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Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 1 , 651 - 708 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761
https://izlik.org/JA93PX55FT

Abstract

References

  • Açıkgöz A ve Gürel M, ‘Başkasına Ait İçerikteki Fikrî ve Sınai Hak İhlalleri Nedeniyle Dijital Platformların Hukuki Sorumluluğu’ (2024) 82 İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 693
  • Akbulut B, ‘Yapay Zeka ve Ceza Hukuku Sorumluluğu’ (2023) 27 Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 270
  • Arcila BB, ‘Is It a Platform? Is It a Search Engine? It’s ChatGPT! The European Liability Regime for Large Language Models’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 455
  • Ariyaratne H, ‘ChatGPT and Intermediary Liability: Why Section 230 Does Not and Should Not Protect Generative Algorithms’ (SSRN 2023)
  • Atkinson D ve Morrison J, ‘Unsettled Law: Time to Generate New Approaches?’ (SSRN 2024)
  • Barberá I, ‘AI Privacy Risks & Mitigations – Large Language Models (LLMs)’ (European Data Protection Board (Support Pool of Experts Programme) 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Başlar Y, ‘Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun Ek Madde 4 Hükmünün İhlali Suçları’ (2019) 77 Ankara Barosu Dergisi 37
  • Başlar Y, ‘İnternet Süjeleri ve Cezai Sorumlulukları’ (2022) 19 Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 603
  • Bernstein H, ‘Reconciling Section 230 and the First Amendment: Should Social Media Companies be Held Liable for the Consequences of Their Recommendation Algorithms?’ (2023) 19 Journal of Business & Technology Law
  • Bourtoule L ve diğerleri, ‘Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2021)
  • Brown N, ‘Bots Behaving Badly: A Products Liability Approach to Chatbot-Generated Defamation’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Browning CH, ‘Whose Bot Is It Anyway?’ (2025) 45 Northern Illinois University Law Review
  • Buiten MC, ‘The Digital Services Act: From Intermediary Liability to Platform Regulation’ (2021) 12 JIPITEC 361
  • Büyüktanır BGÖ, ‘Çiçek Sepeti Kararı Özelinde Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcısının Tüketiciye Karşı Sorumluluğunun Değerlendirilmesi’ (2025) 16 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi
  • Cao Y ve Yang J, ‘Towards Making Systems Forget with Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2015)
  • Choi S, ‘Assessing the Efficacy of Third-Party Liability Copyright Doctrines against Platforms That Host AI-Generated Content’ (2025) 66 Boston College Law Review 1087
  • Cobbe J ve Singh J, ‘Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges’ (2021) 42 Computer Law & Security Review 105573
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts – General Approach’ (2022) ST 14954/22
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Artificial Intelligence Act: Council and Parliament Strike a Deal on the First Rules for AI in the World’ (09 Aralık 2023) erişim 24 Ocak 2026
  • Çevik İ, ‘Avrupa Birliği Dijital Hizmetler Yasası’nın Değerlendirmesi’ (2023) 8 YBHD 387
  • Demez İ, ‘5651 Sayılı Kanun’un İnternet Adreslerine Erişimin Engellenmesine İlişkin 9. Maddesinin İptali ve Öneriler’ (2024) 15 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 177
  • Depoorter B ve Walker RK, ‘Copyright False Positives’ (2014) 89 Notre Dame Law Review 319
  • Dini L, ‘Redefining Section 230 Immunity’ (2024) 49 Seattle University Law Review 211
  • Dumas V, ‘Enigma Machines: Deep Learning Algorithms as Information Content Providers under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ [2022] Wisconsin Law Review 1581 (ed) GF, Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability (Oxford University Press 2020)
  • Ekingen E ve Deniz MÖ, ‘7392 ve 7416 Sayılı Kanunlarla Yapılan Değişikliklerin Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcı Olarak Çevrimiçi Çok Taraflı Platformların Sorumluluklarına ve Tüketicilere Etkileri’ (2022) 69 Adalet Dergisi
  • Eren F, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler (21 Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2017)
  • European Commission, ‘European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC’ (2020) SWD(2020) 348 final
  • European Data Protection Board, ‘Opinion 28/2024 on Certain Data Protection Aspects Related to the Processing of Personal Data in the Context of AI Models’ (2024) Opinion 28/2024 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • European Parliament, ‘Amendments Adopted by the European Parliament on 14 June 2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts’ (2023) P9_TA(2023)0236
  • European Parliament, Answer P-002793/2025(ASW) given by Executive Vice-President Virkkunen on behalf of the European Commission (21 August 2025)
  • Forbrukerrådet, Ghost in the Machine: Addressing the consumer harms of generative AI (June 2023)
  • Geiger C, Frosio G ve Izyumenko E, ‘Intermediary Liability and Fundamental Rights’ [2019] CEIPI Research Paper No. 2019-06
  • Ginart AA ve diğerleri, ‘Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learning’ (arXiv:190705012 2019)
  • Graux H ve diğerleri, ‘Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework’ (European Parliament (Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health) 2025)
  • Guo C ve diğerleri, ‘Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models’ (arXiv:191103030 2019)
  • Güçlütürk OG, Yapay Zekâ ve Verinin Kullanımı (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2022)
  • Hacker P, ‘AI Regulation in Europe: From the AI Act to Future Regulatory Challenges’ (arXiv:231004072 2023)
