Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 59 - 82, 31.01.2018

Miray Azaklı Köse

Abstract

Bu makale demokrasi teorisinin ışığında, hükümetler dışı örgütlerin uluslararası alandaki rolü ve katılım yollarını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle uluslararası hukukun üç dönemine göre hükümetler dışı örgütlerin uluslararası hukuk sistemine katılımı kısaca değerlendirilecektir. Hükümetler dışı örgütler uluslararası arenada giderek etkili olmakla birlikte; hala uluslararası hukuk kişiliğine sahip bir suje olarak kabul edilmemiştir. Ancak “küresel yönetişim” gibi yeni kavramların ortaya çıkışı, demokrasi teorisinde hükümetler dışı örgütlerin yeni rollerini açıklamaktadır.

Demokrasi seçimlerde oy vermenin ötesinde bir anlama sahip olduğu için; sivil toplumun katılımı olmaksızın kendi başına eksik bir kavram olarak görülmektedir. Küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte sivil toplum katılımının önemi giderek artmaktadır. İkinci bölümde hükümet-dışı aktörlere ilişkin olarak uluslararası hukukun demokrasi eksikliğinden söz edildikten sonra; hükümetler dışı örgütlerin uluslararası hukuk alanındaki güncel hukuki statüsü, rolleri ve katılım yolları ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca ilgili hukuki belgelere göre hükümetler dışı örgütlerin genellikle kabul edilen bir tanımı olup olmadığı tartışılacaktır.

Hükümetler dışı örgütlerin önemli işlevler gördükleri başlıca alanlardan biri çevre hukukudur. “Küresel çevresel yönetişim” terimi bu katılımın meşruiyetini açıklamak için kullanılmaktadır. Son olarak hükümetler dışı örgütlerin bu özel alanda nasıl hareket ettikleri (katılım yöntemleri) ve hukuk kişiliğinden yoksun olmalarının yol açtığı bazı problemlere dair genel bir değerlendirmeye yer verilecektir.

Keywords

Hükümetler dışı örgütler çevre hukuku katılım küresel yönetişim siviil toplum

References

  • Anna-Karin Lindblom, NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, (1st ed. 2005). A. Dan Tarlock, The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Development of International Environmental Law, 68 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 61,(1992). Barbara Gemmill & Abimbola Bamidele-Izu, The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance, http://environment.yale.edu/publicationseries/documents/downloads/a-g/gemmill.pdf (Last visited February 2, 2017).
  • Catherine Redgwell, International Environmental Law in INTERNATIONAL LAW (Malcolm D. Evans ed. 2003). Charlotte Ku, 2001 JOHN W. HOLMES MEMORIAL LECTURE: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND CHANGING FACE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, ACUNS Reports & Papers No.2 (2001).
  • Christine Fuchs, Environment, Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW.
  • Jan Aarte Scholte, Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance, 8 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 281.
  • Jean L. Cohen & Andrew Arato, CIVIL SOCIETY AND POLITICAL THEORY (1st ed. 1992). Jennifer Clapp, Africa, NGOs and the International Toxic Waste Trade, 3 J. ENV. DEV. 17, (1994). Kenneth Anderson & David Rieff, Global Civil Society: A Sceptical View in GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 2004/5 26 (Helmut Anheier ed. 2005).
  • Kerstin Martens, Examining the Non-Status of NGOs in International Law, 10 INDIANA JOURNAL OF GLOBAL LEGAL STUDIES 2 (2003). Malcolm N. Shaw, INTERNATIONAL LAW, 196 (6th ed. 2008). Sabine Saurugger, Interest Groups and Democracy in the European Union, in INTEREST GROUP POLITICS IN EUROPE 172 (Jan Beyers ed. 2010). Sebastian Oberthür et. al Participation of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Environmental Governance, http://ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2013/report_ngos_en.pdf (Last visited February 26, 2017).
  • Stephan Hobe, Non-Governmental Organizations, in MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW. Steve Charnovitz, Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 357 (2006). Zoe Pearson, Non-Governmental Organisations and International Law, 23 AUSTRALIAN YEAR BOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 73 (2004).
  • ECOSOC Res. E/1996/31, Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, July 25, 1996, http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1996/eres1996- 31.htm (Last visited February 26, 2017). European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations, June 25, 1986, E. T. S. No.124.
  • Fundamental Principles on the Status of Non-governmental Organisations in Europe and explanatory memorandum, November 13, 2002, https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/cdcj/ONG/Fundamenta l %20Principles%20E.pdf (Last visited February 26, 2017). UN ECOSOC Res 1296 (XLIV) May 23, 1968. UNCTAD, Trade and Development Board Decision 43(VII), September 20, 1968. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, June 28, 1998, 2161 UNTS 447.
  • U.N. GAOR, 46th Sess., Agenda Item 21, UN Doc A/Conf.151/26 (1992).

