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Yeni Medya ve Şiddet Odaklı Eylemler: Incel Hareketi ve Çevrim İçi Denetim Stratejileri

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 151 - 170, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1573777

Abstract

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin toplumsal yaşamın bir parçası hâline geldiği günümüz dünyasında kitle iletişim araçları, demokratik tartışmaların gelişmesine yönelik sahalar açmış; bireylerin, ulusal sınırları aşarak belirli düşünce kalıpları içinde birleşen uluslararası topluluklar oluşturmalarına olanak sağlamıştır. Ancak bununla birlikte ayrımcı uygulamalara da ortam hazırlamıştır. Etkileşimli kamusal alanlar, nefret söylemlerinin ve dijital şiddet pratiklerinin sıradanlaşmasına ve yeniden üretilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışma, ‘çevrim içi nefret söylemi ve dijital şiddet’ olgusunu ele almıştır. Yeni iletişim ortam ve araçlarının şekillendirdiği şiddet yanlısı bir aşırıcı grup örneği olarak ‘Incel’ (involuntary celibate) hareketinin etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu etkilerin fiziksel şiddete dönüşüm süreci analiz edilmiştir. Dijital şiddete karşı farklı ülkelerin çevrim içi denetim stratejileri, mevzuatları ve düzenleyici çerçeveleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma, hükûmetler tarafından alınması gereken önlemleri, yeni iletişim ortamlarının fiziki eylemler ile iç içeliği bağlamında değerlendirmiştir. Nefret söylemi ile dijital şiddeti etkili bir şekilde önlemek için kapsamlı ve çok katmanlı stratejilerin gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Türkiye’de çevrim içi şiddet içeriklerinin kontrol altına alınmasına yönelik yasal ve kurumsal girişimlere, dijital okuryazarlığın geliştirilmesine ve toplumsal farkındalığın artırılmasına vurgu yapılmıştır. Bulgular, ifade özgürlüğünü korurken çevrim içi nefret ve dijital şiddetin risklerini azaltan dengeli politikaların önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, dijital nefret söylemi, çevrim içi aşırılık ve dijital şiddet konularında ulusal ve uluslararası yayınların incelendiği bir literatür çalışmasıdır.