  • Hacker P, Engel A ve Mauer M, ‘Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models’ (arXiv 2023)
  • Hassoun A ve diğerleri, ‘The Influencer Next Door: How Misinformation Creators Use GenAI’ (arXiv:240513554 2024)
  • Helberger N ve Diakopoulos N, ‘ChatGPT and the AI Act’ (2023) 12 Internet Policy Review
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Where’s the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Challenges for Foundation Model Liability’ The Cambridge Handbook of Generative AI and the Law (2024)
  • Husovec M, ‘Rising Above Liability: The Digital Services Act as a Blueprint for the Second Generation of Global Internet Rules’ (2023) 38 Berkeley Technology Law Journal
  • İlalan YE, İnternet Ortamında Kişilik Haklarının İhlali, Korunması ve Başvuru Yolları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi 2022)
  • Işık A, ‘Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 5651 Sayılı Kanun’un 9. Maddesi Bağlamında İnternete Erişimin Engellenmesine Dair Değişen Yaklaşımının Değerlendirilmesi’ (2022) 30 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 967
  • Işık A, İnternet Aktörleri ve Egemenliğin Değişen Boyutları (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaya MB, İnternet Hukuku (2 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Kiss NFR, ‘The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet... and then Maybe, Kind Of, Destroyed Society: Understanding and Reforming Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ (2024) 31 Michigan Technology Law Review 131
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Recommendations on the Protection of Personal Data in the Field of Artificial Intelligence’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 33 2024) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, Veri Sorumlusu ve Veri İşleyen (KVKK Yayınları No: 106, Haziran 2025)
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Kişisel Verilerin Silinmesi, Yok Edilmesi veya Anonim Hale Getirilmesi Rehberi’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 71 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Klonick K, ‘The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech’ (2018) 131 Harvard Law Review
  • Koca M ve Üzülmez İ, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (9 Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2016)
  • Lemoine L ve Vermeulen M, ‘Assessing the extent to which Generative AI falls within the scope of the Digital Services Act: an initial analysis’ (2023) draft
  • Lin Y ve Guan T, ‘From safe harbours to AI harbours: reimagining DMCA immunity for the generative AI era’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3
  • Lu C-C, ‘From safe harbours to over-enforcement: the rise of AI and copyright monitoring’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology, ‘Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)’ (2023) NIST AI 100-1 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Nguyen TT ve diğerleri, ‘A Survey of Machine Unlearning’ (arXiv:220902299 2022)
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ (2024) Working Paper
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ [2024] Computer Law & Security Review
  • Ofchus K, ‘Cracking the Shield: CDA Section 230, Algorithms, and Product Liability’ (2023) 46 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 27
  • Palumbo A, ‘The Digital Services Act and the Protection of Fundamental Rights’ [2024] European Law Blog
  • Revolidis I, ‘Generative AI Content Misuse and the DSA’ (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya 2024)
  • Riordan J, The Liability of Internet Intermediaries (Oxford University Press 2016) ‘S. 1993 - No Section 230 Immunity for AI Act (2023)’ (2023)
  • Sawyer MS, ‘Filters, Fair Use and Feedback: User-Generated Content Principles and the DMCA’ (2009) 24 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 363
  • Schyns C, The Lobbying Ghost in the Machine: Big Tech’s covert defanging of Europe’s AI Act (Corporate Europe Observatory, February 2023)
  • Sekhari A ve diğerleri, ‘Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearning’ (arXiv:210303279 2021)
  • Shaheen LM, ‘Section 230’s Immunity for Generative Artificial Intelligence’ (2024) unpublished manuscript
  • Shaheen MA, ‘Section 230 and AI: A New Approach to Intermediary Liability’ (2024) 15 Seattle Journal of Technology, Environmental & Innovation Law
  • Simo F, ‘Reklamlara yaklaşımımız ve ChatGPT’nin ulaşılabilirliğini artırma hedefimiz’ (OpenAI, 16 Ocak 2026)
  • Snider E, ‘Evolving Online Terrain in an Inert Legal Landscape: How Algorithms and AI Necessitate an Amendment of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ (2023) 107 Minnesota Law Review 1829
  • Supervisor EDP, ‘Generative AI and the EUDPR: Orientations for Ensuring Data Protection Compliance When Using Generative AI Systems (Version 2)’ (2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Urban JM ve Quilter L, ‘Efficient Process or “Chilling Effects”? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’ (2006) 22 Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal 621
  • Varga D, ‘Section 230 and Generative AI: How (Not) to Regulate Algorithmic Defamation’ (Honors thesis, Oregon State University 2024)
  • Veale M ve Quintais JP, ‘The Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models’ (2025)
  • Volokh E, ‘Large Libel Models? Liability for AI Output’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 489
  • Wilman F, ‘The EU’s System of Knowledge-Based Liability for Hosting Service Providers’ (2021) 12 JIPITEC 317
  • Yünlü S, ‘Üretici Yapay Zekâ Kaynaklı Norm ve Kişi Bazlı Hukuki Sorumluluk’ (2024) 72 Adalet Dergisi 501

