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Framing Analysis of the Palestine-Israel Conflict: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Discourses at the UN General Assembly

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 65 - 90, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1566378

Abstract

This article examines how Western media framed Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s remarks on the Palestine-Israel conflict during his speech at the 79th United Nations (UN) General Assembly. The aim of the study is to analyse how Erdoğan’s speech was presented by different Western media outlets, based on the theoretical framework of media framing theory, highlighting the ideological and political contexts. Erdoğan’s speech attracted extensive coverage and was framed differently across media outlets; some presented it as a challenge to Western values, while others focused on his critiques of Israel. The research question explores the ideological, political, and cultural contexts influencing how various Western media sources framed Erdoğan’s statements. The methodology employed in this study includes qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Findings reveal that CNN and BBC highlighted Erdoğan’s criticism of the West, framing it as a challenge to Western moral values, whereas El Pais, El Periodico and La Repubblica emphasized his anti-Israel rhetoric, portraying it as provocative. Al Jazeera, however, highlighted Erdoğan’s support for Palestine, framing his remarks within a narrative of resistance and advocacy. These conclusions underscore the significant role that Western media’s ideological and cultural biases play in framing international political discourse. Ultimately, the study demonstrates how Western media employs framing strategies to shape public perception on conflict, particularly the Palestinian -Israeli issue.
Keywords: Palestinian -Israeli conflict, Media framing, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s discourse, International politics, Western media.

