First Aid in Disasters

Abstract

Disasters refer to emergencies that occur as a result of sudden and unexpected events. These situations can be caused by various reasons such as natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes), fires, traffic accidents, explosions, and terrorist attacks. Immediate first aid after a disaster is crucial in terms of saving lives and transporting the injured to the medical assistance they need as soon as possible. First aid refers to all the initial measures taken during the first response phase in a disaster. First aid is necessary to save lives, alleviate the pain of the injured, and stabilize their health condition. To provide first aid in disasters, being prepared for emergencies is crucial. Disaster preparedness should include measures such as having first aid equipment ready, stocking enough first aid supplies, forming emergency response teams, and having trained personnel available. First aid intervention involves measures such as saving lives, stopping bleeding, opening airways, stabilizing injuries, and transporting the injured to the medical assistance they need as soon as possible. First aid intervention varies depending on the injured person's condition, and the order of priority is determined. A certain order is followed to ensure safety and facilitate the work of rescue teams in the process of providing first aid in disasters. In conclusion, first aid in disasters is crucial in terms of saving lives and transporting the injured to the medical assistance they need as soon as possible. Therefore, measures such as disaster preparedness, trained personnel, first aid supplies, and equipment should be taken.

Keywords

• Disasters
• emergencies
• disaster management plans
• first aid
• triage

Afetlerde İlk Yardım

Abstract

Afetler, ani ve beklenmedik olaylar sonucu meydana gelen acil durumları ifade eder. Bu durumlar, doğal afetler (depremler, seller, kasırgalar), yangınlar, trafik kazaları, patlamalar, terör saldırıları gibi çeşitli nedenlerden kaynaklanabilir. Afetlerin hemen ardından ilk yardım, hayat kurtarmak ve yaralıları en kısa sürede tıbbi yardım alacakları yere taşımak açısından büyük önem taşır. İlk yardım, afetlerde ilk müdahale sürecinde uygulanan ilk yardım önlemlerinin tümünü ifade eder. İlk yardım, hayat kurtarmak, yaralıların acılarını hafifletmek ve sağlık durumlarını stabil hale getirmek için gereklidir. Afetlerde, ilk yardım vermek için öncelikle acil durumlar için hazırlıklı olmak gerekir. Afet öncesi hazırlık, ilk yardım ekipmanının hazır bulundurulması, ilkyardım malzemelerinin yeterli miktarda stoklanması, acil durum ekiplerinin oluşturulması ve eğitimli personelin bulunması gibi önlemleri içermelidir. Afetlerde ilk yardım, acil müdahale konusunda eğitimli personel tarafından yürütülmelidir. İlk yardım müdahalesi, hayat kurtarmak, kanamaları durdurmak, solunum yollarını açmak, yaralanmaları stabilize etmek ve en kısa sürede tıbbi yardım alacakları yere taşımak gibi önlemleri içermelidir. İlk yardım müdahalesi, yaralıların durumuna göre değişkenlik gösterir ve öncelik sırası belirlenir. Afetlerde ilk yardım verme sürecinde, güvenliği sağlamak ve kurtarma ekiplerinin çalışmalarını kolaylaştırmak için belli bir düzen içinde hareket edilir. Sonuç olarak, afetlerde ilk yardım, hayat kurtarmak ve yaralıların en kısa sürede tıbbi yardım alacakları yere taşımak açısından büyük önem taşır. Bu nedenle, afet öncesi hazırlık, eğitimli personel, ilkyardım malzemeleri ve ekipmanları gibi önlemlerin alınması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• afetler
• acil durumlar
• afet yönetim planlamaları
• ilk yardım
• triyaj

