New Approaches for Teaching Social Studies: Multicultural and Global Education

Abstract

Multicultural and global educations are two educational approaches that have been debated widely by educators and scholars. Multicultural education has become more important due to the rapidly increasing minority population in the United States. On the other hand, global education has become very popular at the last decades when nations begin to give attention to global issues. Although there are differences and similarities between these two approaches, both are not much known in Turkey. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce these approaches to the Turkish educational community. Considering their historical development, firstly multicultural education, then global education approaches will be described. Finally, the development of these two approaches across the World and Turkey will be discussed.

Keywords

• Social Studies; Multicultural Education; Global Education

Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitiminde Yeni Yaklaşımlar:  Çokkültürlü ve Küresel Eğitim

Öz

Son yıllarda çokkültürlü ve küresel eğitim yaklaşımları sosyal bilgiler eğitimi alanında önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Çokkültürlü eğitim yaklaşımı bir yandan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki azınlık nüfusunun hızlı bir şekilde artmasıyla, diğer yandan küresel eğitim yaklaşımıda özellikle son yıllarda ulusların küresel sorunlara daha çok eğilmesi ile önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu iki yeni eğitim yaklaşımı arasında farklılıklar ve benzerlikler vardır. Ancak, daha önemlisi çokkültürlü ve küresel eğitim yaklaşımları Türkiye’ de pek az bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu derlemenin amacı özellikle son yıllarda gelişmekte olan bu eğitim yaklaşımlarını tanıtarak Dünyada ve Türkiye’ deki yayılması ile etkilerini tartışmaktır. Bu nedenle, tarihi gelişimleri dikkate alınarak önce çokkültürlü eğitim daha sonrada küresel eğitim yaklaşımının gelişimi ve ilkeleri tanıtılacak; ardından bu iki yaklaşımın ortak yönleri tespit edilerek Türkiye’ de ve Dünya’ da eğitim alanındaki yansımaları tartışılacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi, Çokkültürlü Eğitim, Küresel Eğitim

References

1. Açıkalın, M. (in press). Influence of global education on the Turkish social studies curriculum. The Social Studies.
2. Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, R., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga, X. (Eds.). (2000). Readings for diversity and social justice: An anthology on racisim, antisemitisim, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, and classism. New York: Routledge.
3. Alger, C. F., & Harf, J.E. (1985). Global education: Why? For whom? About what? Washington D.C.: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.
4. Allan, R., & Hill, B. (2001). Multicultural educatin in Australia: Historical development and current status. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 763-777). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5. Angelides, P., Stylianou, T., & Leigh, J. (2004). Multicultural education in Cyprus: A pot of Multicultural assimilation? Intercultural Education, 15(3), 307-315.
6. Arslan, H. (2009). Educational policy vs. culturally sensitive programs in Turkish educational system. International Journal of Progressive Education, 5(2), 44-57, [Online]: Retrieved on May 17 2010, from http://www.inased.org/v5n2/ijpev5n2.pdf
7. Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Characteristics and goals. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (pp. 2-26). Boston: Allyn Bacon.
8. Banks, J. A. (2001). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 3-24). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

