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Sivil Toplumun Sınırları: Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin İşlevleri ve Sorunları Üzerine Nitel Bir İnceleme

Year 2026, Issue: 18, 355 - 382, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1827399

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Iğdır ilinde faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum örgütlerinin (STÖ) genel yapısını, işleyişini, karşılaştıkları sorunları ve toplumsal etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sivil toplum, demokratik katılımı güçlendiren, yurttaşlık bilincini besleyen ve toplumsal dayanışmayı teşvik eden bir alan olarak görülmektedir. Ancak Türkiye’deki STÖ’lerin önemli bir bölümü, finansal bağımlılık, gönüllü eksikliği ve devletle kurulan hiyerarşik ilişkiler nedeniyle özerk hareket etme kapasitesinden yoksundur. Bu durum, sivil toplumun dönüştürücü potansiyelini sınırlandırmaktadır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yaklaşımıyla yürütülmüştür. Iğdır ilinde farklı alanlarda faaliyet gösteren 12 STÖ yöneticisi ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış, elde edilen veriler tematik içerik analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda dokuz ana tema belirlenmiştir: mali yetersizlik, gönüllü katılım eksikliği, kurumsallaşma sorunları, bürokratik engeller, toplumsal farkındalık eksikliği, yasal mevzuatın kısıtları, örgütler arası iş birliği yetersizliği, toplumsal altyapı sorunları ve iktidar ilişkileri. Bulgular, STÖ’lerin çoğunlukla kısa vadeli, yardım temelli ve proje odaklı faaliyetler yürüttüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Finansman kaynaklarının sınırlılığı ve gönüllülüğün zayıflığı, örgütlerin sürdürülebilirliğini tehlikeye atmaktadır. Ayrıca, devletle kurulan ilişkilerin eşit ortaklıktan ziyade bağımlı bir yapıda geliştiği görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Iğdır’daki sivil toplum örgütlerinin etkinliğini artırmak için finansal bağımsızlık, örgütsel kapasite ve gönüllülük bilincinin güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Sivil toplumun gerçek anlamda dönüştürücü bir güç haline gelebilmesi, yalnızca kurumsal gelişimle değil, aynı zamanda alternatif bir toplumsal bilinç ve dayanışma kültürünün inşasıyla mümkündür.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma makalesinin verileri Iğdır Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etilk Kurulu’nun “2025/44” sayılı karar izniyle elde edilmiştir.

References

  • Ayhan, E. (2020). Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey: History, theories and issues. İKSAD Yayınları.
  • Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Chandhoke, N. (2007). Civil society. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469658
  • Cohen, J. L., ve Arato, A. (1992). Civil society and political theory. MIT Press.
  • Creswell, J. W., ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Diamond, L. (1999). Developing democracy: Toward consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: The case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555
  • Edwards, M. (2009). Civil society. Polity Press.
  • Fowler, A. (2013). Civil society and the role of non-governmental organizations in development. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of governance (pp. 301-319). Oxford University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (1994). Conditions of liberty: Civil society and its rivals. Penguin. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580639?seq=3
  • Gramsci, A. (2014). Hapishane defterleri. (Adnan Cemgil, Çev.). Belge Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). Neoliberalizmin kısa tarihi. (Aylin Onacak, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1821). Philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish dynamics: Bridge across troubled lands. Palgrave Macmillan. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/53745/1/35.pdf.pdf
  • Kayalı, N. (2023). Negotiating state–civil society relations in Turkey: The case of refugee-supporting organizations. Voluntas, 34, 1209-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-022-00545-9
  • Keane, J. (1998). Civil society: Old images, new visions. Stanford University Press.
  • Keyman, E. F., ve İçduygu, A. (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
  • Kıvrak, E. (2025). Türkiye’de yeni toplumsal hareketlerin yükselişi: Neoliberal dönüşüm ve alternatif siyasal katılım. İmgelem, 16, 409-440. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1637259
  • Marx, K. (2005). Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisine katkı (S. Belli, Çev.). Sol Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2016). 1844 el yazmaları (M. Belge, Çev.). Birikim Yayınları.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratization: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993402ps027ra
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
  • Namdar, A., Buz, S., ve Afyonoğlu, M. F. (2021). Sivil toplum ve sivil toplum örgütleri: Türkiye’de ve dünyada gelişimi. Sivil toplum örgütleri ve sosyal hizmet. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046747
  • Salamon, L. M., ve Anheier, H. K. (1997). Defining the nonprofit sector: A cross-national analysis. Manchester University Press.
  • Shehı, R. (2022). Democracy, crisis and destabilization. İmgelem, 6(11), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1173801
  • TÜSEV. (2021). TÜSEV 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. https://tusev.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FR2021Web.pdf
  • United Nations. (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesf/seriesf_91e.pdf
  • Yabanci, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15(4), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.