References

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  • Altunisik, M., & Çuhadar, E. (2010). Turkey’s search for a third party role in Arab–Israeli conflicts: A neutral facilitator or a principal power mediator?. Mediterranean Politics, 15(3), 371-392.
  • Arab News. (2024). ‘What are you waiting for to prevent the genocide in Gaza?’ Erdogan asks UN. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2572627/middle-east Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Barrons (2024). Presidente Turco critica A La ONU E Israel por “Barbarie” en Gaza. https://www.barrons.com/news/spanish/presidente-turco-critica-a-la-onu-e-israel-por-barbarie-en-gaza-a6304101 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Bernama. (2024). Erdogan criticizes UN Security Council for failing to stop war in Gaza, calls situation ‘genocide’. Bernama. https://www.bernama.com Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Bloomberg. (2024). Erdoğan calls for global intervention to stop Gaza violence. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2024-09-24/turkey-s-erdogan-says-israel-is-committing-genocide-video Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
  • CNN (2024). Turkish president says the UN system is “dying” in Gaza as death toll rises. https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/biden-speech-un-general-assembly-09-24-24/index.html Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Cottle, S., & Lester, L. (2011). Transnational protests and the media. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Daily Sabah. (2024). Not only children but UN system, Western values dying in Gaza: Erdoğan. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/not-only-children-but-un-system-western-values-dying-in-gaza-erdogan Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Duvar English. (2024). Erdoğan at UN: ‘Western values dying in Gaza’. Duvar English. https://www.duvarenglish.com/erdogan-at-un-western-values-dying-in-gaza-news-64992 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • El Pais. (2024). Erdogan critica inacción de organizaciones internacionales ante la crisis en Gaza. https://www.elpais.cr/2024/09/24/erdogan-critica-inaccion-de-organizaciones-internacionales-ante-la-crisis-en-gaza/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • El Periodico. (2024). Erdogan, en la ONU: “Netanyahu y su red de asesinos deben ser parados tal y como lo fue Hitler hace 70 años”. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20240924/erdogan-onu-netanyahu-red-asesinos-hitler-108525080 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Elmasry, M. H., Shamy, A. E., Manning, P., Mills, A., & Auter, P. J. (2013). Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya framing of the Israel–Palestine conflict during war and calm periods. International Communication Gazette, 75(8), 750-768.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
  • Fairhurst, G., & Sarr, R. (1996). The art of framing (Vol. 358). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Frankfurter Rundschau. (2024). UN-Vollversammlung in New York: Erdogan vergleicht Netanjahu mit Hitler. https://www.fr.de/politik/un-vollversammlung-ukraine-krieg-russland-israel-nahost-krise-hisbollah-news-ticker-zr-93319138.html Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Gelvin, J. L. (2014). The Israel-Palestine conflict: One hundred years of war (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New York: Harper & Row Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
  • Khalidi, R. (2006). The iron cage: The story of the Palestinian struggle for statehood. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Khatib, L. (2006). Filming the modern Middle East: Politics in the cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World. London: I.B. Taurus.
  • Kronen Zeitung. (2024). Erdogan vergleicht Netanyahu vor UNO mit Hitler. https://www.krone.at/3536977 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • L’Humanite (2024). “C’est le système de l’ONU qui meurt à Gaza” https://www.humanite.fr/monde/antonio-guterres/a-la-tribune-de-lonu-antonio-guterres-denonce-lere-de-limpunite Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • L’orient-le Jour (2024). “Le système de l’ONU meurt à Gaza”, dit Erdogan à la tribune des Nations unies, https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1428396/le-systeme-de-lonu-meurt-a-gaza-dit-erdogan-a-la-tribune-des-nations-unies.html Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • La Depeche (2024). “Guerre au Liban : “Un autre Gaza…” “Au bord du gouffre…” A l’ONU, les dirigeants de la planète redoutent la guerre totale” https://www.ladepeche.fr/2024/09/25/guerre-au-liban-un-autre-gaza-au-bord-du-gouffre-a-lonu-les-dirigeants-de-la-planete-redoutent-la-guerre-totale-12218749.php Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • La Repubblica. (2024). Erdoğan accuses Netanyahu at the UN. https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2024/09/24/news/erdogan_onu_israele_discorso-423519570/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Özarslan, H., & Güran, M. (2015). İletişim araştırmalarında çerçeveleme paradigması: Son döneme ait bir inceleme. Selçuk İletişim, 8(4), 32-48.
  • Philo, G., & Berry, M. (2011). More bad news from Israel. Pluto Press.
  • Politico. (2024). Turkey’s Erdoğan compares Israel’s Netanyahu to Hitler at UN assembly. https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan-compare-israel-benjamin-netanyahu-adolf-hitler-unga/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Reuters. (2023). Erdoğan criticizes the West’s inaction on Gaza during UN speech. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-un-should-recommend-use-force-if-israel-not-stopped-2024-09-30/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Seib, P. (2012). Real-time diplomacy: Politics and power in the social media era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sinkaya, B. (2011). Geçmişten günümüze Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikası ve batı etkisi. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 79-100.
  • Tessler, M. (2009). A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • The New York Times (2024). “Gaza has become the world’s largest cemetery for women and children”. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/24/world/unga-2024-biden#netanyahu-delayed-by-israels-new-assault-on-hezbollah-faces-broad-censure-from-gathered-leaders Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Wolfsfeld, G. (2004). Media and the path to peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yılmaz, D. (2024a). Türk medyasında Hamas-İsrail çatışması: Analiz ve değerlendirme. TRT Akademi, 9(20), 80-123.
  • Yılmaz, D. (2024b). Filistin-İsrail çatışması: Liberal basının bakış açısından uluslararası bir analiz. Ombudsman Akademik Dergisi, Özel Sayı 2, 309-344.

Filistin-İsrail Çatışması Üzerine Bir Çerçeveleme Analizi: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın BM Genel Kurulu’ndaki Söylemleri

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 65 - 90, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1566378

