2023 Nijerya Sel Felaketine Türkiye'nin Müdahalesinin Analizi: Afet Yönetiminde Uluslararası İş Birliği ve Diplomasi

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 113 - 130, 23.12.2024

Abraham Ename Minko

https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1569771

Abstract

Afet yönetimi, uluslararası iş birliği ve diplomasi için giderek önemli bir platform hâline gelmekte ve devlet ve devlet dışı aktörlerin ulusötesi krizlerin çözümündeki rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin 2023 Nijerya sel felaketine yönelik yanıtını, insani yardım çabaları ve diplomatik angajmanına odaklanarak incelemektedir. Nijerya’nın yakın tarihindeki en ciddi sel felaketlerinden biri olan bu afet, can kaybı, yerinden edilme ve ekonomik yıkım dâhil olmak üzere geniş çaplı tahribata yol açmıştır. Makale, afet diplomasisi perspektifinden, Türkiye'nin kaynak, personel ve finansal yardım seferberliğini, Nijeryalı yetkililer ve uluslararası kuruluşlarla koordinasyonunu değerlendirmektedir. Nijerya ve Türk yetkililerin resmî raporlarından, açıklamalarından ve ikincil literatürden elde edilen veriler, afetin boyutları ve Türkiye'nin müdahalelerinin etkinliği hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin yaklaşımında en iyi uygulamaları ve geliştirilmesi gereken alanları belirleyerek uluslararası afet yönetimi söylemine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Nijerya gibi afetlere eğilimli bölgelerin dayanıklılığını artırmak için ikili ve çok taraflı çerçevelerin güçlendirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Araştırma, politika yapıcılar, insani yardım aktörleri ve uluslararası ilişkiler akademisyenleri için önemli çıkarımlar içermektedir.

Keywords

Afet Yönetimi, Uluslararası İşbirliği, İnsani Yardım, Türkiye-Nijerya İlişkileri, Sel Müdahalesi.

International Collaboration and Diplomacy in Disaster Management: Analyzing Türkiye's Response to the 2023 Nigerian Floods

Abstract

Disaster management has increasingly become a platform for international collaboration and diplomacy, highlighting the role of state and non-state actors in addressing transnational crises. This study examines Türkiye's response to the 2023 Nigerian floods, focusing on its humanitarian aid efforts and diplomatic engagement. The floods, among the most severe in Nigeria’s recent history, caused widespread devastation, including significant loss of life, displacement, and economic disruption. Through the lens of disaster diplomacy, the article evaluates Türkiye’s mobilization of resources, personnel, and financial assistance, alongside its coordination with Nigerian authorities and international organizations. Primary data from official reports, statements by Nigerian and Turkish authorities, and secondary literature provide insights into the disaster's scope and the effectiveness of Türkiye’s interventions. This study contributes to the broader discourse on international disaster management by identifying best practices and areas for improvement in Türkiye’s approach. It concludes with recommendations for strengthening bilateral and multilateral frameworks to enhance the resilience of disaster-prone regions like Nigeria. This research has implications for policymakers, humanitarian actors, and scholars of international relations.

Keywords

Disaster Management, International Collaboration, Humanitarian Aid, Türkiye-Nigeria Relations, Flood Response