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 1 , 651 - 708 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761
https://izlik.org/JA93PX55FT

Abstract

References

  • Açıkgöz A ve Gürel M, ‘Başkasına Ait İçerikteki Fikrî ve Sınai Hak İhlalleri Nedeniyle Dijital Platformların Hukuki Sorumluluğu’ (2024) 82 İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 693
  • Akbulut B, ‘Yapay Zeka ve Ceza Hukuku Sorumluluğu’ (2023) 27 Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 270
  • Arcila BB, ‘Is It a Platform? Is It a Search Engine? It’s ChatGPT! The European Liability Regime for Large Language Models’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 455
  • Ariyaratne H, ‘ChatGPT and Intermediary Liability: Why Section 230 Does Not and Should Not Protect Generative Algorithms’ (SSRN 2023)
  • Atkinson D ve Morrison J, ‘Unsettled Law: Time to Generate New Approaches?’ (SSRN 2024)
  • Barberá I, ‘AI Privacy Risks & Mitigations – Large Language Models (LLMs)’ (European Data Protection Board (Support Pool of Experts Programme) 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Başlar Y, ‘Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun Ek Madde 4 Hükmünün İhlali Suçları’ (2019) 77 Ankara Barosu Dergisi 37
  • Başlar Y, ‘İnternet Süjeleri ve Cezai Sorumlulukları’ (2022) 19 Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 603
  • Bernstein H, ‘Reconciling Section 230 and the First Amendment: Should Social Media Companies be Held Liable for the Consequences of Their Recommendation Algorithms?’ (2023) 19 Journal of Business & Technology Law
  • Bourtoule L ve diğerleri, ‘Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2021)
  • Brown N, ‘Bots Behaving Badly: A Products Liability Approach to Chatbot-Generated Defamation’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Browning CH, ‘Whose Bot Is It Anyway?’ (2025) 45 Northern Illinois University Law Review
  • Buiten MC, ‘The Digital Services Act: From Intermediary Liability to Platform Regulation’ (2021) 12 JIPITEC 361
  • Büyüktanır BGÖ, ‘Çiçek Sepeti Kararı Özelinde Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcısının Tüketiciye Karşı Sorumluluğunun Değerlendirilmesi’ (2025) 16 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi
  • Cao Y ve Yang J, ‘Towards Making Systems Forget with Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2015)
  • Choi S, ‘Assessing the Efficacy of Third-Party Liability Copyright Doctrines against Platforms That Host AI-Generated Content’ (2025) 66 Boston College Law Review 1087
  • Cobbe J ve Singh J, ‘Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges’ (2021) 42 Computer Law & Security Review 105573
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts – General Approach’ (2022) ST 14954/22
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Artificial Intelligence Act: Council and Parliament Strike a Deal on the First Rules for AI in the World’ (09 Aralık 2023) erişim 24 Ocak 2026
  • Çevik İ, ‘Avrupa Birliği Dijital Hizmetler Yasası’nın Değerlendirmesi’ (2023) 8 YBHD 387
  • Demez İ, ‘5651 Sayılı Kanun’un İnternet Adreslerine Erişimin Engellenmesine İlişkin 9. Maddesinin İptali ve Öneriler’ (2024) 15 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 177
  • Depoorter B ve Walker RK, ‘Copyright False Positives’ (2014) 89 Notre Dame Law Review 319
  • Dini L, ‘Redefining Section 230 Immunity’ (2024) 49 Seattle University Law Review 211
  • Dumas V, ‘Enigma Machines: Deep Learning Algorithms as Information Content Providers under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ [2022] Wisconsin Law Review 1581 (ed) GF, Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability (Oxford University Press 2020)
  • Ekingen E ve Deniz MÖ, ‘7392 ve 7416 Sayılı Kanunlarla Yapılan Değişikliklerin Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcı Olarak Çevrimiçi Çok Taraflı Platformların Sorumluluklarına ve Tüketicilere Etkileri’ (2022) 69 Adalet Dergisi
  • Eren F, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler (21 Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2017)
  • European Commission, ‘European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC’ (2020) SWD(2020) 348 final
  • European Data Protection Board, ‘Opinion 28/2024 on Certain Data Protection Aspects Related to the Processing of Personal Data in the Context of AI Models’ (2024) Opinion 28/2024 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • European Parliament, ‘Amendments Adopted by the European Parliament on 14 June 2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts’ (2023) P9_TA(2023)0236
  • European Parliament, Answer P-002793/2025(ASW) given by Executive Vice-President Virkkunen on behalf of the European Commission (21 August 2025)
  • Forbrukerrådet, Ghost in the Machine: Addressing the consumer harms of generative AI (June 2023)
  • Geiger C, Frosio G ve Izyumenko E, ‘Intermediary Liability and Fundamental Rights’ [2019] CEIPI Research Paper No. 2019-06
  • Ginart AA ve diğerleri, ‘Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learning’ (arXiv:190705012 2019)
  • Graux H ve diğerleri, ‘Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework’ (European Parliament (Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health) 2025)
  • Guo C ve diğerleri, ‘Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models’ (arXiv:191103030 2019)
  • Güçlütürk OG, Yapay Zekâ ve Verinin Kullanımı (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2022)
  • Hacker P, ‘AI Regulation in Europe: From the AI Act to Future Regulatory Challenges’ (arXiv:231004072 2023)
  • Hacker P, Engel A ve Mauer M, ‘Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models’ (arXiv 2023)
