BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER’İN TEMİZ, SAĞLIKLI VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BİR ÇEVRE HAKKINI BİR İNSAN HAKKI OLARAK TANIMASI

Abstract

Bugün artık çevre sorunlarının sadece ulusal bir sorun olmadığı, aksine bütün toplumları etkileyen küresel bir olgu olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çevrenin devam eden bozulması, insanlığın karşı karşıya olduğu en ciddi sorunlardan biridir. Çok fazla çevresel yıkıma ve çevreyi korumak için atılan birçok adıma tanık olduğumuz bir çağda, temiz bir çevre için yeni bir temel hakkın tanınması gerekip gerekmediği en çok tartışılan konulardan biri haline gelmiştir. Ekim 2021 tarihinde önce Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Konseyi 48/13 sayılı bir kararıyla ve sonrasında da Temmuz 2022 tarihinde Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu 76/300 sayılı bir kararıyla temiz, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir çevre hakkını bir insan hakkı olarak tanımıştır. Sağlıklı bir çevre hakkına ilişkin Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu Kararının kabul edilmesi, tanınması ve ulusal yasal çerçevelere dahil edilmesi, bu hakkın herkes tarafından etkili bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamak için gereken eylemin yalnızca başlangıcını temsil eder. Bundan sonra ne olacağı, Devletlerin ve işletmeler gibi diğer paydaşların yerel, bölgesel ve uluslararası düzeylerde nasıl yanıt verdiğine ve bunlara nasıl uyduğuna bağlı olacaktır. Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’nun 76/300 sayılı Kararı temiz, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir çevre hakkının kabul edilmesini uzun bir yolculuğun sonu olarak sunsa da, aynı zamanda yeni bir yolculuğun da başlangıcını temsil ediyor. Bu çalışma, uluslararası alanda, Birleşmiş Milletler özelinde, çevre için bir hak arayışında katedilen yol ve bugün gelinen noktayı ele alacaktır.

Keywords

• Birleşmiş Milletler
• Stockholm Deklarasyonu
• uluslararası çevre hukuku
• insan hakları hukuku
• çevre hakkı.

UNITED NATIONS RECOGNIZING THE RIGHT TO A CLEAN, HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AS A HUMAN RIGHT

Abstract

Today, it has been understood that environmental problems are not just a national problem, but a global phenomenon that affects all societies. The ongoing degradation of the environment is one of the most serious problems faced by humanity. In an age where we are witnessing excessive environmental destruction and many steps being taken to protect the environment, whether a new fundamental right to a clean environment should be recognized has become one of the most debated issues. The right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment has been recognized as a human right in October 2021, first with the UN Human Rights Council Resolution 48/13 and then with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/300 in July 2022. The adoption, recognition and incorporation of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the right to a healthy environment represents only the beginning of the action needed to ensure the effective enjoyment of this right by all. What happens next will depend on how States and other stakeholders such as businesses respond and comply at the local, regional and international levels. Although the United Nations General Assembly's Resolution 76/300 presents the recognition of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as the end of a long journey, it also represents the beginning of a new journey. This study will deal with the path taken and the point reached today in the search for a right for the environment in the international arena, in particular the United Nations.

Keywords

• United Nations
• Stockholm Declaration
• International Environmental Law
• Human Rights Law
• Right To Environment

References

1. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), 17 November 1988, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.oas.org/en/sare/social-inclusion/protocol-ssv/docs/protocol-san-salvador-en.pdf E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
2. Agenda 21, United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992, (Çevrimiçi) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf?_gl=1*trnmrg*_ga*MTAwNzc1Mzg2Mi4xNjYyMzg2MzA2*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTcwMjc1NjgzNC40My4xLjE3MDI3NTg4NDYuMC4wLjA., E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
3. Arab Charter on Human Rights, 15 September 1994, (Çevrimiçi) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/551368?ln=en E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
4. ASEAN Human Rights Declaration, 19 November 2012, (Çevrimiçi) https://asean.org/asean-human-rights-declaration/ E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
5. Association of Southeast Asian Nations, (Çevrimiçi) https://asean.org/ E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
6. ATAPATTU, Sumudu, “The Right to a Healthy Life or the Right to Die Polluted?: The Emergence of a Human Right to a Healthy Environment Under International Law”, Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Y. 2002, V. 16, I. 1, 65-126.
7. ATAPATTU, Sumudu / SCHAPPER, Andrea, Human Rights and the Environment, Routledge, London, 2019.
8. BOYD, David R., “Catalyst for Change: Evaluating Forty Years of Experience in Implementing the Right to a Healthy Environment": KNOX, John H. / PEJAN, Ramin, The Human Rights to a Healthy Environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018.