The Boundaries of Civil Society: A Qualitative Study on the Functions and Problems of Civil Society Organizations

Year 2026, Issue: 18, 355 - 382, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1827399

Abstract

This research aims to examine the general structure, functioning, problems encountered, and social impact of civil society organizations (CSOs) operating in the province of Iğdır. Civil society is seen as an area that strengthens democratic participation, nurtures civic awareness, and promotes social solidarity. However, a significant portion of CSOs in Turkey lack the capacity to act autonomously due to financial dependence, a lack of volunteers, and hierarchical relationships with the state. This situation limits the transformative potential of civil society. The research was conducted using a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 NGO managers working in different fields in the province of Iğdır, and the data obtained was analyzed using thematic content analysis. The analysis identified nine main themes: financial inadequacy, lack of volunteer participation, institutionalization problems, bureaucratic obstacles, lack of social awareness, legal restrictions, insufficient inter-organizational cooperation, social infrastructure problems, and power relations., The findings reveal that CSOs mostly carry out short-term, aid-based, and project-focused activities. Limited funding sources and weak volunteerism jeopardize the sustainability of organizations. Furthermore, it is observed that the relationships established with the state have developed in a dependent structure rather than as equal partnerships. Consequently, in order to increase the effectiveness of civil society organizations in Iğdır, financial independence, organizational capacity, and volunteerism awareness must be strengthened. For civil society to become a truly transformative force, it is necessary not only to develop institutionally, but also to build an alternative social consciousness and culture of solidarity.

Ethical Statement

The data for this research article was obtained with the permission of the Iğdır University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board, decision number “2025/44”.

References

  • Ayhan, E. (2020). Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey: History, theories and issues. İKSAD Yayınları.
  • Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Chandhoke, N. (2007). Civil society. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469658
  • Cohen, J. L., ve Arato, A. (1992). Civil society and political theory. MIT Press.
  • Creswell, J. W., ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Diamond, L. (1999). Developing democracy: Toward consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: The case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555
  • Edwards, M. (2009). Civil society. Polity Press.
  • Fowler, A. (2013). Civil society and the role of non-governmental organizations in development. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of governance (pp. 301-319). Oxford University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (1994). Conditions of liberty: Civil society and its rivals. Penguin. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580639?seq=3
  • Gramsci, A. (2014). Hapishane defterleri. (Adnan Cemgil, Çev.). Belge Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). Neoliberalizmin kısa tarihi. (Aylin Onacak, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1821). Philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish dynamics: Bridge across troubled lands. Palgrave Macmillan. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/53745/1/35.pdf.pdf
  • Kayalı, N. (2023). Negotiating state–civil society relations in Turkey: The case of refugee-supporting organizations. Voluntas, 34, 1209-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-022-00545-9
  • Keane, J. (1998). Civil society: Old images, new visions. Stanford University Press.
  • Keyman, E. F., ve İçduygu, A. (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
  • Kıvrak, E. (2025). Türkiye’de yeni toplumsal hareketlerin yükselişi: Neoliberal dönüşüm ve alternatif siyasal katılım. İmgelem, 16, 409-440. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1637259
  • Marx, K. (2005). Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisine katkı (S. Belli, Çev.). Sol Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2016). 1844 el yazmaları (M. Belge, Çev.). Birikim Yayınları.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratization: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993402ps027ra
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
  • Namdar, A., Buz, S., ve Afyonoğlu, M. F. (2021). Sivil toplum ve sivil toplum örgütleri: Türkiye’de ve dünyada gelişimi. Sivil toplum örgütleri ve sosyal hizmet. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046747
  • Salamon, L. M., ve Anheier, H. K. (1997). Defining the nonprofit sector: A cross-national analysis. Manchester University Press.
  • Shehı, R. (2022). Democracy, crisis and destabilization. İmgelem, 6(11), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1173801
  • TÜSEV. (2021). TÜSEV 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. https://tusev.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FR2021Web.pdf
  • United Nations. (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesf/seriesf_91e.pdf
  • Yabanci, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15(4), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.

Year 2026, Issue: 18, 355 - 382, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1827399