References

  • Åkerlund, M. (2021). Influence Without Metrics: Analyzing the Impact of Far-Right Users in an Online Discussion Forum. Social Media + Society, 7(2).
  • AİHM. (2013). Vejdeland and Others v. Sweden, No. 1813/07, 9 February 2012. HUDOC. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-109046 Erişim T. 24 Temmuz 2020.
  • Adalet Bakanlığı. (2021, Nisan). İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı ve Uygulama Takvimi. Retrieved from "https://insanhaklarieylemplani.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/%C4%B0nsan_Haklar%C4%B1_Eylem_Plan%C4%B1_ve_Uygulama_Takvimi.pdf" \t "_new" https://insanhaklarieylemplani.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/%C4%B0nsan_Haklar%C4%B1_Eylem_Plan%C4%B1_ve_Uygulama_Takvimi.pdf Erişim T. 24 Eylül 2024.
  • Avrupa Birliği Konseyi. (2024, Temmuz 5). Gesetz über digitale Dienste. consilium.europa. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/de/policies/digital-services-act/#:~:text=Das%20Gesetz%20%C3%BCber%20digitale%20Dienste,Inhalte%20zur%20Verantwortung%20gezogen%20werden. Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2016, Mayıs 31). European Commission and IT Companies announce Code of Conduct on illegal online hate speech. ec.europa. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_16_1937 Erişim T. 6 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-provisional/16808c4914. Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Konseyi Bakanlar Komitesi. (1997). Recommendation No. R(97)20 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on “Hate Speech”. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/1680505d5b Erişim T. 6 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu. (2018). Cyber violence and hate speech online against women. Study For the FEMM committee. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/604979/IPOL_STU(2018)604979_EN.pdf Erişim T. 11 Ekim 2024.
  • Bennett, D. C., Guran, E., Ramos, M., & Margolin , G. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26(4), 410-429.
  • Bilge, B. (2024, Ekim 10). Veri Güvensizliği ve Online Şantaj. dogrulukpayi. Retrieved from https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/veri-guvensizligi-ve-online-santaj Erişim T. 24 Eylül 2024.
  • Binark, M. (2010). Nefret söyleminin yeni medya ortamında dolaşıma girmesi ve türetilmesi. In T. Çomu (Ed.), Yeni medyada nefret söylemi (pp. 11–53). İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. (2022, Aralık 16). Guidance A guide to the Online Safety Bill. gov.uk. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/a-guide-to-the-online-safety-bill Erişim T. 1 Ekim 2024.
  • Bormann, E. G. (1972). Fantasy and rhetorical vision: The rhetorical criticism of social reality. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 58(4), 396-407.
  • Brockbank, N. (2019, Eylül 27). Alek Minassian reveals details of Toronto van attack in video of police interview. CBC. Retrieved from "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-police-interview-1.5298021" \t "_new" https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-police-interview-1.5298021 Erişim T. 25 Eylül 2024.
  • Cornell Law School. (2024). 47 U.S. Code § 230 - Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material. law.cornell.edu. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230 Erişim T. 15 Ekim 2024.
  • Daly, S., & Reed, S. (2021). “I Think Most of Society Hates Us”: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Interviews with Incels. Sex Roles, 86(11), 14-33.
  • Dehghan, E., & Nagappa, A. (2022). Politicization and Radicalization of Discourses in the Alt-Tech Ecosystem: A Case Study on Gab Social. Social Media + Society, 8(3).
  • DeMarsico, D., Bounoua, N., Miglin, R., & Sadeh, N. (2021). Aggression in the Digital Era: Assessing the Validity of the Cyber Motivations for Aggression and Deviance Scale. Assessment, 29(4), 1-18.
  • Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of Hate: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Rhetorical Vision of Hate Groups Online. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 27(3), 291-312. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Hakkımızda. egm.gov. Retrieved from https://www.egm.gov.tr/siber/hakkimizda2 Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Ergüne, E. (2020). Tehlike Suçları Bağlamında Halkı Kin ve Düşmanlığa Tahrik veya Aşağılama Suçları (TCK m 216). İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 78(3), 1675-1721.
  • Esafety. (2024). Helping Australians have safer experiences online. esafety. Retrieved from https://www.esafety.gov.au/ Erişim T. 26 Eylül 2024.
  • Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J., & Alani, H. (2019). Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit. WebSci '19: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (s. 87-96). NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Fascendini, F., & Fialová, K. (2011). Voices from digital spaces: Technology related violence against women. Association for Progressive Communications. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54929629/Voices_from_digital_spaces_Technology_related_against_domestic_violence-libre.pdf?1509992987=&response-contentdisposition=inline%3B+filename%3DVoices_from_digital_spaces_Technology_re.pdf&Expires=1729084228& Erişim T. 29 Eylül 2024
  • Fenaughty, J., & Harré, N. (2013). Factors associated with distressing electronic harassment and cyber bullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 803–811. Finn, J. (2004). A Survey of Online Harassment at a University Campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), 468-483
  • Fofiu, A. (2010). E-Youth: Balancing between opportunities and risks? Paper presented at the Multidisciplinary Conference, Universitair Centrum Sint-Ignatius Antwerpen and the University of Antwerp, Belgium.
  • Gaudette, T., Scrivens, R., Davies, G., & Frank, R. (2021). Upvoting extremism: Collective identity formation and the extreme right on Reddit. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3491-3508.
  • Glace, A. M., Dover, T., & Zatkin, J. (2021). Taking the black pill: An empirical analysis of the “Incel”. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(2), 288–297.
  • Halpin, M. (2022). Weaponized Subordination: How Incels Discredit Themselves to Degrade Women. Gender & Society, 36(6), 813-837.
  • Hoffman, B., Ware, J., & Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 1-23
  • Kaliforniya Meclisi. (2013). California Penal Code § 647: Disorderly conduct. California Legislative Information. Retrieved from https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=647 Erişim T. 3 Ekim 2024.
  • Karakış, G. (2020, Temmuz 2). Son dakika haberi: Sosyal medya düzenlemesinde neler var? İşte çalışmanın detayları. Hürriyet. Retrieved from "https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-haberi-sosyal-medya-duzenlemesinde-neler-var-detaylar-belli-oldu-41555145" \t "_new" https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-haberi-sosyal-medya-duzenlemesinde-neler-var-detaylar-belli-oldu-41555145 Erişim T. 5 Ekim 2024.
  • Laclau, E. (2022). Popülist Akıl Üzerine. (N. B. Çevik, Çev.) Ankara: Epos.
  • Levin, B. (2002). Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(6), 958–986.
  • Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(4), 2131–2167.
  • Modzelewska, A. (2018). The Impact of the German NetzdG law. ceps.eu. Retrieved from https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-projects/the-impact-of-the-german-netzdg-law/ Erişim T. 10 Ekim 2024.
  • Moloney, M. E., & Love, T. (2018). Assessing online misogyny: Perspectives from sociology and feminist media studies. Sociology Compass, 12(1).
  • Netsafe. (2024). About Netsafe. netsafe: https://netsafe.org.nz/netsafe Erişim T. 24 Temmuz Regehr, K. (2020). In(cel)doctrination: How technologically facilitated misogyny moves violence off screens and on to streets. New Media & Society, 24(1), 138-155.
  • Rickard, D. (2024, Temmuz 2). Statutory Review of the Online Safety Act 2021. lawcouncil.au. Retrieved from https://lawcouncil.au/publicassets/a852a953-d038-ef11-94a3-005056be13b5/4550%20-%20S%20-%20Statutory%20Review%20of%20the%20Online%20Safety%20Act.pdf Erişim T. 13 Ekim 2024.
  • TBMM. (2024). Dijital Mecralar Komisyonu - Komisyon Hakkinda. Retrieved from https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-dijital-mecralar-komisyonu-hakkinda/dijital-mecralar-komisyonu/f72877d1-b4c7-037b-e050-007f01005610 Erişim T. 20 Ekim 2024.
  • Törnberg, P., & Törnberg, A. (2024). Inside a White Power echo chamber: Why fringe digital spaces are polarizing politics. New Media & Society, 26(8), 4511-4533.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti. (2007). İnternet Ortamında Yapılan Yayınların Düzenlenmesi ve Bu Yayınlar Yoluyla İşlenen Suçlarla Mücadele Edilmesi Hakkında Kanun (Kanun No. 5651). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5651&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Erişim T. 3 Ekim 2024.
  • Uyheng, J., & Carley , K. (2021). Characterizing network dynamics of online hate communities around the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Network Science, 6(1), 1-21.
  • Waśniewska, M. (2020). The red pill, unicorns and white knights: Cultural symbolism and conceptual metaphor in the slang of online incel communities. In B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (Ed.), Cultural conceptualizations in language and communication (pp. 65–82). Cham: Springer.
  • Wiedlitzka, S., Prati, G., Brown, R., Smith, J., & Walters , M. (2023). Hate in Word and Deed: The Temporal Association Between Online and Offline Islamophobia. J Quant Criminol, 39, 75–96.

