Suriye’de Barış İnşası İçin Muhtemel Bir Anayasal Tasarım

Abstract

Suriye’de 2011 yılından bu yana farklı beklenti ve hedeflere sahip birçok aktörün dahil olduğu bir iç savaş yaşanmaktadır. Yüzbinlerce insanın hayatına mal olan bu savaş ve çatışmaların sosyoekonomik ve politik birçok nedeni olmakla birlikte esas belirleyici nedenini, Suriye’deki otoriter rejimin on yıllardan beri uygulamış olduğu etno-mezhepsel politikalar oluşturmaktadır. Suriye’deki çatışmaların sona erdirilmesi ve barışın sağlanması için çözüm mekanizmalarına ve yeni bir anayasal düzene yönelik çabalar, savaşın patlak vermesinden itibaren başlamıştır. Ancak bu çaba ve girişimler henüz barış inşası ve anayasal tasarım adına olumlu bir sonuç vermemiştir. Bu makale, Suriye’deki savaşın ve çatışmaların genel yapısını ve niteliklerini, tarihsel ve toplumsal nedenlerini analiz ederek bu çatışmaları sonlandıracak, barış, demokrasi ve istikrarı inşa edecek olası bir anayasal tasarımın ve barış anlaşmasının temel ilkelerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Suriye’nin muhtemel bir barış inşası ve anayasal tasarımı için teorik bir zemin sunması maksadıyla bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde çatışmalı ve/veya bölünmüş toplumlarda anayasal tasarım ve barış inşasına yönelik genel bir inceleme yapılacaktır. İkinci bölümde ise ilk olarak Suriye’deki çatışmaların genel yapısı, aktörleri ve toplumsal nitelikleri analiz edildikten sonra tarihsel ve siyasal arka planına bakılacaktır. Akabinde Suriye’de çatışma çözümü, barış inşası ve anayasal tasarıma yönelik çabalar ele alınacaktır. Bu kısmın sonunda Suriye’de çatışmadan barışa geçişi sağlayacak bir barış antlaşmasının ve anayasal tasarımın temel çerçevesi/ilkeleri ile ilk bölümde sunulan genel inceleme arasında bağ kurulacaktır.

Keywords

• Suriye
• Bölünmüş Toplumlar
• Anayasal Tasarım
• Barış İnşası
• Çatışma Çözümü

A Possible Constitutional Design for Peacebuilding in Syria

Abstract

Syria has been experiencing a civil war involving many actors with different expectations and goals since 2011. Although there are many socio-economic and political reasons for this war, which has cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, the main determining reason is the ethno-sectarian policies that the authoritarian regime in Syria has implemented for decades. Attempts for a new constitutional order and resolution mechanisms in order to end the conflicts and build peace in Syria have started since the outbreak of the war. However, these efforts and attempts have not yet produced a positive result for peacebuilding and constitutional design. This article aims to examine the basic principles of a possible constitutional design and peace agreement that will end these conflicts and establish peace, democracy, and stability through examining the general structure and characteristics of war and conflicts in Syria, as well as their historical and social causes. In this context, the first part of this study conducts a general review of constitutional design and peacebuilding in conflicted/divided societies. The second part analyzes the structure, actors, and societal characteristics of conflicts in Syria, along with its historical and political background. Efforts related to conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and constitutional design in Syria will also be discussed. At the end of this part, a connection will be made between the main principles of a constitutional design facilitating the transition from conflict to peace in Syria and the general review presented in the first part for divided societies.

Keywords

• Syria
• Divided Societies
• Constitutional Design
• Peacebuilding
• Conflict Resolution

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