  • Hassoun A ve diğerleri, ‘The Influencer Next Door: How Misinformation Creators Use GenAI’ (arXiv:240513554 2024)
  • Helberger N ve Diakopoulos N, ‘ChatGPT and the AI Act’ (2023) 12 Internet Policy Review
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Where’s the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Challenges for Foundation Model Liability’ The Cambridge Handbook of Generative AI and the Law (2024)
  • Husovec M, ‘Rising Above Liability: The Digital Services Act as a Blueprint for the Second Generation of Global Internet Rules’ (2023) 38 Berkeley Technology Law Journal
  • İlalan YE, İnternet Ortamında Kişilik Haklarının İhlali, Korunması ve Başvuru Yolları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi 2022)
  • Işık A, ‘Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 5651 Sayılı Kanun’un 9. Maddesi Bağlamında İnternete Erişimin Engellenmesine Dair Değişen Yaklaşımının Değerlendirilmesi’ (2022) 30 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 967
  • Işık A, İnternet Aktörleri ve Egemenliğin Değişen Boyutları (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaya MB, İnternet Hukuku (2 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Kiss NFR, ‘The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet... and then Maybe, Kind Of, Destroyed Society: Understanding and Reforming Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ (2024) 31 Michigan Technology Law Review 131
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Recommendations on the Protection of Personal Data in the Field of Artificial Intelligence’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 33 2024) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, Veri Sorumlusu ve Veri İşleyen (KVKK Yayınları No: 106, Haziran 2025)
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Kişisel Verilerin Silinmesi, Yok Edilmesi veya Anonim Hale Getirilmesi Rehberi’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 71 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Klonick K, ‘The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech’ (2018) 131 Harvard Law Review
  • Koca M ve Üzülmez İ, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (9 Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2016)
  • Lemoine L ve Vermeulen M, ‘Assessing the extent to which Generative AI falls within the scope of the Digital Services Act: an initial analysis’ (2023) draft
  • Lin Y ve Guan T, ‘From safe harbours to AI harbours: reimagining DMCA immunity for the generative AI era’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3
  • Lu C-C, ‘From safe harbours to over-enforcement: the rise of AI and copyright monitoring’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology, ‘Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)’ (2023) NIST AI 100-1 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Nguyen TT ve diğerleri, ‘A Survey of Machine Unlearning’ (arXiv:220902299 2022)
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ (2024) Working Paper
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ [2024] Computer Law & Security Review
  • Ofchus K, ‘Cracking the Shield: CDA Section 230, Algorithms, and Product Liability’ (2023) 46 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 27
  • Palumbo A, ‘The Digital Services Act and the Protection of Fundamental Rights’ [2024] European Law Blog
  • Revolidis I, ‘Generative AI Content Misuse and the DSA’ (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya 2024)
  • Riordan J, The Liability of Internet Intermediaries (Oxford University Press 2016) ‘S. 1993 - No Section 230 Immunity for AI Act (2023)’ (2023)
  • Sawyer MS, ‘Filters, Fair Use and Feedback: User-Generated Content Principles and the DMCA’ (2009) 24 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 363
  • Schyns C, The Lobbying Ghost in the Machine: Big Tech’s covert defanging of Europe’s AI Act (Corporate Europe Observatory, February 2023)
  • Sekhari A ve diğerleri, ‘Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearning’ (arXiv:210303279 2021)
  • Shaheen LM, ‘Section 230’s Immunity for Generative Artificial Intelligence’ (2024) unpublished manuscript
  • Shaheen MA, ‘Section 230 and AI: A New Approach to Intermediary Liability’ (2024) 15 Seattle Journal of Technology, Environmental & Innovation Law
  • Simo F, ‘Reklamlara yaklaşımımız ve ChatGPT’nin ulaşılabilirliğini artırma hedefimiz’ (OpenAI, 16 Ocak 2026)
  • Snider E, ‘Evolving Online Terrain in an Inert Legal Landscape: How Algorithms and AI Necessitate an Amendment of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ (2023) 107 Minnesota Law Review 1829
  • Supervisor EDP, ‘Generative AI and the EUDPR: Orientations for Ensuring Data Protection Compliance When Using Generative AI Systems (Version 2)’ (2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Urban JM ve Quilter L, ‘Efficient Process or “Chilling Effects”? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’ (2006) 22 Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal 621
  • Varga D, ‘Section 230 and Generative AI: How (Not) to Regulate Algorithmic Defamation’ (Honors thesis, Oregon State University 2024)
  • Veale M ve Quintais JP, ‘The Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models’ (2025)
  • Volokh E, ‘Large Libel Models? Liability for AI Output’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 489
  • Wilman F, ‘The EU’s System of Knowledge-Based Liability for Hosting Service Providers’ (2021) 12 JIPITEC 317
  • Yünlü S, ‘Üretici Yapay Zekâ Kaynaklı Norm ve Kişi Bazlı Hukuki Sorumluluk’ (2024) 72 Adalet Dergisi 501