Abstract

Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın Birleşmiş Milletler 79. Genel Kurulu’ndaki Filistin-İsrail çatışmasına dair açıklamalarının Batı medyasında nasıl çerçevelendiğini, medya çerçeveleme teorisi ışığında analiz etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, Erdoğan’ın konuşmasının farklı ideolojik, politik ve kültürel bağlamlara sahip Batılı medya organlarında nasıl yorumlandığını incelemektir. Çalışmanın araştırma sorusu, Erdoğan’ın konuşmasının Batı medyasındaki çerçevelenme biçimleri ile bu çerçevelemelerde etkili olan kültürel ve ideolojik faktörlerin neler olduğu üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, CNN, BBC, Reuters, Al Jazeera, El Pais, El Periodico ve La Repubblica gibi çeşitli medya kuruluşlarından medya metni, nitel içerik analizi ve tematik analiz yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Çalışma Entman’ın çerçeveleme teorisinden faydalanarak, dört temel unsuru (tanımlama, nedensellik atfetme, ahlaki değerlendirme ve çözüm önerisi) analiz etmiştir. Çerçeveleme unsurları doğrultusunda bulgular, medya kuruluşlarının ideolojik ve politik eğilimlerine göre farklı çerçeveleme stratejileri benimsediğini göstermektedir. CNN ve BBC gibi Anglo-Amerikan medya kuruluşları, Erdoğan’ın Batı eleştirilerini Batı değerlerine bir meydan okuma olarak çerçevelerken; El Pais ve La Repubblica gibi Avrupa merkezli medya organları, İsrail’e yönelik eleştirileri ön plana çıkararak konuşmayı provoke edici bir söylem olarak sunmuştur. Orta Doğu merkezli Al Jazeera ise Erdoğan’ın konuşmasını Filistin’e destek perspektifinde olumlu bir direniş ve hak savunusu olarak yansıtmıştır. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın bulguları, medya çerçeveleme süreçlerinin ideolojik ve politik bağlamlara göre nasıl değişiklik gösterdiğini ve aynı olayın farklı medya kuruluşlarında farklı şekillerde temsil edildiğini göstermektedir.

