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Budizm’de Maitreya Buda İnancı: Mekân Bağlamında Fenomenolojik Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 90 - 110, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51450/ilmiyat.1617666

Abstract

Maitreya, Budizm tarihinin en önemli figürlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmekte ve gelecekte ortaya çıkacağına inanılan bir Buda olarak Budist kozmolojide önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Maitreya hakkındaki anlatılar, Budist literatürde erken dönemlerden itibaren şekillenmiş ve Budistlerin toplumsal ve bireysel yaşamlarını etkileyen inançların bir parçası hâline gelmiştir. Maitreya, ilk dönem Budist mezheplerinden Theravada ve daha sonra ortaya çıkan Mahayana mezhebinde “geleceğin Buda’sı” olarak görülmekte, çağın sonunda dünyaya gelerek inananları kurtaracağına inanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Maitreya Buda’nın Budist kozmolojideki hem zamansal hem de mekânsal yeri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Maitreya Buda’nın kozmolojideki rolünün anlaşılması, Budistlerin gelecekteki kurtuluş ve yeniden doğuş ile ilgili düşüncelerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Budist inanç sisteminde Maitreya, belirli bir zaman döngüsünde (kalpa) bir kurtarıcı figür olarak yer almakta, bu da tarih boyunca farklı toplumlarda bu figürün nasıl algılandığına dair çeşitli yorumların ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Maitreya Buda, sadece dini bir figür değil, aynı zamanda Budistlerin etik, sosyal düzen ve barışa dair beklentilerini de sembolize etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Maitreya Buda’nın Budist kozmolojideki yerini belirlemekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda Maitreya Buda’nın mekânla olan ilişkisini fenomenolojik yöntemle incelemektir. Fenomenoloji, bireylerin tecrübe ettiği gerçeklikleri ve bu tecrübelerin nasıl anlamlandırıldığını araştıran bir yaklaşım olarak, Maitreya Buda’nın inananlar üzerindeki etkisini ve onların mekân ve zaman algılarını analiz etmek için güçlü bir yöntem sunmaktadır. Maitreya Buda hakkındaki anlatılarda onun nerede yaşadığı veya nereye geleceği, nasıl bir dünya inşa edeceği gibi mekâna dair unsurlar, Budistlerin yaşamlarında ve ibadet pratiklerinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu nedenle Maitreya’nın konumlandığı fiziksel ve ruhsal mekânların anlaşılması, Budistlerin tarih boyunca yaşadığı deneyimlerin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Thanks

Tez danışmanım sayın Prof. Dr. Mahmut Aydın'a çalışmama katkılarından ötürü teşekkür ederim.

