Uzay Hukuku, Uzayda Güvenlik ve Diplomasi

Year 2024, , 91 - 109, 20.07.2024

Mehmet Erkan Kıllıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1428483

Abstract

Uzay araştırmaları ve devletler arasındaki uzay yarışı 1960’lı yıllarda, dönemin iki büyük devleti olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki rekabetin dış uzaya da taşınması ile başlamış ve hızla iki devlet arasındaki rekabetin devam ettiği yeni bir alan hâline gelmiştir. Silahlanma yarışının uzaya da taşınması ihtimali ortaya çıkınca sorunun çözümü için bir orta yol bulunması adına alternatif diyalog kanallarına ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. İşte bu noktada ‘diplomasi’ akla ilk gelen çözüm yollarından birisi olmuştur. Çoğunlukla uluslararası ilişkiler ile birbirinin yerine ikame edilebilen bir terim olan diplomasi için uzay yeni bir alan olmuştur. Devletler arasındaki ilişkiler ve rekabetin uzaya taşınması ile uzay diplomasisi adı verilen yeni bir diplomasi türü de ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzay diplomasinin öncelikli amaçları uzay konusunda Birleşmiş Milletlerin de desteği ile hazırlanan ve imzalanan beş temel antlaşma ile belirlenmiştir. Bu antlaşmalar uzay hukukunun da temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu antlaşmalarla temel çerçevesi çizilen ve vurgu yapılan öncelikli konu ve kavramlar; uzayın tüm insanlığın ortak mirası olduğu (common heritage of mankind) ve uzayda hâkimiyet ve egemenlik iddiasında bulunulmamasının gerektiğidir. Bu sayede uzayın barışçı amaçlarla kullanımı ve uzayın askerîleşmesi ve silahlandırılmasının önlenmesi planlanmıştır. Diyalektik bir yöntem benimsenen bu çalışmada yeni gelişen Uzay Hukuku konusu ve ortaya çıkabilecek güvenlik problemlerine çözüm olabilecek diplomasi ile gelişen ilişkisine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Uluslararası Hukuk, Uzay Hukuku, Diplomasi, Uzay Diplomasisi, Uzayın Askerîleşmesi

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

Space Law, Security in Space and Diplomacy

Abstract

Space research and the space race between states began in the 1960s, when the rivalry between the two major states of that time, the United States and the Soviet Union, moved to outer space. When the possibility of the arms race in space emerged, alternative dialogue channels needed in order to settle the problem. Space has become a new field for diplomacy, a term that is often mixed with international relations. Diplomacy, which is one of the components that play an important role especially in international relations, appears as a method by which states contact each other, receive information and communicate, especially in crisis situations. With the transfer of competition between states to space, a new type of diplomacy called space diplomacy has emerged. The primary objectives of space diplomacy are determined by five basic agreements on space, prepared and signed with the support of the United Nations. These agreements also form the basis of space law. The fundamental principles highlighted and established by these agreements revolve around the main issues and concepts, namely, the recognition of space as the common heritage of all mankind and the prohibition of claims of sovereignty over space and celestial bodies. The intention is to utilise space for peaceful objectives and to deter the militarization and arming of space. This study employs a dialectical approach to highlight the emerging field of Space Law and its evolving connection with diplomacy as a potential solution to potential security challenges.

Keywords

International Law, Space Law, Diplomacy, Space Diplomacy, Militarization of Space