New Media and Violence-Oriented Actions: Incel Movement and Online Moderation Strategies

Year 2024, Issue: 13, 151 - 170, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1573777

Abstract

In today’s world, where information and communication technologies have become a part of social life, mass media have opened up areas for the development of democratic debates. It has enabled individuals to transcend national borders and form international communities united by certain patterns of thought. It has also created an environment for discriminatory practices. Interactive public spaces have led to the commonplace and reproduction of hate speech and digital violence practices. This study addressed the phenomenon of online hate speech and digital violence. The impact of the Incel movement as an example of a violent extremist group shaped by new communication media and tools is examined. The process of transforming these effects into physical violence has been analyzed. Online control strategies, legislation and regulatory frameworks of different countries against digital violence have been investigated. The study evaluated the measures to be taken by governments in the context of the intertwining of new communication environments with physical actions. The need for comprehensive and multi-layered strategies to effectively prevent hate speech and digital violence was highlighted. Emphasis was placed on legal and institutional initiatives to control online violent content in Turkey, improve digital literacy, and raise social awareness. The findings highlight the importance of balanced policies that reduce the risks of online hate and digital violence while protecting freedom of expression. The study is a literature study examining national and international publications on digital hate speech, online extremism and digital violence.

References

  • Åkerlund, M. (2021). Influence Without Metrics: Analyzing the Impact of Far-Right Users in an Online Discussion Forum. Social Media + Society, 7(2).
  • AİHM. (2013). Vejdeland and Others v. Sweden, No. 1813/07, 9 February 2012. HUDOC. Retrieved from https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-109046 Erişim T. 24 Temmuz 2020.
  • Adalet Bakanlığı. (2021, Nisan). İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı ve Uygulama Takvimi. Retrieved from "https://insanhaklarieylemplani.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/%C4%B0nsan_Haklar%C4%B1_Eylem_Plan%C4%B1_ve_Uygulama_Takvimi.pdf" \t "_new" https://insanhaklarieylemplani.adalet.gov.tr/resimler/%C4%B0nsan_Haklar%C4%B1_Eylem_Plan%C4%B1_ve_Uygulama_Takvimi.pdf Erişim T. 24 Eylül 2024.
  • Avrupa Birliği Konseyi. (2024, Temmuz 5). Gesetz über digitale Dienste. consilium.europa. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/de/policies/digital-services-act/#:~:text=Das%20Gesetz%20%C3%BCber%20digitale%20Dienste,Inhalte%20zur%20Verantwortung%20gezogen%20werden. Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2016, Mayıs 31). European Commission and IT Companies announce Code of Conduct on illegal online hate speech. ec.europa. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_16_1937 Erişim T. 6 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-provisional/16808c4914. Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Konseyi Bakanlar Komitesi. (1997). Recommendation No. R(97)20 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on “Hate Speech”. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/1680505d5b Erişim T. 6 Ekim 2024.
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu. (2018). Cyber violence and hate speech online against women. Study For the FEMM committee. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/604979/IPOL_STU(2018)604979_EN.pdf Erişim T. 11 Ekim 2024.
  • Bennett, D. C., Guran, E., Ramos, M., & Margolin , G. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26(4), 410-429.
  • Bilge, B. (2024, Ekim 10). Veri Güvensizliği ve Online Şantaj. dogrulukpayi. Retrieved from https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/veri-guvensizligi-ve-online-santaj Erişim T. 24 Eylül 2024.
  • Binark, M. (2010). Nefret söyleminin yeni medya ortamında dolaşıma girmesi ve türetilmesi. In T. Çomu (Ed.), Yeni medyada nefret söylemi (pp. 11–53). İstanbul: Kalkedon.
  • Birleşik Krallık Hükümeti. (2022, Aralık 16). Guidance A guide to the Online Safety Bill. gov.uk. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/a-guide-to-the-online-safety-bill Erişim T. 1 Ekim 2024.
  • Bormann, E. G. (1972). Fantasy and rhetorical vision: The rhetorical criticism of social reality. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 58(4), 396-407.
  • Brockbank, N. (2019, Eylül 27). Alek Minassian reveals details of Toronto van attack in video of police interview. CBC. Retrieved from "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-police-interview-1.5298021" \t "_new" https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-police-interview-1.5298021 Erişim T. 25 Eylül 2024.
  • Cornell Law School. (2024). 47 U.S. Code § 230 - Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material. law.cornell.edu. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230 Erişim T. 15 Ekim 2024.
  • Daly, S., & Reed, S. (2021). “I Think Most of Society Hates Us”: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Interviews with Incels. Sex Roles, 86(11), 14-33.
  • Dehghan, E., & Nagappa, A. (2022). Politicization and Radicalization of Discourses in the Alt-Tech Ecosystem: A Case Study on Gab Social. Social Media + Society, 8(3).
  • DeMarsico, D., Bounoua, N., Miglin, R., & Sadeh, N. (2021). Aggression in the Digital Era: Assessing the Validity of the Cyber Motivations for Aggression and Deviance Scale. Assessment, 29(4), 1-18.