Abstract

References

  • Ayhan, E. (2020). Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey: History, theories and issues. İKSAD Yayınları.
  • Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Chandhoke, N. (2007). Civil society. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469658
  • Cohen, J. L., ve Arato, A. (1992). Civil society and political theory. MIT Press.
  • Creswell, J. W., ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Diamond, L. (1999). Developing democracy: Toward consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: The case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555
  • Edwards, M. (2009). Civil society. Polity Press.
  • Fowler, A. (2013). Civil society and the role of non-governmental organizations in development. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of governance (pp. 301-319). Oxford University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (1994). Conditions of liberty: Civil society and its rivals. Penguin. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580639?seq=3
  • Gramsci, A. (2014). Hapishane defterleri. (Adnan Cemgil, Çev.). Belge Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). Neoliberalizmin kısa tarihi. (Aylin Onacak, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1821). Philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish dynamics: Bridge across troubled lands. Palgrave Macmillan. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/53745/1/35.pdf.pdf
  • Kayalı, N. (2023). Negotiating state–civil society relations in Turkey: The case of refugee-supporting organizations. Voluntas, 34, 1209-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-022-00545-9
  • Keane, J. (1998). Civil society: Old images, new visions. Stanford University Press.
  • Keyman, E. F., ve İçduygu, A. (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
  • Kıvrak, E. (2025). Türkiye’de yeni toplumsal hareketlerin yükselişi: Neoliberal dönüşüm ve alternatif siyasal katılım. İmgelem, 16, 409-440. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1637259
  • Marx, K. (2005). Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisine katkı (S. Belli, Çev.). Sol Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2016). 1844 el yazmaları (M. Belge, Çev.). Birikim Yayınları.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratization: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993402ps027ra
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
  • Namdar, A., Buz, S., ve Afyonoğlu, M. F. (2021). Sivil toplum ve sivil toplum örgütleri: Türkiye’de ve dünyada gelişimi. Sivil toplum örgütleri ve sosyal hizmet. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046747
  • Salamon, L. M., ve Anheier, H. K. (1997). Defining the nonprofit sector: A cross-national analysis. Manchester University Press.
  • Shehı, R. (2022). Democracy, crisis and destabilization. İmgelem, 6(11), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1173801
  • TÜSEV. (2021). TÜSEV 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. https://tusev.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FR2021Web.pdf
  • United Nations. (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesf/seriesf_91e.pdf
  • Yabanci, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15(4), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.

Year 2026, Issue: 18, 355 - 382, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1827399

Abstract

References

  • Ayhan, E. (2020). Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Turkey: History, theories and issues. İKSAD Yayınları.
  • Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Chandhoke, N. (2007). Civil society. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469658
  • Cohen, J. L., ve Arato, A. (1992). Civil society and political theory. MIT Press.
  • Creswell, J. W., ve Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Diamond, L. (1999). Developing democracy: Toward consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Doyle, J. L. (2017). State control of civil society organizations: The case of Turkey. Democratization, 24(2), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159555
  • Edwards, M. (2009). Civil society. Polity Press.
  • Fowler, A. (2013). Civil society and the role of non-governmental organizations in development. In D. Levi-Faur (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of governance (pp. 301-319). Oxford University Press.
  • Gellner, E. (1994). Conditions of liberty: Civil society and its rivals. Penguin. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580639?seq=3
  • Gramsci, A. (2014). Hapishane defterleri. (Adnan Cemgil, Çev.). Belge Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). Neoliberalizmin kısa tarihi. (Aylin Onacak, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (1821). Philosophy of right. Oxford University Press.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish dynamics: Bridge across troubled lands. Palgrave Macmillan. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/53745/1/35.pdf.pdf
  • Kayalı, N. (2023). Negotiating state–civil society relations in Turkey: The case of refugee-supporting organizations. Voluntas, 34, 1209-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-022-00545-9
  • Keane, J. (1998). Civil society: Old images, new visions. Stanford University Press.
  • Keyman, E. F., ve İçduygu, A. (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
  • Kıvrak, E. (2025). Türkiye’de yeni toplumsal hareketlerin yükselişi: Neoliberal dönüşüm ve alternatif siyasal katılım. İmgelem, 16, 409-440. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1637259
  • Marx, K. (2005). Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisine katkı (S. Belli, Çev.). Sol Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2016). 1844 el yazmaları (M. Belge, Çev.). Birikim Yayınları.
  • Mercer, C. (2002). NGOs, civil society and democratization: A critical review of the literature. Progress in Development Studies, 2(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993402ps027ra
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
  • Namdar, A., Buz, S., ve Afyonoğlu, M. F. (2021). Sivil toplum ve sivil toplum örgütleri: Türkiye’de ve dünyada gelişimi. Sivil toplum örgütleri ve sosyal hizmet. Nobel Yayınları.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
  • Salamon, L. M. (1994). The rise of the nonprofit sector. Foreign Affairs, 73(4), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046747
  • Salamon, L. M., ve Anheier, H. K. (1997). Defining the nonprofit sector: A cross-national analysis. Manchester University Press.
  • Shehı, R. (2022). Democracy, crisis and destabilization. İmgelem, 6(11), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1173801
  • TÜSEV. (2021). TÜSEV 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. https://tusev.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FR2021Web.pdf
  • United Nations. (2003). Handbook on non-profit institutions in the system of national accounts. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesf/seriesf_91e.pdf
  • Yabanci, B. (2019). Turkey’s tamed civil society: Containment and appropriation under a competitive authoritarian regime. Journal of Civil Society, 15(4), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2019.1668627
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor and Organisition Sociology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özkan Aydar 0000-0002-5547-9405

Submission Date November 21, 2025
Acceptance Date January 8, 2026
Publication Date January 31, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Aydar, Ö. (2026). Sivil Toplumun Sınırları: Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin İşlevleri ve Sorunları Üzerine Nitel Bir İnceleme. İmgelem(18), 355-382. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.1827399