Ethical Statement

etik ihlali yapılmamıştır

Supporting Institution

YOK

Thanks

yok

References

  • Al Jazeera. (2024). Turkey’s President Erdogan says UN and Western values are ‘dying’ in Gaza. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/24/turkey-erdogan-values-of-un-the-west-dying-in-gaza-israeli-attacks Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Altunisik, M., & Çuhadar, E. (2010). Turkey’s search for a third party role in Arab–Israeli conflicts: A neutral facilitator or a principal power mediator?. Mediterranean Politics, 15(3), 371-392.
  • Arab News. (2024). ‘What are you waiting for to prevent the genocide in Gaza?’ Erdogan asks UN. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2572627/middle-east Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Barrons (2024). Presidente Turco critica A La ONU E Israel por “Barbarie” en Gaza. https://www.barrons.com/news/spanish/presidente-turco-critica-a-la-onu-e-israel-por-barbarie-en-gaza-a6304101 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Bernama. (2024). Erdogan criticizes UN Security Council for failing to stop war in Gaza, calls situation ‘genocide’. Bernama. https://www.bernama.com Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Bloomberg. (2024). Erdoğan calls for global intervention to stop Gaza violence. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2024-09-24/turkey-s-erdogan-says-israel-is-committing-genocide-video Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
  • CNN (2024). Turkish president says the UN system is “dying” in Gaza as death toll rises. https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/biden-speech-un-general-assembly-09-24-24/index.html Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Cottle, S., & Lester, L. (2011). Transnational protests and the media. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Daily Sabah. (2024). Not only children but UN system, Western values dying in Gaza: Erdoğan. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/not-only-children-but-un-system-western-values-dying-in-gaza-erdogan Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Duvar English. (2024). Erdoğan at UN: ‘Western values dying in Gaza’. Duvar English. https://www.duvarenglish.com/erdogan-at-un-western-values-dying-in-gaza-news-64992 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • El Pais. (2024). Erdogan critica inacción de organizaciones internacionales ante la crisis en Gaza. https://www.elpais.cr/2024/09/24/erdogan-critica-inaccion-de-organizaciones-internacionales-ante-la-crisis-en-gaza/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • El Periodico. (2024). Erdogan, en la ONU: “Netanyahu y su red de asesinos deben ser parados tal y como lo fue Hitler hace 70 años”. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20240924/erdogan-onu-netanyahu-red-asesinos-hitler-108525080 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Elmasry, M. H., Shamy, A. E., Manning, P., Mills, A., & Auter, P. J. (2013). Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya framing of the Israel–Palestine conflict during war and calm periods. International Communication Gazette, 75(8), 750-768.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
  • Fairhurst, G., & Sarr, R. (1996). The art of framing (Vol. 358). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Frankfurter Rundschau. (2024). UN-Vollversammlung in New York: Erdogan vergleicht Netanjahu mit Hitler. https://www.fr.de/politik/un-vollversammlung-ukraine-krieg-russland-israel-nahost-krise-hisbollah-news-ticker-zr-93319138.html Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Gelvin, J. L. (2014). The Israel-Palestine conflict: One hundred years of war (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. New York: Harper & Row Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
  • Khalidi, R. (2006). The iron cage: The story of the Palestinian struggle for statehood. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Khatib, L. (2006). Filming the modern Middle East: Politics in the cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World. London: I.B. Taurus.
  • Kronen Zeitung. (2024). Erdogan vergleicht Netanyahu vor UNO mit Hitler. https://www.krone.at/3536977 Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • L’Humanite (2024). “C’est le système de l’ONU qui meurt à Gaza” https://www.humanite.fr/monde/antonio-guterres/a-la-tribune-de-lonu-antonio-guterres-denonce-lere-de-limpunite Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • L’orient-le Jour (2024). “Le système de l’ONU meurt à Gaza”, dit Erdogan à la tribune des Nations unies, https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1428396/le-systeme-de-lonu-meurt-a-gaza-dit-erdogan-a-la-tribune-des-nations-unies.html Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • La Depeche (2024). “Guerre au Liban : “Un autre Gaza…” “Au bord du gouffre…” A l’ONU, les dirigeants de la planète redoutent la guerre totale” https://www.ladepeche.fr/2024/09/25/guerre-au-liban-un-autre-gaza-au-bord-du-gouffre-a-lonu-les-dirigeants-de-la-planete-redoutent-la-guerre-totale-12218749.php Erişim T. 28 Ekim 2024.
  • La Repubblica. (2024). Erdoğan accuses Netanyahu at the UN. https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2024/09/24/news/erdogan_onu_israele_discorso-423519570/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge University Press.
  • Özarslan, H., & Güran, M. (2015). İletişim araştırmalarında çerçeveleme paradigması: Son döneme ait bir inceleme. Selçuk İletişim, 8(4), 32-48.
  • Philo, G., & Berry, M. (2011). More bad news from Israel. Pluto Press.
  • Politico. (2024). Turkey’s Erdoğan compares Israel’s Netanyahu to Hitler at UN assembly. https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan-compare-israel-benjamin-netanyahu-adolf-hitler-unga/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Reuters. (2023). Erdoğan criticizes the West’s inaction on Gaza during UN speech. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-un-should-recommend-use-force-if-israel-not-stopped-2024-09-30/ Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Seib, P. (2012). Real-time diplomacy: Politics and power in the social media era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sinkaya, B. (2011). Geçmişten günümüze Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikası ve batı etkisi. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 79-100.
  • Tessler, M. (2009). A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • The New York Times (2024). “Gaza has become the world’s largest cemetery for women and children”. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/24/world/unga-2024-biden#netanyahu-delayed-by-israels-new-assault-on-hezbollah-faces-broad-censure-from-gathered-leaders Erişim T. 27 Ekim 2024.
  • Wolfsfeld, G. (2004). Media and the path to peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yılmaz, D. (2024a). Türk medyasında Hamas-İsrail çatışması: Analiz ve değerlendirme. TRT Akademi, 9(20), 80-123.
  • Yılmaz, D. (2024b). Filistin-İsrail çatışması: Liberal basının bakış açısından uluslararası bir analiz. Ombudsman Akademik Dergisi, Özel Sayı 2, 309-344.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Mass Media
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dursun Yılmaz 0000-0001-6161-3482

Publication Date December 23, 2024
Submission Date October 13, 2024
Acceptance Date December 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Yılmaz, D. (2024). Filistin-İsrail Çatışması Üzerine Bir Çerçeveleme Analizi: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın BM Genel Kurulu’ndaki Söylemleri. İletişim Ve Diplomasi(13), 65-90. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1566378