  • Duffy, M. E. (2003). Web of Hate: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Rhetorical Vision of Hate Groups Online. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 27(3), 291-312. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü. (2024). Hakkımızda. egm.gov. Retrieved from https://www.egm.gov.tr/siber/hakkimizda2 Erişim T. 8 Ekim 2024.
  • Ergüne, E. (2020). Tehlike Suçları Bağlamında Halkı Kin ve Düşmanlığa Tahrik veya Aşağılama Suçları (TCK m 216). İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 78(3), 1675-1721.
  • Esafety. (2024). Helping Australians have safer experiences online. esafety. Retrieved from https://www.esafety.gov.au/ Erişim T. 26 Eylül 2024.
  • Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J., & Alani, H. (2019). Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit. WebSci '19: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (s. 87-96). NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Fascendini, F., & Fialová, K. (2011). Voices from digital spaces: Technology related violence against women. Association for Progressive Communications. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54929629/Voices_from_digital_spaces_Technology_related_against_domestic_violence-libre.pdf?1509992987=&response-contentdisposition=inline%3B+filename%3DVoices_from_digital_spaces_Technology_re.pdf&Expires=1729084228& Erişim T. 29 Eylül 2024
  • Fenaughty, J., & Harré, N. (2013). Factors associated with distressing electronic harassment and cyber bullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 803–811. Finn, J. (2004). A Survey of Online Harassment at a University Campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(4), 468-483
  • Fofiu, A. (2010). E-Youth: Balancing between opportunities and risks? Paper presented at the Multidisciplinary Conference, Universitair Centrum Sint-Ignatius Antwerpen and the University of Antwerp, Belgium.
  • Gaudette, T., Scrivens, R., Davies, G., & Frank, R. (2021). Upvoting extremism: Collective identity formation and the extreme right on Reddit. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3491-3508.
  • Glace, A. M., Dover, T., & Zatkin, J. (2021). Taking the black pill: An empirical analysis of the “Incel”. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(2), 288–297.
  • Halpin, M. (2022). Weaponized Subordination: How Incels Discredit Themselves to Degrade Women. Gender & Society, 36(6), 813-837.
  • Hoffman, B., Ware, J., & Shapiro, E. (2020). Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(7), 1-23
  • Kaliforniya Meclisi. (2013). California Penal Code § 647: Disorderly conduct. California Legislative Information. Retrieved from https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=647 Erişim T. 3 Ekim 2024.
  • Karakış, G. (2020, Temmuz 2). Son dakika haberi: Sosyal medya düzenlemesinde neler var? İşte çalışmanın detayları. Hürriyet. Retrieved from "https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-haberi-sosyal-medya-duzenlemesinde-neler-var-detaylar-belli-oldu-41555145" \t "_new" https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-haberi-sosyal-medya-duzenlemesinde-neler-var-detaylar-belli-oldu-41555145 Erişim T. 5 Ekim 2024.
  • Laclau, E. (2022). Popülist Akıl Üzerine. (N. B. Çevik, Çev.) Ankara: Epos.
  • Levin, B. (2002). Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(6), 958–986.
  • Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(4), 2131–2167.
  • Modzelewska, A. (2018). The Impact of the German NetzdG law. ceps.eu. Retrieved from https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-projects/the-impact-of-the-german-netzdg-law/ Erişim T. 10 Ekim 2024.
  • Moloney, M. E., & Love, T. (2018). Assessing online misogyny: Perspectives from sociology and feminist media studies. Sociology Compass, 12(1).
  • Netsafe. (2024). About Netsafe. netsafe: https://netsafe.org.nz/netsafe Erişim T. 24 Temmuz Regehr, K. (2020). In(cel)doctrination: How technologically facilitated misogyny moves violence off screens and on to streets. New Media & Society, 24(1), 138-155.
  • Rickard, D. (2024, Temmuz 2). Statutory Review of the Online Safety Act 2021. lawcouncil.au. Retrieved from https://lawcouncil.au/publicassets/a852a953-d038-ef11-94a3-005056be13b5/4550%20-%20S%20-%20Statutory%20Review%20of%20the%20Online%20Safety%20Act.pdf Erişim T. 13 Ekim 2024.
  • TBMM. (2024). Dijital Mecralar Komisyonu - Komisyon Hakkinda. Retrieved from https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ihtisas-komisyonlari/Icerik/ihtisas-komisyonlari-dijital-mecralar-komisyonu-hakkinda/dijital-mecralar-komisyonu/f72877d1-b4c7-037b-e050-007f01005610 Erişim T. 20 Ekim 2024.
  • Törnberg, P., & Törnberg, A. (2024). Inside a White Power echo chamber: Why fringe digital spaces are polarizing politics. New Media & Society, 26(8), 4511-4533.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti. (2007). İnternet Ortamında Yapılan Yayınların Düzenlenmesi ve Bu Yayınlar Yoluyla İşlenen Suçlarla Mücadele Edilmesi Hakkında Kanun (Kanun No. 5651). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5651&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Erişim T. 3 Ekim 2024.
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There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects New Media
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Tuğçe İyigüngör 0000-0001-7431-3403

Publication Date December 23, 2024
Submission Date October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date December 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 13

Cite

APA İyigüngör, T. (2024). Yeni Medya ve Şiddet Odaklı Eylemler: Incel Hareketi ve Çevrim İçi Denetim Stratejileri. İletişim Ve Diplomasi(13), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1573777