Üretken Yapay Zekâ ve Aracı Sorumluluk Rejimi: 5651 Sayılı Kanun'un Yapısal Bağdaşmazlığı ve Reform Seçenekleri

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 1 , 651 - 708 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761
https://izlik.org/JA93PX55FT

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 5651 sayılı Kanun’daki içerik sağlayıcı, yer sağlayıcı ve erişim sağlayıcı ayrımının üretken yapay zekâ hizmetlerine hangi ölçüde uygulanabileceğini ve bu uyarlamada sorumluluk standardının Avrupa Birliği’nin aracı hizmet sağlayıcılara ilişkin çerçevesiyle (Dijital Hizmetler Tüzüğü) (Digital Services Act, DSA) ve Yapay Zekâ Tüzüğü (Artificial Intelligence Act, AI Act) nasıl tutarlı biçimde kurulabileceğini incelemektedir. Yöntem olarak karşılaştırmalı doktrinel analiz benimsenmiş; Türk hukuku bakımından 5651 sayılı Kanun ile birlikte TBK, TCK, KVKK ve FSEK, AB hukuku bakımından DSA ve Yapay Zekâ Tüzüğü, Amerikan hukuku bakımından ise Communications Decency Act (CDA) inceleme kapsamına alınmıştır. Analiz, üretken yapay zekâ değer zincirinin model sağlayıcı, konuşlandırıcı, kullanıcı katmanlarına ayrıldığını; çekirdek çıkarımın (inference) ise üçüncü kişi içeriklerinin depolanması ve bildirim üzerine münferit içeriğin kaldırılması varsayımına dayanan güvenli liman kurgusuyla yapısal olarak uyuşmadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle 5651 sayılı Kanun, ancak kullanıcı içeriğinin kalıcı biçimde saklandığı ve üçüncü kişilere açıldığı barındırma ve yayın özelliklerinde işlevsel olabilir; model ağırlıkları düzeyinde ise kaldırma talebi teknik olarak karşılıksız kalmakta ve ölçülülük sorunları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma, reform gündemi bakımından üç öneri geliştirmektedir: (i) içeriğin çıkarılması ile erişimin engellenmesi ikiliğini tamamlayan sistem davranışı tedbirleri, (ii) haberdar edilme eşiğini üretken çıktılara uygun biçimde somutlaştıran altı unsurlu bir bildirim standardı ve (iii) bilgi‑kontrol‑müdahale kapasitesi ölçütlerine dayanan rol temelli tahsis matrisi. Ayrıca Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 5651 sayılı Kanun m. 9’u iptali sonrasında, kişilik haklarına ilişkin başvuru usulünün kademeli müdahale, gerekçeli cevap, karşı bildirim ve şeffaflık güvenceleriyle kanun düzeyinde yeniden kurulması gerektiği savunulmaktadır.