References

  • Akira, Hirakawa. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana. çev. Paul Groner. USA: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
  • Anagatavamsa Desana: The Sermon of the Chronicle-to-Be. çev. Udana Meddegama. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Private Limited, 1993.
  • Aşvaghosha. Buddhaçarita -Buddha'nın Yaşamı-. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2022.
  • Blackburn, Simon. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Buswell, Robert E. - Lopez, Donald S. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • “Cakkavatti-sihanada Sutta”. çev. Maurice Walshe. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. 395-405. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
  • Ch’en, Kenneth K. S. The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.
  • Cook, Elizabeth. Holy Places of the Buddha. ed. Tarthang Tulku. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1994.
  • Davids, T. W. Rhys - William Stede (ed.). The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary. 8 Cilt. London: Pali Text Society, 1952.
  • Divine stories: Divyavadana. çev. Andy Rotman. 2 Cilt. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2008.
  • Dutt, Nalinaksha. Mahayana Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.
  • Grapard, Allan G. “Flying Mountains&Walkers of Emptiness: Sacred Space in Japanese Religions”. The Sacred Mountains of Asia. ed. John Einarsen. 36-42. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1993.
  • Grapard, Allan G. “Geotyping Sacred Space: The Case of Mount Hiko in Japan”. Sacred Space: Shrine, City, Land. ed. Benjamin Z. Kedar - R. J. Zwi Werblowsky. 215-249. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1998.
  • Grimes, John. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  • Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Erişim 25 Haziran 2025. http://sozluk.gov.tr
  • Güngören, İlhan. Buda ve Öğretisi. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 1981.
  • Hakeda, Yoshito S. Kukai: Major Works, Translated, with an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
  • Hori, Ichiro. “Mountains and Their Importance for the Idea of the Other World in Japanese Folk Religion”. History of Religions 6/1 (1966), 1-23.
  • Huai-Chin, Nan. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. York Beach: Samuel Weiser, 1997.
  • Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008.
  • Lamotte, Etienne. History of Indian Buddhism: From The Origins to The Saka Era. çev. Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain-Paris: Peeters Press, 1976.
  • Lessing, Ferdinand Diederich. Yung-Ho-Kung: An Iconography of the Lamaist Cathedral in Peking with Notes on Lamaist Mythology and Cult. Stockholm: The Sino-Swedish Expedition, 1942.
  • Lotus Sutra Saddharmapundarika Sutra. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • McBride II, Richard D. Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 2008.
  • “Maitreya Cultural Festival of Xuedou Mountain celebrated in Ningbo, Zhejiang”. 2022. Erişim 25 Haziran 2025. http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2022/12/30/art_1229172794_59446932.html.
  • “Maitreyavyakarana”. çev. Edward Conze. Buddhist Scriptures. 237-242. Baltimore-Maryland: Penguin Books, 1959.
  • Moerman, D. Max. “The Death of the Dharma: Buddhist Sutra Burials in Early Medieval Japan”. The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions. ed. Kristina Myrvold. 71-90. USA: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010.
  • Monier-Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1964.
  • Noboru, Miyata. “Types of Maitreya Belief in Japan”. Maitreya, the Future Buddha. ed. Alan Sponberg - Helen Hardacre. 175-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Oppenheim, Robert. Kyongju Things: Assembling Place. USA: The University of Michigan Press, 2008.
  • Peters, Francis E. Antik Yunan Felsefesi Terimleri Sözlüğü. çev. Hakkı Hünler. İstanbul: Paradaigma Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Reynolds, Frank E. “The Several Bodies of Buddha: Reflections on a Neglected Aspect of Theravada Tradition”. History of Religions 16/4 (1977), 374-389.
  • Ritzinger, Justin R. “Marketing Maitreya-Two Peaks, Three Forms of Capital, and the Quest to Establish a Fifth Buddhist Mountain”. Buddhist Tourism in Asia. ed. Courtney Bruntz - Brooke Schedneck. 84-104. USA: University of Hawai Press, 2020.
  • Sadakata, Akira. Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins. çev. Gaynor Sekimori. Tokyo: Koesi Publishing Co., 1997.
  • Stcharbatsky, Thedore. The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989.
  • Şantideva. Bodhiçaryavatara -Aydınlanma Yoluna Giriş-. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Timuçin, Afşar. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Bulut Yayınları, 2004.
  • Tober, Linda M. - Lusby, F. Stanley. “Heaven and Hell”. Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Mircea Eliade. 6/237-243. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987.
  • Tyler, Royall. “Kofukuji and the Mountains of Yamato”. Japan Review 1 (1990), 153-223.
  • The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. çev. Bhikkhu Bodhi. USA: Wisdom Publications, 2000.
  • The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. çev. Maurice Walshe. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
  • The Lotus Sutra, (Taisho Vol. 9, No 262). çev. Tsugunari Kubo - Akira Yuyama. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007.
  • The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment. çev. Shotaro Iida - Jane Goldstone. USA: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and BDK America, Inc., 2016.
  • The Suttanipata: An Ancient Collection of the Buddha’s Discourses. çev. Bhikkhu Bodhi. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2017.
  • The Voice of the Buddha: The Beauty of Compassion. çev. Gwendolyn Bays - Edward Foucaux. 2 Cilt. California: Dharma Publishing, 1983.
  • Zhuo, Xinping. Religious Faith of the Chinese. Singapore: Springer, 2017.