References

1. Nakao H, Ukai I, Kotani J. A review of the history of the origin of triage from a disaster medicine perspective. Acute Medicine & Surgery, 2017;4(4):379-384.
2. Christian MD, Fowler R, Muller MP, Gomersall C, Sprung CL, Hupert N, et al. Critical care resource allocation: trying to PREEDICCT outcomes without a crystal ball. Critical Care. 2013 Feb;17(1):1-3.Lee CH. Disaster and mass casualty triage. AMA Journal of Ethics, 2010;12(6):466- 470.
3. Christian MD, Farmer JC, Young BP. Disaster Triage and Allocation of Scarce Resources. Fundamental Disaster Management Third edition. Mount Prospect: Society of Critical Care Medicine: 2009. p. 13-138.
4. Christopher A. Kahn, E. Brooke Lerner, David C. Koenig and Schultz’s Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009. p. 174-183.
5. Bostick NA, Subbarao I, Burkle FM, Hsu EB, Armstrong JH, James JJ. Disaster triage systems for large-scale catastrophic events. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2008;2(S1):S35-S39.
6. Bazyar J, Farrokhi M, Khankeh H. Triage systems in mass casualty incidents and disasters: a review study with a worldwide approach. Open Access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 2019;7(3):482.
7. Özüçelik DN. Triage in disasters. Turkey Clinics-Special Topics in Emergency Medicine, 2019;5(1):32-39.
8. Usta G, Torpuş K, Küçük U. START triage scale in disasters. Natural Disasters and Environment Magazine, 2017;3(2):70-76.

9. Oktay C. Pre-hospital response and triage in disasters. Sted Journal, 2002;11 (4):136-139.
10. American Red Cross. First Aid/CPR/AED Participant's Manual (2021).
11. American Health Association. Emergency Medical Response: First on Scene (2021).
12. Akdeniz, N. Afetlerde İlk Yardım: Genel İlkeler ve Kanama Kontrolü. Uluslararası Afet Tıp Dergisi, (2021) 4(2), 69-72
13. Ho, A. F. Wilderness Medicine: Bleeding Control in Disasters and Traumatic Injuries. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, (2020) 31(4S), S71-S81.
14. Strickland, D. L. Disaster and Mass Casualty Hemorrhage Control. Journal of Trauma Nursing, (2020) 27(5), 265-272.
15. MacKenzie JS, Banskota B, Sirisreetreerux N, Shafiq B, Hasenboehler EA. A review of the epidemiology and treatment of orthopaedic injuries after earthquakes in developing count-ries. World J Emerg Surg 2017;10(12):9.
16. Erek E, Sever MS, Serdengeçti K, Vanholder R, Akoğlu E, Yavuz M, et al. An overview of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute renal failure due to crush syndrome: the Marmara earthquake experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17(1):33-40.
17. Görmeli G, Görmeli CA, Güner S, Ceylan MF, Dursun R. The clinical profile of musculoskeletal injuries associated with the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi 2012;23(2):68-71
18. FH. Aljazairi A. Triage. Emergency Medicine and Trauma, 2019. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67220
19. de Gracia, C.G., Sánchez, J.L.G., Tovilla, J.L.M. The treatment of burns in disasters and humanitarian crises: a systematic review of the literature. Burns. 2017; 43: 31–40.
20. Peck, M., Kruger, G.E., van der Merwe, A.E. Burns and fires from nonelectric domestic appliances in low- and middle-income countries. Part II. A strategy for intervention. Burns. 2008; 34: 303–311.
21. Atiyeh, B.S., Gunn, S.W.A., Dibo, S.A. A new concept in disaster management: the burn disaster triage tool. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017; 30: 141–143.
22. McIntosh, S.E., Opacic, M., Freer, L. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019; 30: S47-S59.
23. Mathez-Stiefel, S.L., Vandebroek, I., Rist, S. Hypothermia in the context of disaster: definitions, assessment and guidelines. PLoS currents. 2012; 4:
24. Brown, D.J.A., Brugger, H., Boyd, J. Management of accidental hypothermia: a European survey. Eur J Emerg Med. 2012; 19: 292-295.
25. Galvagno Jr., S.M., Hu, P., Yang, S. Hypothermia in disasters: an overview. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2017; 11: 591-597.
26. Khankeh HR, Masoumi G, Arab M. Evaluation of patients in emergency services during disasters: a review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9: 531-538.
27. Adalja AA, Watson M, Cicero AJ. Preparedness challenges of Ebola virus disease in West Africa. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9: 5-10.
28. Khankeh HR, Hosseini SA, Ameri M. The challenges of hospital emergency preparedness: a comprehensive review. J Res Health Sci. 2015; 15: 163-170.
29. Jafari N, Shahabi S, Mohammadi N. Hospitals safety assessment: A qualitative study of the experience of some hospitals in Tehran in disaster response. Trauma Mon. 2017; 22: e34
30. Haojun F, Jianqi S, Shike H. Retrospective, analytical study of field first aid following the Wenchuan Earthquake in China. Prehospital and disaster medicine. 2011 Apr;26(2):130-4.