NGOs AS A SPECIFIC MODEL OF PARTICIPATION- HOW CAN ONE JUSTIFY THAT MODEL WITH REGARD TO THEORY OF DEMOCRACY?

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 59 - 82, 31.01.2018

Miray Azaklı Köse

Abstract

This paper aims to discuss the roles and participation channels of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on international plane in the light of the theory of democracy. Firstly NGO participation to
international legal system will be examined very briefly by looking at three periods of international law. Although NGOs have been effective in international sphere, they still not been considered a subject of international law that possess legal personality. However the emergence of new concepts such as “global governance”, explains NGOs’ new roles in the theory of democracy.

Democracy without participation of civil society, has been seen as a deficient concept. That is because it does not only mean voting in elections. With globalization process the importance of the participation of civil society has been increased gradually. After mentioning democratic deficit of international law with regard to non-state actors in the second part; the current legal status of NGOs
under international law, their roles and participation channels will be examined. Furthermore the question of whether there is a generally accepted definition of NGOs according to the relevant international legal documents will be discussed.

One of the most important areas in which NGOs perform significant functions is the environmental law. The term “global environmental governance” has been used to explain the legitimacy of NGO participation to the field. Finally, a brief overview of how NGOs function in this specific field (the means of participation) and some problems that stemm from the lack of legal personality of NGOs will be discussed.

Keywords

Non-governmental organizations environmental law participation global governance civil society

References

  • Anna-Karin Lindblom, NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, (1st ed. 2005). A. Dan Tarlock, The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Development of International Environmental Law, 68 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 61,(1992). Barbara Gemmill & Abimbola Bamidele-Izu, The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance, http://environment.yale.edu/publicationseries/documents/downloads/a-g/gemmill.pdf (Last visited February 2, 2017).
  • Catherine Redgwell, International Environmental Law in INTERNATIONAL LAW (Malcolm D. Evans ed. 2003). Charlotte Ku, 2001 JOHN W. HOLMES MEMORIAL LECTURE: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND CHANGING FACE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, ACUNS Reports & Papers No.2 (2001).
  • Christine Fuchs, Environment, Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW.
  • Jan Aarte Scholte, Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance, 8 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 281.
  • Jean L. Cohen & Andrew Arato, CIVIL SOCIETY AND POLITICAL THEORY (1st ed. 1992). Jennifer Clapp, Africa, NGOs and the International Toxic Waste Trade, 3 J. ENV. DEV. 17, (1994). Kenneth Anderson & David Rieff, Global Civil Society: A Sceptical View in GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 2004/5 26 (Helmut Anheier ed. 2005).
  • Kerstin Martens, Examining the Non-Status of NGOs in International Law, 10 INDIANA JOURNAL OF GLOBAL LEGAL STUDIES 2 (2003). Malcolm N. Shaw, INTERNATIONAL LAW, 196 (6th ed. 2008). Sabine Saurugger, Interest Groups and Democracy in the European Union, in INTEREST GROUP POLITICS IN EUROPE 172 (Jan Beyers ed. 2010). Sebastian Oberthür et. al Participation of Non-Governmental Organizations in International Environmental Governance, http://ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2013/report_ngos_en.pdf (Last visited February 26, 2017).
  • Stephan Hobe, Non-Governmental Organizations, in MAX PLANCK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW. Steve Charnovitz, Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law, 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 357 (2006). Zoe Pearson, Non-Governmental Organisations and International Law, 23 AUSTRALIAN YEAR BOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 73 (2004).
  • ECOSOC Res. E/1996/31, Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, July 25, 1996, http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1996/eres1996- 31.htm (Last visited February 26, 2017). European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations, June 25, 1986, E. T. S. No.124.
  • Fundamental Principles on the Status of Non-governmental Organisations in Europe and explanatory memorandum, November 13, 2002, https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/cdcj/ONG/Fundamenta l %20Principles%20E.pdf (Last visited February 26, 2017). UN ECOSOC Res 1296 (XLIV) May 23, 1968. UNCTAD, Trade and Development Board Decision 43(VII), September 20, 1968. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, June 28, 1998, 2161 UNTS 447.
  • U.N. GAOR, 46th Sess., Agenda Item 21, UN Doc A/Conf.151/26 (1992).
There are 10 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section V. 3 I. 4 Research Articles
Authors

Miray Azaklı Köse This is me

Publication Date January 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

Chicago Azaklı Köse, Miray. “NGOs AS A SPECIFIC MODEL OF PARTICIPATION- HOW CAN ONE JUSTIFY THAT MODEL WITH REGARD TO THEORY OF DEMOCRACY?”. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 3, no. 4 (January 2018): 59-82.
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