References

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  • Arcila BB, ‘Is It a Platform? Is It a Search Engine? It’s ChatGPT! The European Liability Regime for Large Language Models’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 455
  • Ariyaratne H, ‘ChatGPT and Intermediary Liability: Why Section 230 Does Not and Should Not Protect Generative Algorithms’ (SSRN 2023)
  • Atkinson D ve Morrison J, ‘Unsettled Law: Time to Generate New Approaches?’ (SSRN 2024)
  • Barberá I, ‘AI Privacy Risks & Mitigations – Large Language Models (LLMs)’ (European Data Protection Board (Support Pool of Experts Programme) 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Başlar Y, ‘Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun Ek Madde 4 Hükmünün İhlali Suçları’ (2019) 77 Ankara Barosu Dergisi 37
  • Başlar Y, ‘İnternet Süjeleri ve Cezai Sorumlulukları’ (2022) 19 Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 603
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  • Graux H ve diğerleri, ‘Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework’ (European Parliament (Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health) 2025)
  • Guo C ve diğerleri, ‘Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models’ (arXiv:191103030 2019)
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  • Hacker P, ‘AI Regulation in Europe: From the AI Act to Future Regulatory Challenges’ (arXiv:231004072 2023)
  • Hacker P, Engel A ve Mauer M, ‘Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models’ (arXiv 2023)
  • Hassoun A ve diğerleri, ‘The Influencer Next Door: How Misinformation Creators Use GenAI’ (arXiv:240513554 2024)
  • Helberger N ve Diakopoulos N, ‘ChatGPT and the AI Act’ (2023) 12 Internet Policy Review
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Where’s the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Challenges for Foundation Model Liability’ The Cambridge Handbook of Generative AI and the Law (2024)
  • Husovec M, ‘Rising Above Liability: The Digital Services Act as a Blueprint for the Second Generation of Global Internet Rules’ (2023) 38 Berkeley Technology Law Journal
  • İlalan YE, İnternet Ortamında Kişilik Haklarının İhlali, Korunması ve Başvuru Yolları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi 2022)
  • Işık A, ‘Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 5651 Sayılı Kanun’un 9. Maddesi Bağlamında İnternete Erişimin Engellenmesine Dair Değişen Yaklaşımının Değerlendirilmesi’ (2022) 30 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 967
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  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Recommendations on the Protection of Personal Data in the Field of Artificial Intelligence’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 33 2024) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
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  • Koca M ve Üzülmez İ, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (9 Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2016)
  • Lemoine L ve Vermeulen M, ‘Assessing the extent to which Generative AI falls within the scope of the Digital Services Act: an initial analysis’ (2023) draft
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Generative AI and the Intermediary Liability Regime: The Structural Incompatibility of Turkish Law No 5651 and Reform Options

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 1 , 651 - 708 , 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761
https://izlik.org/JA93PX55FT

Abstract

This article examines how the actor categories of Turkish Law No 5651 (content provider, hosting provider, and access provider) should be mapped onto generative AI deployments and which liability standard can remain coherent with EU intermediary governance, in particular the Digital Services Act and the AI Act. Methodologically, it relies on doctrinal analysis and a functional comparison matrix that translates legal categories into technical layers of the generative AI pipeline. It argues that generative AI value chains are layered (model provider, deployer, end user) and that core inference is structurally incompatible with safe-harbor models premised on storing third-party items and removing them upon notice. Consequently, Law No 5651 can operate meaningfully only at the storage and publication layers (user uploads, profiles, archives), whereas model weights and training data challenge notice-and-takedown both technically and normatively. Building on a feature-based classification of platform functions, the article proposes a layered hybrid approach: Law No 5651 supplies a procedural and remedial framework (notice, action, access blocking or removal), while substantive liability is allocated through general tort, criminal, data-protection and copyright norms (TBK, TCK, KVKK, FSEK). Finally, in light of the Turkish Constitutional Court’s annulment of Article 9, the article sketches a notice-and-action reform that emphasizes graded intervention, reason-giving, counter-notice, and transparency safeguards, aligning Turkish practice with the EU’s shift from pure liability to duty-of-care governance.

