Predicting Voice Behavior: Effects of Commitment and Personality

Abstract

This study examines the determinants of employee voice behavior, focusing on the critical roles of affective commitment and personality traits, specifically, conscientiousness and openness. It aims to investigate how commitment and specific personality dimensions, such as conscientiousness and openness, can predict employees’ inclination to express their perspectives, opinions, and suggestions for organizational improvement. This research applies a comprehensive methodology, using surveys from a diverse group of employees, to investigate how these factors influence the propensity to engage in voice behavior. The analysis, which is based on multiple regression, reveals that affective commitment, conscientiousness, and openness are significant predictors of such behavior. These findings show that fostering a work environment that promotes these qualities can greatly enhance organizational practices and innovation. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of these elements in facilitating a more proactive and engaged workforce, highlighting the practical implications for managers and organi0 zations in encouraging voice behavior. Finally, the study provides a compelling argument for organizations to focus on enhancing these attributes among their employees to promote a more dynamic workplace.

Keywords

• Voice Behavior
• Employee Voice
• Personality
• Openness
• Conscientiousness
• Commitment

References

1. Allen, N. J. & MeYer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x google scholar
2. Allen, N. J. & MeYer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct vaLidity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252-276. https://doi.org/l0.1006/jvbe.1996.0043 google scholar
3. AL-Jabari, B. & Ghazzawi, I. (2019). Organizational commitment: A review of the conceptuaL and empirical Literatüre and a research agenda. International Leadership Journal, 11 (i), 78-119. google scholar
4. AngeLini, G. (2023). Big five model personaLity traits and job burnout: a systematic Literature review. BMC psychology, 11(1), 49. google scholar
5. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, İne. google scholar
6. Barron, K. (2022). An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between OrganizationaL Commitment, Employee Voice Behavior, and Psycho-logical Well-Being Among Employees Within Mid-Size Service. (DoctoraL dissertation, LibertY UniversitY) google scholar
7. Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. The American Journal of Sociology, 66(i), 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ 222820 google scholar
8. Barrick, M. R. & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personaLitY dimensions and job performance: A meta-anaLYsis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x google scholar