Maitreyan Belief in Buddhism: A Phenomenological Analysis in the Context of Space

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 90 - 110, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51450/ilmiyat.1617666

Abstract

Maitreya Buddha is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Buddhism and occupies an important place in Buddhist cosmology as a bodhisattva who is believed to appear in the future. Narratives about Maitreya have been shaped in Buddhist literature from early on and have become part of the beliefs that influence the social and individual lives of Buddhists. In Theravada, one of the earliest Buddhist sects, and in the later Mahayana sect, Maitreya is seen as the “the future Buddha” and is believed to come to earth at the end of the age and save the believers. In this context, both the temporal and spatial place of Maitreya in Buddhist cosmology is of great importance. Understanding the role of Maitreya Buddha in cosmology will contribute to the understanding of Buddhist ideas about future salvation and rebirth. In the Buddhist belief system, Maitreya appears as a savior figure in a specific time cycle, which has led to various interpretations of how this figure has been perceived in different societies throughout history. Maitreya is not only a religious figure, but also symbolizes Buddhist expectations of ethics, social order and peace. The aim of this study is not only to identify the place of Maitreya Buddha in Buddhist cosmology, but also to examine Maitreya Buddha's relationship with space through the phenomenological method. Phenomenology offers a powerful method for analyzing Maitreya Buddha's influence on believers and their perceptions of space and time. In narratives about Maitreya, spatial elements, such as where he lives or where he will come, what kind of world he will build, play an important role in Buddhist life and worship practices. Therefore understanding the physical and spiritual spaces in which Maitreya is located will contribute to the understanding of Buddhist experiences throughout history.