References

  • Açıkgöz A ve Gürel M, ‘Başkasına Ait İçerikteki Fikrî ve Sınai Hak İhlalleri Nedeniyle Dijital Platformların Hukuki Sorumluluğu’ (2024) 82 İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 693
  • Akbulut B, ‘Yapay Zeka ve Ceza Hukuku Sorumluluğu’ (2023) 27 Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 270
  • Arcila BB, ‘Is It a Platform? Is It a Search Engine? It’s ChatGPT! The European Liability Regime for Large Language Models’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law 455
  • Ariyaratne H, ‘ChatGPT and Intermediary Liability: Why Section 230 Does Not and Should Not Protect Generative Algorithms’ (SSRN 2023)
  • Atkinson D ve Morrison J, ‘Unsettled Law: Time to Generate New Approaches?’ (SSRN 2024)
  • Barberá I, ‘AI Privacy Risks & Mitigations – Large Language Models (LLMs)’ (European Data Protection Board (Support Pool of Experts Programme) 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Başlar Y, ‘Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun Ek Madde 4 Hükmünün İhlali Suçları’ (2019) 77 Ankara Barosu Dergisi 37
  • Başlar Y, ‘İnternet Süjeleri ve Cezai Sorumlulukları’ (2022) 19 Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 603
  • Bernstein H, ‘Reconciling Section 230 and the First Amendment: Should Social Media Companies be Held Liable for the Consequences of Their Recommendation Algorithms?’ (2023) 19 Journal of Business & Technology Law
  • Bourtoule L ve diğerleri, ‘Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2021)
  • Brown N, ‘Bots Behaving Badly: A Products Liability Approach to Chatbot-Generated Defamation’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Browning CH, ‘Whose Bot Is It Anyway?’ (2025) 45 Northern Illinois University Law Review
  • Buiten MC, ‘The Digital Services Act: From Intermediary Liability to Platform Regulation’ (2021) 12 JIPITEC 361
  • Büyüktanır BGÖ, ‘Çiçek Sepeti Kararı Özelinde Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcısının Tüketiciye Karşı Sorumluluğunun Değerlendirilmesi’ (2025) 16 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi
  • Cao Y ve Yang J, ‘Towards Making Systems Forget with Machine Unlearning’ IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2015)
  • Choi S, ‘Assessing the Efficacy of Third-Party Liability Copyright Doctrines against Platforms That Host AI-Generated Content’ (2025) 66 Boston College Law Review 1087
  • Cobbe J ve Singh J, ‘Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges’ (2021) 42 Computer Law & Security Review 105573
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts – General Approach’ (2022) ST 14954/22
  • Council of the European Union, ‘Artificial Intelligence Act: Council and Parliament Strike a Deal on the First Rules for AI in the World’ (09 Aralık 2023) erişim 24 Ocak 2026
  • Çevik İ, ‘Avrupa Birliği Dijital Hizmetler Yasası’nın Değerlendirmesi’ (2023) 8 YBHD 387
  • Demez İ, ‘5651 Sayılı Kanun’un İnternet Adreslerine Erişimin Engellenmesine İlişkin 9. Maddesinin İptali ve Öneriler’ (2024) 15 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 177
  • Depoorter B ve Walker RK, ‘Copyright False Positives’ (2014) 89 Notre Dame Law Review 319
  • Dini L, ‘Redefining Section 230 Immunity’ (2024) 49 Seattle University Law Review 211
  • Dumas V, ‘Enigma Machines: Deep Learning Algorithms as Information Content Providers under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ [2022] Wisconsin Law Review 1581 (ed) GF, Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability (Oxford University Press 2020)
  • Ekingen E ve Deniz MÖ, ‘7392 ve 7416 Sayılı Kanunlarla Yapılan Değişikliklerin Aracı Hizmet Sağlayıcı Olarak Çevrimiçi Çok Taraflı Platformların Sorumluluklarına ve Tüketicilere Etkileri’ (2022) 69 Adalet Dergisi
  • Eren F, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler (21 Baskı, Yetkin Yayınları 2017)
  • European Commission, ‘European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC’ (2020) SWD(2020) 348 final
  • European Data Protection Board, ‘Opinion 28/2024 on Certain Data Protection Aspects Related to the Processing of Personal Data in the Context of AI Models’ (2024) Opinion 28/2024 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • European Parliament, ‘Amendments Adopted by the European Parliament on 14 June 2023 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts’ (2023) P9_TA(2023)0236
  • European Parliament, Answer P-002793/2025(ASW) given by Executive Vice-President Virkkunen on behalf of the European Commission (21 August 2025)
  • Forbrukerrådet, Ghost in the Machine: Addressing the consumer harms of generative AI (June 2023)
  • Geiger C, Frosio G ve Izyumenko E, ‘Intermediary Liability and Fundamental Rights’ [2019] CEIPI Research Paper No. 2019-06
  • Ginart AA ve diğerleri, ‘Making AI Forget You: Data Deletion in Machine Learning’ (arXiv:190705012 2019)
  • Graux H ve diğerleri, ‘Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework’ (European Parliament (Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health) 2025)
