who reported doing at least 150 minutes of exercise per week before COVID-19 (43.9%) decreased during the pandemic (30.5%). Conclusion: Body weight, appetite, some dietary habits, and physical activities were generally adversely affected among healthcare workers during the pandemic. Older groups are most prone to weight gain during the lockdown.

Keywords

• Healthcare professionals
• nutrition
• COVID-19
• pandemic

References

1. Lee A. Wuhan novel coronavirus (COVID-19): why global control is challenging? Public Health. 2020;179:A1-A2.
2. The Lancet. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):922.
3. Goddard AF, Patel M. The changing face of medical professionalism and the impact of COVID-19. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):950-2.
4. Akbayram HT, Keten HS, Aksoy Y, Yıldız MM. COVID-19 pandemisi asistan hekimlerin yaşam tarzı davranışlarını nasıl etkiledi?. Dicle Med J. 2021;48(3):612-20.
5. Keohane DM, McGillivary NA, Daly B. Physical activity levels and perceived barriers to exercise participation in Irish General Practitioners and General Practice trainees. Ir Med J. 2018;111(2):690.
6. Rodríguez BO, Sánchez TL. The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on health care workers. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46(suppl.1):195-200.
7. Kirk AHP, Chong SL, Kam KQ, Huang W, Ang LSL, Lee JH, et al. Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric healthcare workers. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2021;50(3):203-11.
8. Kumar D, Saghir T, Ali G, Yasin U, Furnaz S, Karim M, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers at a tertiary care cardiac center of Karachi Pakistan. J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63(2):e59-e62.