9. BRATSPIES, Rebecca, “Do We need a Right to a Healthy Environment?”, Santa Clara Journal of International Law, Y. 2015, V. 13, 31-69.
10. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 25 June 1998, (Çevrimiçi) https://unece.org/DAM/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
11. Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, May 22, 2001, 40 I.L.M. 532 (2001), (çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&clang=_en, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
12. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 16 June 1972, https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/dunche/dunche.html , E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
13. DUYMAZ, Erkan, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Çevrenin Korunmasına Katkısı”, İ. Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Y. 2012, S. 47,121-160.
14. Florea v. Romania, European Court of Human Rights, 14 September 2010, App. no. 37186/03, (Çevrimiçi) https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-100357%22]}, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
15. GÜNEŞ, Ahmet M., “Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, İÜHFM, Y. 2012, C. LXX, S. 1, 83-114.
16. GÜNTHER, Handl, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 16 June 1972 and Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 14 June 1992, (Çevrimiçi) https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/dunche/dunche.html , E.T: 16 Aralık 1992.
17. KAYPAK, Şafak, “Çevre Hukukunun Ulusal ve Uluslararası Boyutları”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Y. 2012, S. 10, 205-242.
18. KNOX, John H., Report of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment” (Mapping Report), U.N. Doc. A/HRC/25/53 (30 December 2013), (Çevrimiçi) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/766887?ln=en, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
19. KOIVUROVA, Timo, Introduction to of International Environmental Law, Routledge, London, 2014.
20. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 10, 1997, 37 I.L.M. 22 (1998), (çevrimiçi) https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
21. López Ostra v Spain, European Court of Human Rights, 9 December 1994, App. No. 16798/90, A/303-C, (Çevrimiçi) https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/FRE#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57905%22]}, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023. OHCHR and UNEP, “Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Science and Environment: Report of the Joint OHCHR and UNEP Seminar on Human Rights and the Environment”, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2002/WP.7 (Jan. 16, 2002), (Çevrimiçi) http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Environment/Reportonjoint_ OHCHR-UNEPseminar2002.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
22. Öneryıldız v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, 30 November 2004, App. no. 48939/99, (Çevrimiçi) https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-67614%22]}, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
23. ÖZDEK, E. Yasemin, İnsan Hakkı Olarak Çevre Hakkı, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara, 1993.
24. Paris Agreement, 2015, (Çevrimiçi) https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
25. PAZARCI, Hüseyin, “Çevre Sorunlarının Uluslararası Boyutları ve Uluslararası Hukuk”, AÜ. SBF. Yayınları (Fehmi Yavuz’a Armağan), Y. 1983, 201–237.
26. RAMCHARAN, Bernard G., “Normative Human Tights Cascades, North and South”, Third World Quarterly, Y. 2016 V. 37, I. 7, 1234-1251.
27. Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazu Agreement), (Çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-18&chapter=27&clang=_en, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
28. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, (çevrimiçi) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
29. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
30. SAND, Peter, “The Evolution of International Environmental Law”: BODANSKY, Dan / BRUNNÉE, Jutta / HEY, Ellen, The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, Vol. 29, 2007.
31. SANDS, Philippe / PEEL, Jacqueline, FABRA, Adriana / MACKENZIE, Ruth, Principles of International Environmental Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018.
32. Saramaka People v. Suriname, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 12 August 2008, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_185_ing.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
33. Stockholm Conference, Participant List, (Çevrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/NL3/217/10/PDF/NL321710.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
34. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 27 June 1981, (Çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201520/volume-1520-I-26363-English.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
35. The Social and Economic Rights Action Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria, Communication No. 155/96, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 27 My 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.escr-net.org/sites/default/files/serac.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
36. UN News, Climate and Environment, “Why the UN General Assembly must back the right to a healthy environment”, 22 July 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123142, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
37. UNEP, About UN Environment Programme, (çevrimiçi) https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
38. UNGA Res. 42/187 (1987), (çevrimiçi) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/153026?ln=en, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
39. UNGA Res. 43/196 (1988), (çevrimiçi) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/54291?ln=zh_CN, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
40. UNGA Res. 44/228 (1989), (çevrimiçi) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/82555?ln=en, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
41. UNGA, Human Rights Obligations Relating To The Enjoyment Of A Safe, Clean, Healthy And Sustainable Environment, 19 July 2018 (A/73/188), (Çervrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N18/231/04/PDF/N1823104.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
42. United Nations, Conferences: Environment and Sustainable Development, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
43. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
44. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, (çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/recenttexts/unfccc_eng.pdf, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
45. United Nations, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future From One Earth to One World (Brundtland Report), (Çevrimiçi) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
46. United Nations, “Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity Stockholm”, Report, 2 and 3 June 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/40618/Stockholm50_Report.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, E.T: 24 Temmuz 2023.
47. United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 76/300 (28 July 2022) A/RES/76/300, (Çevrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/442/77/PDF/N2244277.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
48. United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 64/292, (28 July 2010) A/RES/64/292, (Çevrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/479/35/PDF/N0947935.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
49. United Nations Human Rights Council, Resolution 48/13 (8 October 2021) A/HRC/RES/48/13, (Çevrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G21/289/50/PDF/G2128950.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
50. United Nations Human Rights Council, “Right to a healthy environment: good practices: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment”, (2019) A/HRC/43/53, (Çevrimiçi) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/355/14/PDF/G1935514.pdf?OpenElement, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
51. United Nations OHCHR, “Historic day for human rights and a healthy planet: UN expert”, 28 July 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
52. United Nations OHCHR, “What is the Right to a Health Environment?”, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-01/UNDP-UNEP-UNHCHR-What-is-the-Right-to-a-Healthy-Environment.pdf, E.T: 25 Temmuz 2023.
53. United Nations, Conferences: Environment and Sustaimable Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992, (çevrimiçi) https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
54. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Rights of Nature, (Çevrimiçi) https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/rights-nature-catalyst-implementation-sustainable-development-agenda-water#:~:text=Rights%20of%20Nature%20is%20a,clean%20water%20(SGD%206)%2C, E.T: 16 Aralık 2023.
55. World Charter for Nature, General Principles (Dünya Doğa Şartı), http://www.un-documents.net/wcn.htm, E.T: 16.12.2023.