9. Benet-Martinez, V. & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco grandes aeross cuLtures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-muLtimethod analyses of the big five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 75(3), 729-750. https://doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729 google scholar
10. BLau, P. M. (1964). Justice in sociaL exchange. Sociological Inguiry, 34, 193-206. http://dx.doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x google scholar
11. Botwin, M. D. & Buss, D. M. (1989). Structure of act report data: Is the five-factor modeL of personaLitY recaptured? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 988-1001. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0022-3514.56.6.988 google scholar
12. Brooks, S. & WiLkinson, A. (2022). EmpLoYee Voice as a Route to WeLLbeing. In: Brough, P., Gardiner, E., & DanieLs, K. (eds) Handbook on Management and EmpLoYment Practices. Handbook Series in OccupationaL HeaLth Sciences, voL 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi. org/l0.1007/978-3-030-29010-8_16 google scholar
13. Buchanan, B. (1974). BuiLding organizationaL commitment: The sociaLization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546. https://doi.org/l0.1207/s15327043hup1002 3 google scholar
14. Budd, J. W. (2004). Employment with a human face: Balancing efficiency, eguity, and voice. Cornell University Press. google scholar
15. CaLiskan, S, UnLer, E. & TatogLu, E. (2024). Commitment profiLes for employee voice: duaL target and dominant commitment mindsets. Curr Psychol 43, 1696-1714. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s12144-023-04430-6 google scholar
16. ChamberLin, M., Newton, D.W. & Lepine, J. A. (2017). A meta-anaLYsis of voice and its promotive and prohibitive forms: Identification of keY associations, distinctions, and future research directions. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 11-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12185 google scholar
17. ChernYak-Hai, L., Bareket-BojmeL, L. & MargaLit, M. (2024). A matter of hope: Perceived support, hope, affeetive commitment, and citizenship behavior in organizations. European Management Journal, 42(4), 576-583. google scholar
18. Cobb-CLark, D. A. & Schurer, S. (2012). The stability of big-five personaLity traits. Economics Letters, 115(i), 11-15. google scholar
19. Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaLuation and reconceptuaLization of organizationaL commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336-354. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001 google scholar
20. Colquitt, J. A., Lepine, J. A. & Wesson, M. J. (2010). Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace (2nd ed.). google scholar
21. Guibin, M. (2024). Organizational Commitment. In: The ECPH EncYclopedia of PsYchologY. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6000-2_1314-1 google scholar
22. Güven, Ç. (2017). Impact of perceived leadership styles on employee voice with the role of organizational trust and research (Publication No. 464416) [Master’s thesis]. Marmara University. google scholar
23. Detert, J. R. & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and emploYee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50 (4), 869-884. https://doi.org/l0.5465/AMI.2007.26279183 google scholar
24. Detert, J. R. & Trevino, L. K. (2010). Speaking up to higher-ups: How supervisors and skip-level leaders influence emploYee voice. Organization Science, 21, 249-270. https://doi.org/l0.1287/orsc.1080.0405 google scholar
25. Digman, J. M. (1989). Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stabilitY, and utilitY. Journal of Personality, 57, 195-214. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1467-6494.1989.tb00480.x google scholar
26. Digman, J. M. (1990). PersonalitY structure: Emergence of the Five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440. https://doi. org/l0.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 google scholar
27. Fantahun, B., Dellie, E., Worku, N. & Debie, A. (2023). Organizational commitment and associated factors among health professionals working in public hospitals of southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res, 23, 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09167-3 google scholar
28. Fatoki, O. (2024). Inclusive Leadership and EmploYee Voice Behaviour: Serial Mediating Effects of PsYchological SafetY and Affective Commitment. Administrative Sciences, 14(9):199. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14090199 google scholar
29. Furnham, A. & Cheng, H. (2024). The Big-Five personalitY factors, cognitive abilitY, health, and social-demographic indicators as independent predictors of self-efficacY: A longitudinal study Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(i), 53-60. google scholar
30. Gabriel, A. S., Chawla, N., Rosen, C. C., Lee, Y. E., Koopman, J. & Wong, E. M. (2024). Who speaks up when harassment is in the air? A within-person investigation of ambient harassment and voice behavior at work. Journal of applied psychology, 109(1), 39. google scholar
31. Hadi, N. & Tentama, F. (2020). Affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment in reflecting organizational commitment. American International Journal of Business Management, 3(8), 148-156. google scholar
32. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Limited. google scholar
33. Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Harvard UniversitY Press. google scholar
34. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513. google scholar
35. Hogan, R. (1983). A socio-analYtic theoıy of personalitY. İn M. M. Page (Ed.), Personality: Current theory and research: Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. unknown). UniversitY of Nebraska Press. google scholar