9. Chakma T, Thomas BE, Kohli S, Moral R, Menon GR, Periyasamy M, et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in India & their perceptions on the way forward-A qualitative study. Indian J Med Res. 2021;153(5-6):637-48.
10. Zhang J, Lai S, Lyu Q, Zhang P, Yang D, Kong J, et al. Diet and nutrition of healthcare workers in COVID-19 epidemic-Hubei, China, 2019. China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(27):505-6.
11. World Health Organization. Nutrition advice for adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. [cited 2022 May]. Available from: http://www.emro. who.int/nutrition/news/nutrition-advice-for-adults-during-the-covid-19- outbreak.html.
12. Wang J, Zhou M, Liu F. Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(1):100-1.
13. Braquehais MD, Vargas-Cáceres S, Gómez-Durán E, Nieva G, Valero S, Casas M, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. QJM. 2020;hcaa207.
14. Maffoni SI, Kalmpourtzidou Α, Cena H. The potential role of nutrition in mitigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Nfs Journal. 2021;22:6-8.
15. Pekcan G. Beslenme durumunun saptanması. İçinde: Baysal A, Aksoy M, Besler T, Bozkurt N, Keçecioğlu S, Mercanlıgil SM, et al., editors. Diyet el kitabı. Ankara: Hatiboğlu Yayınları; 2008. p. 67-141.
16. WHO Consultation on Obesity ( 1999: Geneva, Switzerland) & World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. 2000;894:1-252.
17. Gül H, Gülüm M, İlter B, Hasde M, Şimşek AÇ, Bulut YE, et al. COVID-19 sürecinde sağlık çalışanları için alınan koruyucu önlemlerin etkisi. Ankara Med J. 2020;20(4):1000-15.
18. Le HT, Lai AJX, Sun J, Hoang MT, Vu LG, Pham HQ, et al. Anxiety and depression among people under the nationwide partial lockdown in Vietnam. Front Public Health. 2020;8:589359.
19. Yu W, Xu Y, Zhang J, Yuan Q, Guo Y, Li Z, et al. The willingness for dietary and behavioral changes in frontline epidemic prevention workers after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):58.
20. Doğan YN, Dogan I, Kılıç İbrahim. The perception of health and the change in nutritional habits of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Sep. 16 [cited 2022 Sep. 5];23(S2):e2021266. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/12061
21. Celorio-Sardà R, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Zerón-Rugerio MF, Urpi-Sarda M, Illán-Villanueva M, et al. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on dietary habits and lifestyle of food science students and professionals from Spain. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1494.
22. de Pinho LG, Sampaio F, Sequeira C, Teixeira L, Fonseca C, Lopes MJ. Portuguese nurses’ stress, anxiety, and depression reduction strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3490.
23. Oliver TL, Shenkman R, Mensinger JL, Moore C, Diewald LK. A study of United States registered dietitian nutritionists during COVID-19: from impact to adaptation. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):907.
24. Tran TV, Nguyen HC, Pham LV, Nguyen MH, Nguyen HC, Ha TH, et al. Impacts and interactions of COVID-19 response involvement, healthrelated behaviours, health literacy on anxiety, depression and healthrelated quality of life among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e041394.
25. Sidor A, Rzymski P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1657.
26. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Cinelli G, et al. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):229.
27. Karakose T, Malkoc N. Behavioral and interpersonal effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on frontline physicians working in Emergency Departments (EDs) and Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Acta Med Mediterr. 2021;37(1):437-44.
28. Nashwan AJ, Villar RC, Al-Qudimat AR, Kader N, Alabdulla M, Abujaber AA et al. Quality of life, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, stress, eating habits, and social bounds in nurses during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Qatar (The PROTECTOR Study): A crosssectional, comparative study. J Pers Med. 2021;11(9):918.
29. Ertal E. Covid-19 Salgınında hastanelerde çalışan sağlık personelinin tükenmişlik düzeyi ile beslenme ve uyku alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişki [master’s thesis]. [İstanbul]: Biruni Üniversitesi; 2021.
30. Gomes CM, Favorito LA, Henriques JVT, Canalini AF, Anzolch KMJ, de Carvalho Fernandes R, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on clinical practice, income, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urologists. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46(6):1042-71.
31. Mojtahedzadeh N, Neumann FA, Rohwer E, Nienhaus A, Augustin M, Harth V, et al. The health behaviour of German outpatient caregivers in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8213.
32. Özden G, Parlar Kiliç S. The effect of social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic on nutrition and exercise behaviors of nursing students. Ecol Food Nutr. 2021;60(6):663-81.
33. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1195-99.
34. Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, Benitez G, Beckwith CG, Chan PA, et al. Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1200- 4.
35. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, Winskill P, Whittaker C, Imai N, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):669-77.
36. Cheikh Ismail L, Hashim M, Mohamad MN, Hassan H, Ajab A, Stojanovska L, et al. Dietary habits and lifestyle during coronavirus pandemic lockdown: experience from Lebanon. Front Nutr. 2021:8:730425.
37. World Health Organization. Stay physically active during selfquarantine. [cited 2022 May]. Available from: https://www.euro.who. int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/ publications-and-technical-guidance/noncommunicable-diseases/ stay-physically-active-during-self-quarantine#:~:text=Physical%20activity%20and%20relaxation%20techniques,or%20a%20 combination%20of%20both.
38. Mota IA, Oliveira Sobrinho GD, Morais IPS, Dantas TF. Impact of COVID-19 on eating habits, physical activity and sleep in Brazilian healthcare professionals. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021;79(5):429-36.
39. Almandoz JP, Xie L, Schellinger JN, Mathew MS, Gazda C, Ofori A, et al. Impact of COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home orders on weight‐related behaviours among patients with obesity. Clin Obes. 2020;10(5):e12386.
40. Teixeira PRA, da Silva LVR, da Silva VMB, da Silva LMC, et al. Health and nutrition of health professionals in hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review. IJAERS. 2021;8(12):354-64.
41. Lin YL, Chen CH, Chu WM, Hu SY, Liou YS, Yang YC, et al. Modifiable risk factors related to burnout levels in the medical workplace in Taiwan: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e032779.
42. Alexandrova-Karamanova A, Todorova I, Montgomery A, Panagopoulou E, Costa P, Baban A, et al. Burnout and health behaviors in health professionals from seven European countries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2016;89(7):1059-75.