References

• Aksa, F. I. (2020). Islamic perspectives in disaster: An alternative to changing fatalistic attitudes. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v12i1.942
• Amoako, C., Doe, B., & Adamtey, R. (2021). Flood responses and attachment to place within low-income neighborhoods in Kumasi, Ghana. African Geographical Review, 42(1),1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2021.1968445
• Akpinar, P., Ditrych, O., Marangio, R., & Zorić, B. (2024). Executive Summary. In D. Ghanem (Ed.), Türkiye’s Cards in The World. Raising the stakes (pp. 2–5). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep59784.3
• Andersson, J. J., & Cramer, C. S. (2023). The southern neighbourhood. In EUISS Yearbook of European Security: 2023 (pp. 79–89). European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep52685.19
• Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Kniveton, D., Cannon, T., van der Geest, K., Ahmed, I., Derrington, E. M., Opondo, D. O. (2019b). I will not go, I cannot go: Cultural and social limitations of disaster preparedness in Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Disasters, 43(4), 752–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12404
• Crawford, N., & Holloway, K. (2024). Where the needs of FDPs and opportunities for interventions overlap. In The livelihoods of forcibly displaced persons (FDPs): A global evidence review (pp. 31–34). ODI. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep59241.9
• Crawford, N., & Holloway, K. (2024). Numbers and trends of displacement. In The livelihoods of forcibly displaced persons (FDPs): A global evidence review (pp. 7–14). ODI. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep59241.6
• Dal, E. P., & Kursun, A. M. (2016). Assessing Turkey’s middle power foreign policy in MIKTA: Goals, means, and impact. International Journal, 71(4), 608–629. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26414060
• Demirtaş, T., & Pirinççi, F. (2024). Türkiye’s Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constructivist Analysis. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 103–130. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790774
• Devecioğlu, K. (2024). Türkiye’s Vision for Africa: Humanitarian Diplomacy and Development Cooperation. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 131–154. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790775
• Dipama, S., & Parlar Dal, E. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Turkey’s Quest for Status Since the 2000s on Foreign Policy Change: Transformational or Transactional? Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations, 21(81), 77–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27317656
• Eyrice-Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2023). Turkey and Africa: Once Miles Apart, Now Reliable Allies? In A. Özerdem & A. E. Öztürk (Eds.), A Companion to Modern Turkey’s Centennial: Political, Sociological, Economic and Institutional Transformations since 1923 (pp. 405–416). Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/jj.9941206.36
• Fakuade, D. (2023). Türkiye-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Somalia, Nigeria, and Libya from Humanitarian and Security Perspectives. Insight Turkey, 25(3), 51–62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48744760
• Fidan, H. (2023). Turkish Foreign Policy at the Turn of the ‘Century of Türkiye’: Challenges, Vision, Objectives, and Transformation. Insight Turkey, 25(3), 11–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48744757
• Habiyaremye, A., & Oğuzlu, T. (2014). Engagement with Africa: Making Sense of Turkey’s Approach in the Context of Growing East-West Rivalry. Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations, 11(41), 65–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43926533
• Haruna, A. I. (2024). Türkiye’s Foreign Relations with Regional Blocs in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of AU and ECOWAS. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 177–202. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790777
• Hashim, H. M., Ng, Y. G., Talib, O., & Tamrin, S. B. M. (2021). Factors influencing flood disaster preparedness initiatives among small and medium enterprises located in flood-prone areas. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 60, 102-302.
• Himes-Cornell, A., Ormond, C., Hoelting, K., Ban, N. C., Zachary Koehn, J., Allison, E. H., & Okey, T. A. (2018). Factors affecting disaster preparedness, response, and recovery using the community capital framework. Coastal Management, 46(5), 335–358.
• International Crisis Group. (2024). Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2024. International Crisis Group. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep57952
• International Organization for Migration Report, (2023). https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/iom-displacement-tracking-matrix-migration-context-climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-disasters-2023-dashboard-1-coverage-january-december-2023-publication-april-2024 Accessed on October 22nd, 2024.
• International Organization for Migration Report, (2024). https://dtm.iom.int/reports/nigeria-flood-and-heavy-rainfall-flash-report-yobe-state-28-september-2023 Accessed on November 15th 2024.
• Jibril, Z. A. (2024). Nigeria-Türkiye Relations: A Multifaceted Partnership in the 21st Century. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 223–250. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790779
• Jongman, B. (2022). Recent Online Resources for the Analysis of Terrorism and Related Subjects. Perspectives on Terrorism, 16(1), 145–179. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27107508