  • Guo C ve diğerleri, ‘Certified Data Removal from Machine Learning Models’ (arXiv:191103030 2019)
  • Güçlütürk OG, Yapay Zekâ ve Verinin Kullanımı (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2022)
  • Hacker P, ‘AI Regulation in Europe: From the AI Act to Future Regulatory Challenges’ (arXiv:231004072 2023)
  • Hacker P, Engel A ve Mauer M, ‘Regulating ChatGPT and other Large Generative AI Models’ (arXiv 2023)
  • Hassoun A ve diğerleri, ‘The Influencer Next Door: How Misinformation Creators Use GenAI’ (arXiv:240513554 2024)
  • Helberger N ve Diakopoulos N, ‘ChatGPT and the AI Act’ (2023) 12 Internet Policy Review
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Where’s the Liability in Harmful AI Speech?’ (2023) 3 Journal of Free Speech Law
  • Henderson P, Hashimoto T ve Lemley M, ‘Challenges for Foundation Model Liability’ The Cambridge Handbook of Generative AI and the Law (2024)
  • Husovec M, ‘Rising Above Liability: The Digital Services Act as a Blueprint for the Second Generation of Global Internet Rules’ (2023) 38 Berkeley Technology Law Journal
  • İlalan YE, İnternet Ortamında Kişilik Haklarının İhlali, Korunması ve Başvuru Yolları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi 2022)
  • Işık A, ‘Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 5651 Sayılı Kanun’un 9. Maddesi Bağlamında İnternete Erişimin Engellenmesine Dair Değişen Yaklaşımının Değerlendirilmesi’ (2022) 30 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 967
  • Işık A, İnternet Aktörleri ve Egemenliğin Değişen Boyutları (1 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Kaya MB, İnternet Hukuku (2 Baskı, On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2021)
  • Kiss NFR, ‘The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet... and then Maybe, Kind Of, Destroyed Society: Understanding and Reforming Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act’ (2024) 31 Michigan Technology Law Review 131
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Recommendations on the Protection of Personal Data in the Field of Artificial Intelligence’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 33 2024) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, Veri Sorumlusu ve Veri İşleyen (KVKK Yayınları No: 106, Haziran 2025)
  • Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu, ‘Kişisel Verilerin Silinmesi, Yok Edilmesi veya Anonim Hale Getirilmesi Rehberi’ (KVKK Yayınları No: 71 2025) erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Klonick K, ‘The New Governors: The People, Rules, and Processes Governing Online Speech’ (2018) 131 Harvard Law Review
  • Koca M ve Üzülmez İ, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (9 Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2016)
  • Lemoine L ve Vermeulen M, ‘Assessing the extent to which Generative AI falls within the scope of the Digital Services Act: an initial analysis’ (2023) draft
  • Lin Y ve Guan T, ‘From safe harbours to AI harbours: reimagining DMCA immunity for the generative AI era’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3
  • Lu C-C, ‘From safe harbours to over-enforcement: the rise of AI and copyright monitoring’ (2025) 20 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology, ‘Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)’ (2023) NIST AI 100-1 erişim 25 Ocak 2026
  • Nguyen TT ve diğerleri, ‘A Survey of Machine Unlearning’ (arXiv:220902299 2022)
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ (2024) Working Paper
  • Novelli C ve diğerleri, ‘Generative AI in EU Law: Liability, Privacy, Intellectual Property, and Cybersecurity’ [2024] Computer Law & Security Review
  • Ofchus K, ‘Cracking the Shield: CDA Section 230, Algorithms, and Product Liability’ (2023) 46 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 27
  • Palumbo A, ‘The Digital Services Act and the Protection of Fundamental Rights’ [2024] European Law Blog
  • Revolidis I, ‘Generative AI Content Misuse and the DSA’ (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya 2024)
  • Riordan J, The Liability of Internet Intermediaries (Oxford University Press 2016) ‘S. 1993 - No Section 230 Immunity for AI Act (2023)’ (2023)
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There are 78 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law and Humanities
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Furkan Akıncı 0009-0007-5851-1128

Submission Date February 2, 2026
Acceptance Date March 2, 2026
Publication Date March 28, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761
IZ https://izlik.org/JA93PX55FT
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Akıncı, Muhammed Furkan. 2026. “Üretken Yapay Zekâ Ve Aracı Sorumluluk Rejimi: 5651 Sayılı Kanun’un Yapısal Bağdaşmazlığı Ve Reform Seçenekleri”. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (1): 651-708. https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1879761.