36. Hngoi, C. L., Abdullah, N. A., Wan Sulaiman, W. S. & ZaiedY Nor, N. I. (2023). Relationship between job involvement, perceived organiza-tional support, and organizational commitment with job insecuritY: A sYstematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1066734. google scholar
37. Inam, A., Ho, J. A., Sheikh, A.A. et al. (2023). How self leadership enhances normative commitment and work performance bY engaging people at work?. Curr Psychol 42, 3596-3609. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s12144-021-01697-5 google scholar
38. Janssen, O. & Gao, L. (2015). Supervisory responsiveness and emploYee self-perceived status and voice behavior. Journal of Management, 41(7), 1854-1872. google scholar
39. Jaros, S. & Culpepper, R.A. (2014). An analYsis of MeYer and Allen’s continuance commitment construct. Journal of Management & Organization, 20(1), 79-99. doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.21 google scholar
40. Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. The Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386408. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159208 google scholar
41. Krefft, A., Marcus, B. & Weigelt, O. (2024). Facets of Constructive Voice Behavior: Construct Clarification, Theoretical Refinement, and Measurement. J Bus Psychol 39, 1085-1105. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10869-024-09932-z google scholar
42. Knoll, M. & Redman, T. (2016). Does the presence of voice implY the absence of silence? The necessitY to consider emploYees’ affective attachment and job engagement. Human Resource Management, 55, 829-844. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21744 google scholar
43. Kwon, K., Bae, J. & Lawler, J. J. (2010). High Commitment HR Practices and Top Performers: Impacts on Organizational Commitment. MIR: Management International Review, 50(1), 57-80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40658351 google scholar
44. Lee, M. & Kim, B. (2023). Effect of EmploYee Experience on Organizational Commitment: Case of South Korea. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070521 google scholar
45. LePine, J. A. & Van DYne, L. (1998). Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 853-868. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.853 google scholar
46. LePine, J. A. & Van DYne, L. (2001). Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextuaL performance: Evidence of differ-entiaL reLationships with Big Five personaLitY characteristics and cognitive abiLitY. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 326-336. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0021-9010.86.2.326 google scholar
47. Lika, B. (2023). PersonalitY and Openness to Experience: Theoretical Background. In: The Impact of Openness and Ambiguity Tolerance on Learning English as a Foreign Language. Second Language Learning and Teaching. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-031-45940-5_2 google scholar
48. Liu, Y., DeL Asebedo, S., & Pearson, B. (2023). PersonaLitY, financiaL risk-taking attitude, and oLder individuaLs' stock investment decisions. Financial Planning Review, 6(4), e1171. google scholar
49. Luo, S., Wang, J., Xie, Z. & Tong, D. Y. K. (2024). When and why are employees wiLLing to engage in voice behavior: a power cognition perspective. Current psychology, 43(5), 4211-4222. google scholar
50. MaYnes, T. & Podsakoff, P. (2014). Speaking more broadLY: An examination of the nature, antecedents, and consequences of an expanded set of empLoYee voice behaviors. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 99. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034284 google scholar
51. MeYer, J. P. & ALLen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptuaLization of organizationaL commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1 (i), 61-89. https://doi.org/l0.1016/l053-4822(9l)90011-Z google scholar
52. MeYer, J. P., ALLen, N. J. & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptuaLization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538 google scholar
53. MeYer, J. P., & ALLen, N. J. (2001). OrganizationaL commitment. Personnel psychology and human resource management: A reader for students and practitioners, 289, 342. google scholar
54. MeYer, J. P., & MaLtin, E. R. (2010). EmpLoYee commitment and weLL-being: A criticaL review, theoretical framework, and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 323-337. https://doi.Org/l0.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538 google scholar
55. Mori, M., CavaLiere, V., Sassetti, S., & Caputo A. (2022). EmpLoYee voice: a knowLedge map to provide conceptuaL cLaritY and future research directions. Journal of Management & Organization. PubLished onLine. 2022:1-27. doi:10.1017/jmo.2022.89 google scholar
56. Morrison, E. W. (2011). EmpLoYee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals. 5(1), 373-412. https://doi.org/l0.1080/l9416520.2011.574506 google scholar
57. Morrison, E. W. (2023). EmpLoYee voice and siLence: Taking stock a decade Later. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 10(i), 79-107. google scholar
58. MowdaY, R.T., Porter, L.W. & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee-organization linKages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press. google scholar
59. MueLLer, K., Straatmann, T. & Schefer, M. (2023). OrganizationaL Commitment. In Maggino, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/l0.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_2030 google scholar
60. Muhamad, L. F., Bakti, R., FebriYantoro, M. T., KraugusteeLiana, K. & Ausat, A. M. A. (2023). Do innovative work behavior and organizationaL commitment create business performance: A Literature review. Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 4 (1), 713-717. google scholar
61. Murray, W.C. & HoLmes, M. R. (2021). Impacts of EmpLoYee Empowerment and Organizational Commitment on Workforce SustainabiL-ity. Sustainability, 13(6):3163. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063163 google scholar