• Kavak, G. (2024). 25 Years of Türkiye’s Media Initiatives in Africa. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 155–176. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790776
• Komolafe, A. A., Awe, B. S., Olorunfemi, I. E., & Oguntunde, P. G. (2020). Modeling flood-prone area and vulnerability using the integration of multi-criteria analysis and HAND model in the Ogun River Basin, Nigeria. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 65 (10), 1766–1783. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1764960
• Lumbroso, D. M., Suckall, N. R., Nicholls, R. J., & White, K. D. (2017). Enhancing resilience to coastal flooding from severe storms in the USA: International lessons. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17(8), 1357–1373. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1357-2017
• Mustapha, A. B. (2024). Türkiye-Alliance of Sahel States Relations: A Preliminary Appraisal. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 203–222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790778
• National Bureau of Statistics, National Emergency Management Agency and United Nations Development Programme (2023), Nigeria Impact of Flood, Recovery and Mitigation Assessment Report 2022-2023, Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria. https://recovery.preventionweb.net/media/95408/download?startDownload=2024112 Accessed on November 26th 2024.
• Nigeria: Flood Data. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/nigeria-nema-flood-affected-geographical-areasnorth-east-nigeria-flood-affected-geographical-areas Accessed on October 06th 2024.
• Nojang, E. N., & Jensen, J. (2020). Conceptualizing individual and household disaster preparedness: The perspective from Cameroon. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11, 333–346.
• Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, (2024) https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/west-and-central-africa-flooding-situation-overview-january-december-2023-6-march-2024 Accessed on October 30th, 2024.
• Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, (2023). https://reliefweb.int/report/gabon/west-and-central-africa-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-23-30-august-2023 Accessed on October 30th 2024.
• Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, (2023). https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/north-east-nigeria-flood-incidents-report-october-2023 Accessed on October 30th 2024.
• Okunola, O. H., Simatele, M. D., & Daramola, O. (2023). To live or to die: cultural and social factors influencing flood preparedness in Nigerian cities. African Geographical Review, 43(4), 573–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2023.2184841
• Olokesusi, F., Olorunfemi, F. B., Onwuemele, A., Oke, M. O. (2015). Awareness of and Responses to the 2011 Flood Warnings Among Vulnerable Communities in Lagos, Nigeria. In B. Werlen (Ed.), Global Sustainability: Cultural perspectives and challenges for transdisciplinary. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
• Özcan, M., & Köse, M. (2024). The Quest for Balance: Historical Background of Türkiye-Africa Relations. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 77–102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48790773
• Ozkan, M. (2010). What drives Turkey’s involvement in Africa? Review of African Political Economy, 37(126), 533–540. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25767304
• Öztürk, M., & Duman, M. (2023). A Founding Role in Türkiye’s Africa Policy: The Action Plan for Opening to Africa. Insight Turkey, 25(3), 223–240. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48744768
• Shin, Y. A., & Hyun, Y. R. (2022). What matters to citizens in crisis recovery? Being listened to, action, and confidence in government. Policy Sciences, 55(2), 255–281.
• Siradağ, A. (2020). Turkey’s Engagement with the African Organisations: Partner or Competitor? India Quarterly, 76(4), 519–534. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48650558
• Teo, M., Goonetilleke, A., Ahankoob, A., Deilami, K., & Lawie, M. (2018). Disaster awareness and information-seeking behavior among residents from low socio-economic backgrounds. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 1121–1131.
• Teo, M., Goonetilleke, A., Deilami, K., Ahankoob, A., & Lawie, M. (2019). Engaging residents from different ethnic and language backgrounds in disaster preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 39,101245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101245
• Turkish Red Crescent. https://www.ifrc.org/emergency/nigeria-floods-0 Accessed on September 26th, 2024
• Turkish Red Crescent, (2024). https://www.ifrc.org/article/flooding-nigeria-when-floods-come-again-we-will-be-better-prepared Accessed on September 26th, 2024
• Turkish Red Crescent, (2024). https://www.ifrc.org/article/part-nigeria-hard-hit-drought-and-heatwaves-red-cross-volunteers-are-helping-farmers-find Accessed on September 26th, 2024
• Ülgen, S., & Umarov, T. (2024). Economic and Geopolitical Influence in Africa. In Transatlantic Policies on China: Is There a Role for Türkiye? (pp. 3–6). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep64030.5
• Unicef Report. https://www.unicef.org/media/150391/file/Nigeria-2022-Flood-Response-Brief-Aug%202022-to-June-2023.pdf Accessed on September 26th, 2024
• Uslu, S. (2015). Turkey’s Energy Diversification Strategy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insight Turkey, 17(2), 101–115. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26299678
• Yazici, E., & Cungurlu, F. (2021). Turkey in Review: December 7 — December 27. Institute for the Study of War. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep38843