9. Banks, J. A. (Ed.). (2009). The Routledge international companion to multicultural education. New York: Routledge.
10. Bennett, C. (2001). Genres of research in multicultural education. Review of Educational Research, 71(2), 171-217.
11. Calder, M. (2000). A concern for justice: Teaching using a global perspective in the classroom. Theory into Practice, 39(2), 81-87.
12. Castagno, A. E. (2009). Making sense of multicultural education: A synthesis of the various typologies found in the literature. Multicultural Perspectives, 11(1), 43-48.
13. Cırık, İ. (2008). Çokkültürlü eğitim ve yansımaları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 27-40.
14. Coulby, D. (2008). Intercultural education: Religion, knowledge and the limits of postmodernism. Intercultural Education, 19(4), 305-314.
15. Ensign, J. (2009). Multiculturalism in four teacher education programs: For replication or transformation. Multicultural Perspectives, 11(3), 169-173.
16. Figueroa, P. (2001). Multicultural education in the United Kingdom: Historical development and current status. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 778-800). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
17. Gardner, R., Karakaşoğlu, Y., & Luchtenberg, S. (2008). Islamophobia in the media: aresponse from multicultural education, Intercultural Education, 19(2), 119-136.
18. Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
19. Hanvey, R. G. (1976). An attainable global perspective. New York: Center for War/Peace Studies.
20. Hicks, D. (2003). Thirty years of global education: A reminder of key principles and precedents. Educational Review, 55(3), 265-275.
21. Ho, L. (2009). Global multicultural citizenship education: A Singapore experience. The Social Studies, 100(6), 285-293.
22. Hoff, G. R. (2001). Multicultural education in Germany: Historical development and current status. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 821- 838). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
23. Ibrahim, T. (2005). Global citizenship education: Mainstreaming the curriculum? Cambridge Journal of Education, 35(2), 177-194.
24. Kahn, M. (2008). Multicultural education in the United States: Reflection. Intercultural Education, 19(6), 527-536.
25. Kahn, M. M. (2006). Conservative Christian teachers: possible consequences for lesbian, gay and bisexual youth. Intercultural Education, 17(4), 359-371.
26. Kirkwood, T. F. (2001). Our global age requires global education: Clarifying definitional ambiguities. Social Studies, 92(1), 10-15.
27. Kniep, W. M., & Tye, K. A. (1991). Global education around the world. Educational Leadership, 48(7), 47-49.
28. Kongar, E. (2010). Türkiye’nin önemi. Emre Kongar’ın Resmi Internet Sitesi, [Online]: http://www.kongar.org/makaleler/mak_tuo.php adresinden 23 Mayıs 2010 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
29. Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
30. Larke, P., & Larke, A. (2009). Teaching diversity/multicultural education courses in the academy: Sharing the voices of six professors. Research in Higher Education Journal, 3, 1-8, [Online]: Retrieved on May 17, 2010, from http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/09170.pdf
31. Liddicoat, A. J., & Díaz, A. (2008). Engaging with diversity: the construction of policy for intercultural education in Italy. Intercultural Education, 19(2), 137-150.
32. Luciak, M., & Khan-Svik, G. (2008). Intercultural education and intercultural learning in Austria - critical reflections on theory and practice. Intercultural Education, 19(6), 493-504.
33. Marshall, H. (2005). Developing the global gaze in citizenship education: Exploring the perspectives of global education NGO workers in England. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 76-92, [Online]: Retrived on November 25, 2009, from http://www.citized.info/pdf/ejournal/vol_1_no_2.pdf
34. Marshall, H. (2007). Global education in perspective: Fostering a global dimension in an English secondary school. Cambridge Journal of Education, 37(3), 355-374.
35. McFadden, J., Merryfield, M., & Barron, K.R. (1997). Multicultural & global international education: Guidelines for programs in teacher education. Washington, D.C.: ACCTE.
36. Merryfield, M. (1997). A framework for teacher education in global perspectives. In, M. Merryfield, E. Jarchow & S Pickert (Eds.), Preparing teachers to teach global perspectives: A handbook for teacher educators (pp.1-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
37. Merryfield, M. (1998). Pedagogy for global perspectives in education: Studies of teachers' thinking and practice. Theory and Research in Social Education, 26(3), 342-379.
38. Merryfield, M. (2002). The difference a global educator can make. Educational Leadership, 60(2), 18-21.
39. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı [TTKB]. 2009a. Sosyal bilgiler 4. - 5. sınıf programı. Ankara: Yazar. [Online]: http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/ogretmen/modules.php?name=Downloads&d_op=viewdownload&cid=74 &min=10&orderby=titleA&show=10 adresinden 12 Kasım 2009 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
40. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı [TTKB]. 2009b. Sosyal bilgiler 6. - 7. sınıf programı. Ankara: Yazar. [Online]: http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/ogretmen/modules.php?name=Downloads&d_op=viewdownload&cid=74 &min=20&orderby=titleA&show=10 adresinden 12 Kasım 2009 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
41. Milyon kişi ‘etnik olarak’ Türk. (2007, Mart, 22). Milliyet, [Online]: http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/03/22/guncel/agun.html
42. Moodley, K. A. (2001). Multicultural educatin in Canada: Historical development and current status. In J.A Banks & C.A.M. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 801- 820). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
43. Moore, J. R. (2009). Why religious education matters: The role of Islam in multicultural education. Multicultural Perspectives, 11(3), 139-145.
44. National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education [NCATE]. (2008). Professional standards for the accreditation of teacher preparation institutions. [Online]: Retrieved on 23 July, 2008, from http://www.ncate.org/documents/standards/NCATE%20Standards%202008.pdf
45. Niyozov, S., & Pluim, G. (2009). Teachers’ perspectives on the education of Muslim stıdents: A missing voice in Muslim education research. Curriculum Inquiry, 39(5), 637-677.
46. Oxfam. (2006). Education for global citizenship: A guide for school. [Online]: Retrieved on December 6, 2009, from http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/gc/files/education_for_global_citizenship_a_guide_for_scho ols.pdf
47. Paleologou, N. (2004). Intercultural education and practice in Greece: Needs for bilingual intercultural programmes. Intercultural Education, 15(3), 317-329.
48. Pang, V. O. (2001). Multicultural education: A caring centered, reflective approach. New York: McGraw Hill.
49. Pike, G. (2000). Global education and national identity: In pursuit of meaning. Theory into Practice, 39(2), 64-73.
50. Portera, A. (2004). Stereotypes, prejudices and intercultural education in Italy: Research on textbooks in primary schools. Intercultural Education, 15(3), 283-294.
51. Portera, A. (2008). Intercultural education in Europe: epistemological and semantic aspects. Intercultural Education, 19(6), 481-491.
52. Ramarajan, D., & Runell, M. (2007). Confronting Islamophobia in education. Intercultural Education, 18(2), 87-97.
53. Ramler, S. (1991). Global education for the 21st century. Educational Leadership, 48(7), 44-46.
54. Ramsey, P. G. (2008). History and trends of multicultural education. NHSA Dialog, 11(4), 206-214.
55. Resnik, J. (2009). Multicultural education – good for business but not for the state? The IB curriculum and global capitalism. British Journal of Educational Studies, 57(3), 217-244.
56. Schalk-Soekar, S. R. G., Breugelmans, S. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2008). Support for multiculturalism in Netherlands. International Social Science Journal, 59(192), 269-281.
57. Scheunpflug, A., & Asbrand, B. (2006). Global education and education for sustainability. Environmental Education Research, 12(1), 33-46.
58. Sleeter, C. (2001). Preparing teachers for culturally diverse schools: Research and the overwhelming presence of whiteness. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 94-106.
59. Sleeter, C., & Grant, C. (2003). Making choices of for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class, and gender. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
60. Szecsy, E. M. (2010, January 9). Banks’s International Companion to Multicultural Education: An essay review. Education Review, 13(1), [Online]: Retrieved on May 18, 2010, from http://edrev.asu.edu/essays/v13n1index.html.
61. Tye, K. (2003). Global education as a worldwide movement. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(2), 165-168.
62. Ukpokodu, N. (1999). Multiculturalism vs. globalism. Social Education, 63(5), 298-300.
63. Wells, R. (2008). The global and the multicultural: Opportunities, challenges and suggestions for teacher education. Multicultural Perspectives, 10(3), 142-149.