62. Nedergaard JSK, & Lupyan G. (2024). Not Everybody Has an Inner Voice: Behavioral Consequences of Anendophasia. Psychol Sci. Jul;35(7):780-797. doi: 10.1177/09567976241243004. Epub 2024 May 10. PMID: 38728320. google scholar
63. Ng, T. W. & Feldman, D. C. (2011). Affective organizationaL commitment and citizenship behavior: Linear and non-Linear moderating effects of organizational tenure. Journal of VocationaL Behavior, 79(2), 528-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjvb.2011.03.004 google scholar
64. Ng, T. W. H., Hsu, D. Y., & Parker, S. K. (2019). Received respect and constructive voice: The roLes of proactive motivation and perspective taking. Journal of Management, 47. https://doi.org/l0.1177/0149206319834660 google scholar
65. NoLLer, P., Law, H. & Comrey, A. L. (1987). CatteLL, Comrey, and EYsenck personaLity factors compared: More evidence for the five robust factors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 775-782. https://doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.775 google scholar
66. Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is repLication?. PloS biology, 18(3), e3000691. google scholar
67. Kassing, J. W. (2011). Dissent in organizations. Polity Press. google scholar
68. Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Godinic, D., & Tsoy, D. (2022). PersonaLity trait of conscientiousness impact on tacit knowLedge sharing: the mediating effect of eagerness and subjective norm. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(5), 1124-1163. google scholar
69. Ochoa Pacheco, P., Coello-Montecel, D. & Tello, M. (2023). PsYchological empowerment and job performance: Examining serial mediation effects of self-efficacY and affective commitment. Administrative Sciences, 13(3), pp. 76. google scholar
70. O’ReillY, C. A. & Chatman, J. A. (1986). Organizational commitment and psYchological attachment: The effects of compliance, Identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010. 71.3.492 google scholar
71. Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M. & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and Big Five personalitY traits: A meta-analYsis. Personality and individual differences, 127, 54-60. google scholar
72. Park, J. G., Zhu, W., Kwon, B., & Bang, H. (2023). Ethical leadership and follower unethical pro-organizational behavior: examining the dual influence mechanisms of affective and continuance commitments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34 (22), 4313-4343. google scholar
73. Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., MowdaY, R.T. & Boulian, P.V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psYchiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609. https://doi.org/l0.1037/h0037335 google scholar
74. Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R. & Benet-Martinez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of Big Five personalitY traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 173-212. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0022022106297299 google scholar
75. Soelton, M. (2023). How Did İt Happen: Organizational Commitment and Work-Life Balance Affect Organizational Citizenship Behavior. JDM (Jurnal DinamiKa Manajemen), 14(i), 149-164. google scholar
76. Su, S., Quan, F. & Xia, L. X. (2021). Longitudinal relationships among interpersonal openness trait, hostile attribution bias, and displaced aggressive behaviour: Big Five treated as covariates. International Journal of PsYchologY, 56(5), 669-678. summarize this google scholar
77. Tedone, A.M. & Bruk-Lee, V. (2022). Speaking up at work: personality’s influence on employee voice behavior. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp.289-304. https://doi.org/l0.1108/IJOA-09-2020-2417 google scholar
78. Torlak, N. G., Budur, T. & Khan, N. U. S. (2024). Links connecting organizational socialization, affective commitment and innovative work behavior. The Learning Organization, 31(2), 227-249. google scholar
79. Ünler, E. (2015). Ses; Kapı çalıniYor, duYan var mı?. İn İ. Tamer (Ed.), Örgüt Yönetimi: Bir Derleme (pp. 1-16). İstanbul: Nobel YaYin. google scholar
80. Van DYne, L., Cummings, L. L., & McLean Parks, J. (1995). Extra-role behaviors: İn pursuit of construct and definitional claritY. İn L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 17 (pp. 215-285). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. google scholar
81. Van DYne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, operationalization, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. 10.2307/256600 google scholar
82. Van DYne, L. & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validitY. AcademY of Management Journal, 41(3), 108-119. https://doi.org/l0.2307/256902 google scholar
83. Wasti, S. A. (2000). Örgütsel bağlılığı belirleYen evrensel ve kültürel etmenler: Türk kültürüne bir bakış. Chapter in JanuarY 2000. google scholar
84. Wasti, S. A. (2016). "Chapter 26 Understanding commitment across cultures: an overview". İn Handbook of Employee Commitment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784711740.00040 google scholar
85. Wilkinson, A., Dundon, T., Marchington, M., & Ackers, P. (2004). Changing patterns of employee voice: Case studies from the UK and Republic of ireland. Journal of Industrial Relations, 46, 298-322. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.0022-1856.2004.00143.x google scholar
86. Wilkinson, A., Barry, M. & Morrison, E. (2020). Toward an integration of research on employee voice. Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.12.001 google scholar
87. Xu, X., Wang, Y., Li, M. & Kwan, H. K. (2021). Paradoxical effects of performance pressure on employees’ in-role behaviors: An approach/ avoidance model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 744404. google scholar
88. Zhong, Z., Ren, H., & Wang, S. (2024). How do regulatory focus and the Big Five relate to work-domain risk-taking? Evidence from resting-state fMRI. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39(4), 1-21. google scholar