References

  • Akira, Hirakawa. A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana. çev. Paul Groner. USA: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
  • Anagatavamsa Desana: The Sermon of the Chronicle-to-Be. çev. Udana Meddegama. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Private Limited, 1993.
  • Aşvaghosha. Buddhaçarita -Buddha'nın Yaşamı-. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2022.
  • Blackburn, Simon. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Buswell, Robert E. - Lopez, Donald S. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • “Cakkavatti-sihanada Sutta”. çev. Maurice Walshe. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. 395-405. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
  • Ch’en, Kenneth K. S. The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.
  • Cook, Elizabeth. Holy Places of the Buddha. ed. Tarthang Tulku. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1994.
  • Davids, T. W. Rhys - William Stede (ed.). The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary. 8 Cilt. London: Pali Text Society, 1952.
  • Divine stories: Divyavadana. çev. Andy Rotman. 2 Cilt. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2008.
  • Dutt, Nalinaksha. Mahayana Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.
  • Grapard, Allan G. “Flying Mountains&Walkers of Emptiness: Sacred Space in Japanese Religions”. The Sacred Mountains of Asia. ed. John Einarsen. 36-42. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1993.
  • Grapard, Allan G. “Geotyping Sacred Space: The Case of Mount Hiko in Japan”. Sacred Space: Shrine, City, Land. ed. Benjamin Z. Kedar - R. J. Zwi Werblowsky. 215-249. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1998.
  • Grimes, John. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  • Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Erişim 25 Haziran 2025. http://sozluk.gov.tr
  • Güngören, İlhan. Buda ve Öğretisi. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 1981.
  • Hakeda, Yoshito S. Kukai: Major Works, Translated, with an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
  • Hori, Ichiro. “Mountains and Their Importance for the Idea of the Other World in Japanese Folk Religion”. History of Religions 6/1 (1966), 1-23.
  • Huai-Chin, Nan. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. York Beach: Samuel Weiser, 1997.
  • Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008.
  • Lamotte, Etienne. History of Indian Buddhism: From The Origins to The Saka Era. çev. Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain-Paris: Peeters Press, 1976.
  • Lessing, Ferdinand Diederich. Yung-Ho-Kung: An Iconography of the Lamaist Cathedral in Peking with Notes on Lamaist Mythology and Cult. Stockholm: The Sino-Swedish Expedition, 1942.
  • Lotus Sutra Saddharmapundarika Sutra. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • McBride II, Richard D. Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 2008.
  • “Maitreya Cultural Festival of Xuedou Mountain celebrated in Ningbo, Zhejiang”. 2022. Erişim 25 Haziran 2025. http://www.ningbo.gov.cn/art/2022/12/30/art_1229172794_59446932.html.
  • “Maitreyavyakarana”. çev. Edward Conze. Buddhist Scriptures. 237-242. Baltimore-Maryland: Penguin Books, 1959.
  • Moerman, D. Max. “The Death of the Dharma: Buddhist Sutra Burials in Early Medieval Japan”. The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions. ed. Kristina Myrvold. 71-90. USA: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010.
  • Monier-Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1964.
  • Noboru, Miyata. “Types of Maitreya Belief in Japan”. Maitreya, the Future Buddha. ed. Alan Sponberg - Helen Hardacre. 175-191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  • Oppenheim, Robert. Kyongju Things: Assembling Place. USA: The University of Michigan Press, 2008.
  • Peters, Francis E. Antik Yunan Felsefesi Terimleri Sözlüğü. çev. Hakkı Hünler. İstanbul: Paradaigma Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Reynolds, Frank E. “The Several Bodies of Buddha: Reflections on a Neglected Aspect of Theravada Tradition”. History of Religions 16/4 (1977), 374-389.
  • Ritzinger, Justin R. “Marketing Maitreya-Two Peaks, Three Forms of Capital, and the Quest to Establish a Fifth Buddhist Mountain”. Buddhist Tourism in Asia. ed. Courtney Bruntz - Brooke Schedneck. 84-104. USA: University of Hawai Press, 2020.
  • Sadakata, Akira. Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins. çev. Gaynor Sekimori. Tokyo: Koesi Publishing Co., 1997.
  • Stcharbatsky, Thedore. The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989.
  • Şantideva. Bodhiçaryavatara -Aydınlanma Yoluna Giriş-. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Timuçin, Afşar. Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Bulut Yayınları, 2004.
  • Tober, Linda M. - Lusby, F. Stanley. “Heaven and Hell”. Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Mircea Eliade. 6/237-243. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987.
  • Tyler, Royall. “Kofukuji and the Mountains of Yamato”. Japan Review 1 (1990), 153-223.
  • The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. çev. Bhikkhu Bodhi. USA: Wisdom Publications, 2000.
  • The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. çev. Maurice Walshe. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
  • The Lotus Sutra, (Taisho Vol. 9, No 262). çev. Tsugunari Kubo - Akira Yuyama. California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007.
  • The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment. çev. Shotaro Iida - Jane Goldstone. USA: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and BDK America, Inc., 2016.
  • The Suttanipata: An Ancient Collection of the Buddha’s Discourses. çev. Bhikkhu Bodhi. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2017.
  • The Voice of the Buddha: The Beauty of Compassion. çev. Gwendolyn Bays - Edward Foucaux. 2 Cilt. California: Dharma Publishing, 1983.
  • Zhuo, Xinping. Religious Faith of the Chinese. Singapore: Springer, 2017.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mevlüde Köroğlu Yetkin 0000-0002-2021-4781

Early Pub Date June 29, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date January 11, 2025
Acceptance Date June 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Köroğlu Yetkin, Mevlüde. “Budizm’de Maitreya Buda İnancı: Mekân Bağlamında Fenomenolojik Bir Analiz”. Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi 13/1 (June2025), 90-110. https://doi.org/10.51450/ilmiyat.1617666.