Project Number

-

References

• Ambrose, M. J. (2018). The control agenda: A history of the strategic arms limitation talks. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Arı, T. (2009). Uluslararası ilişkiler ve dış politika. Bursa: Marmara Kitap Merkezi (MKM) Yayıncılık.
• Barratt, J. (1985). South African diplomacy at the UN. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Ben-Itzhak, S. (2022). Companies are commercializing outer space. Do government programs still matter?. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/11/companies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter/
• Bloomfield, B. (1977). Strategic arms limitation. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, The Changing United Nations: Options for the United States, 32(4), 184-194.
• Böckstiegel, K-H. (1995). Introductory remarks. In S. Mosteshar (Ed.), Research and invention in Outer Space. Liability and Intellectual Property Rights (ss. 1-6). Dordrecht, Boston: M. Nijhoff Publishers and International Bar Association.
• Brittingham, B. (2010). Does the world really need new space law?. Oregon Review of International Law, 12(1) 31-54.
• Bull, H. (1932). The encyclopedia of diplomacy. Australia: The Australian National University, Australia.
• Campbell, K. M. (1991-1992). The U.S.-Soviet agreement on the prevention of dangerous military activities. Security Studies, 1(1), 109-131.
• Chen, S. (2011). The space debris problem. Asian Perspective, 35(4), 537-558.
• Cohen, A. F. (1984). Cosmos 954 and the ınternational law of satellite accidents. Yale Journal of International Law, 10(78), 78-91.
• Cooper, A. F, Heine, J., & Takhur, R. (2015). (Ed.) Oxford handbook of modern diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cross, M. K. D. (2007). The European diplomatic corps: Diplomats and international cooperation from Westphalia to Maastricht. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Dartnell, L. (2024). Space junk and why it’s a big problem. BBC Sky at Night Magazine.
• Douglas, S. (2023). NASA seeks solutions to detect, track, clean up small space debris. NASA. Retrievedfrom https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/stmd-prizes-challenges-crowdsourcing-program/center-of-excellence-for-collaborative-innovation-coeci/coeci-news/nasa-seeks-solutions-to-detect-track-clean-up-small-space-debris/
• Durkalec, J. (2018). Nükleer silahların yayılmasını önleme antlaşması elli yaşında: Bir orta yaş krizi. NATO Review. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2018/06/29/nuekleer-silahlarin-yayilmasini-oenleme-antlasmasi-elli-yasinda-bir-orta-yas-krizi/index.html
• Durkalec, J. (2019). Orta Menzilli Nükleer Kuvvetler Antlaşması (INF) olmadan Avrupa güvenliği. NATO Review. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/tr/articles/2019/09/30/orta-menzilli-nuekleer-kuvvetler-antlasmasi-inf-olmadan-avrupa-guevenligi/index.html
• Fountain, L. M. (2003). Creating momentum in Space: Ending the paralysis produced by the ‘Common Heritage Of Mankind’ doctrine. Connecticut Law Review, 35, 1753-1764.
• Garthoff, R. L. (1978). Salt I: An evaluation. World Politics, 31(1), 1-25.
• Gharekhan, C. R. (1970). The strategic arms limitation talks. India Quarterly, 26(3), 239-248.
• Grasty, R. L. (1980). The search for COSMOS-954. In K.B. Haley ve L. D. Stone (Ed.), Search Theory and Applications, NATO Conference Series, Vol. 8 (ss. 211-220). Boston, MA: Springer.
• Heaps, L. (1978). Operation morning light: Terror in our skies: The true story of Cosmos 954. Londra: Paddington Press.
• Hobe, S., & De Man, P. (2017). National appropriation of Outer Space and state jurisdiction to regulate the exploitation, exploration and utilization of space resources. German Journal of Air and Space Law, 66(3), 460-475.
• Johnson, D. (2011). Limits on the giant leap for mankind: Legal ambiguities of extraterrestrial resource extraction. American University International Law Review, 26(5), 1477-1517.
• Kavuncu, S. (2013). Nükleer silahsızlanma yolunda START süreci. Bilge Strateji, 5(8), 119-148.
• Kluger, J. (2023). Scientists sound the alarm over a growing trash problem in Space. Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/6262389/space-junk-increasing-problem/
• Leon, A. M. (2018). Mining for meaning: An examination of the legality of property rights in space resources. Virginia Law Review, 104(3), 497-546.
• Lippman, T. W. (2013). Clinton, Yeltsin agree on arms cuts and NATO. The Washington Post, March 22, 1997, A01.
• Lyall, F., & Larsen, P. B. (2009). Space law: A treatise. Farnham: Ashgate.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50.
• Milik, P. (2016). Rules for the transfer of weapons and military technology in the light of contemporary international law. Security and Defence Quarterly, 13(4), 50-78.
• Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking preferences seriously: A liberal theory of international politics. InternationalOrganization, 51(4), 513-553.
• Müller, H. (2017). The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in jeopardy? Internal divisions and the impact of world politics. The International Spectator, 52(1), 12-27.
• Nicolson, J. (1988). Diplomacy. Washington DC: Institute for the study of diplomacy, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi: 1939).
• Onley, R. D. (2013). Death from above? The weaponization of space and the threat to International Humanitarian Law. Journal of Air Law and Commerce Journal of Air Law and Commerce(JALC), 78(4), 739-765.
• Öncel, R. (2019). INF Anlaşması’nın askıya alınması nedenler ve muhtemel sonuçları. Ankara: Seta Yayınları.
• Polkowska, M. (2021). Space security diplomacy in international organizations: Some legal aspects. Humanities and Social Sciences, 28(1), 89-105.
• Radi, Y. (2023). Clearing up the space junk: On the flaws and potential of international space law to tackle the space debris problem. ESIL Reflections, 12(2).
• Rana, K. S. (2011). 21st-century diplomacy: A practitioner’s guide (Key studies in Diplomacy). Londra: Continuum.
• Rendleman, J. D. (2013). Brave new world of hosted payloads. Journal of Space Law, 39(1), 129-180.
• Sevim, O. U. (2022). Uzay kaynaklarının kullanımına ilişkin BM perspektifi. Adalet Dergisi, 69, 351-371.
• Silverstein, B., Porras, D., & Borrie, J. (2020). Alternative approaches and indicators for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR).
• Smart, I. (1970). The strategic arms limitation talks. The World Today, 26(7), 296-305.
• Sönmezoğlu, F. (2005). Uluslararası politika ve dış politika analizi. İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.
• Sultan, M. (2001). Fissile material cut-off treaty: A futuristic appraisal. Strategic Studies, 21(1), 65-103.
• Süvari, K. (2017). Türkiye’nin Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının Önlenmesi (NSYÖ) antlaşmasına katılımı: Nedenleri ve etkileri. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(2), 167-194.
• Süvari, K., & Çiğdem Nas, Ç. (2022). The formation of The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty: An analysis based on International Regime Theories. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 17(57), 447-467.
• Tacar, P. Y. (1970). Nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesi sorunu. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu.
• Taylor, K. (2019). Fictions of the final frontier: Why the United States SPACE Act Of 2015 is illegal. Emory International Law Review, 33(4), 653-678.
• Tellal, E. (2007). Kronik: 20. yüzyılın dengelerine neler oluyor?, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 62(4), 227-230.
• Tennen, L. I. (2010). Towards a new regime for exploitation of outer space mineral resources. Nebraska Law Review, 88(4), 794-831.
• Tennen, L. I. (2016). The promise and perils of an International Law of Property Enterprise Rights and the legal regime for exploitation of outer space resources. University of the Pacific Law Review, 47(2), 281-299.
• UN Office for Disarmament Affairs. (2013). Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities. New York.
• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (2010). Space debris mitigation guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Viyana.
• Üste, N., & Sönmez, A. S. (2012). Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ABD ve AB Dış Politikaları’nda ortaya çıkan temel farklılıklar (1991-2001). Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 81-114.
• Vinocur, J. (1982). U.S. and Soviet begin to discuss strategic arms. The New York Times.
• Von der Dunk, F. R. (2015). Handbook of space law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
• Watson, A. (1982). Diplomacy, The dialogue between states. Londra: Eyre Methuen.
• Wessel, B. (2012). The rule of law in outer space: The effects of treaties and nonbinding agreements on International Space Law. Hastings International and Comperative Law Review, 35(2), 289-322.
• Willrich, M., & Rhinelander, J. B. (1973). An overview of SALT I. The American Journal of International Law. 67(5), 28-35.
• Wolff, J. M. (2009). Uzayın askerileştirilmesini içine alan “Barışçıl Kullanım” kavramı, uzayın silahlandırılmasına da yol açar mı?, (Y. Poyraz, Çev.) Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi HukukFakültesi Dergisi, 13(3-4), 69-83. (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi: 2003).
• Zielinski, L. Y. (2022). Space arbitration and Harmful Interference disputes. Journal of Space Law, 46(2), 327-350.