THE YEARNING TO BE EVERYTHING TO EVERYONE: EXAMINING THE HOMOGENIZATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN THE CONTEXT OF CONVERGENCE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 369 - 390, 29.11.2024

Sertaç Kaya , Burhan Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.47107/inifedergi.1509570

Öz

Social media platforms are continually adding new features and enhancing existing ones to attract users and extend their screen time. These platforms constantly innovate to capture users' attention and gain an edge in the competitive landscape of social media. This study focuses on identifying the similarities between features of popular social media platforms and examines whether these similarities lead to homogenization. Specifically, presenting the chronological development of these features over time is crucial for understanding the historical development and evolution of social media. The framework of this research is based on the concept of convergence. The convergence concept is used to assess whether there are commonalities in the tools, interfaces, and interaction modes offered by the platforms to their users. In this context, the study investigates how the features provided by social media platforms become similar over time and how user experiences become homogenized. The 'walkthrough method' was employed to analyze the interfaces of the selected platforms. This method involves a step-by-step examination of user experiences on the platforms to understand how features are presented and how they are utilized by users. Data were collected through notes and recordings made by researchers while using the platforms. The results indicate a significant similarity and convergence in the features offered by popular social media platforms. For instance, features such as story sharing, live streaming, filter usage, and the explore tab have become widespread across different platforms. Platforms that consider users' habits and preferences offer familiar and easily accessible experiences through these similar features. Consequently, it can be said that social media platforms create a form of homogenization in user experiences by providing similar features over time. This phenomenon offers important insights into the evolution and future development of social media. Additionally, the study suggests that the concept of convergence not only encompasses the merging of features from different technologies but also indicates a tendency for similar platforms to converge internally.

Anahtar Kelimeler

social media, convergence, homogenization, feature similarities, social media history

Herkes İçin Her Şey Olma Arzusu: Sosyal Medya Platformlarının Homojenleşmesinin Yakınsama Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Öz

Sosyal medya platformları, kullanıcıları çekmek ve onların ekranda kalma sürelerini uzatmak için sürekli olarak yeni özellikler eklemekte ve mevcut özellikleri geliştirmektedir. Bu platformlar, kullanıcıların ilgisini çekmek ve platformlar arası rekabette öne çıkmak amacıyla sürekli yenilik yapma eğilimindedir. Bu araştırma, popüler sosyal medya platformlarının özellikleri arasındaki benzerlikleri tespit etmeye odaklanmakta ve bu benzerliklerin homojenleşmeye yol açıp açmadığını incelemektedir. Özellikle, sosyal medya platformlarının özelliklerinin zaman içindeki gelişiminin kronolojik olarak sunulması, sosyal medyanın tarihsel gelişimi ve evrimi anlamak açısından önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın temel çerçevesini yakınsama kavramı oluşturmaktadır. Yakınsama kavramı, platformların kullanıcılarına sunduğu araçlar, arayüzler ve etkileşim biçimlerinde ortak noktalar bulunup bulunmadığını değerlendirmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, sosyal medya platformlarının sunduğu özelliklerin zaman içinde nasıl birbirine benzediği ve kullanıcı deneyimlerinin nasıl homojenleştiği incelenmiştir. Seçilen platformların arayüzlerini analiz etmek için ‘walkthrough method’ kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem, platformların kullanıcı deneyimlerini adım adım inceleyerek, hangi özelliklerin nasıl sunulduğunu ve bu özelliklerin kullanıcılar tarafından nasıl kullanıldığını anlamayı sağlar. Veriler, araştırmacıların platformları kullanırken aldığı notlar ve yaptığı kayıtlar yoluyla toplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, popüler sosyal medya platformlarının sunduğu özellikler açısından belirgin bir benzerlik ve yakınsama olduğunu göstermektedir. Örneğin, hikâye paylaşma, canlı yayın yapma, filtre kullanımı ve keşfet sekmesi gibi özellikler, farklı platformlar arasında yaygın hale gelmiştir. Kullanıcıların alışkanlıklarını ve tercihlerini göz önünde bulunduran platformlar, bu benzer özelliklerle kullanıcılarına tanıdık ve kolay erişilebilir deneyimler sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sosyal medya platformlarının zaman içinde benzer özellikler sunarak kullanıcı deneyimlerinde bir tür homojenleşme yarattığı söylenebilir. Bu durum, sosyal medyanın evrimi ve gelecekteki gelişimi hakkında önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada yakınsama kavramının, sadece farklı teknolojilerin özelliklerinin birleşmesini değil, aynı zamanda benzer yapıdaki platformların kendi içlerinde de yakınsama eğilimi gösterebileceğini ifade etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sosyal medya, yakınsama, homojenleşme, özellik benzerlikleri, sosyal medya tarihi

Kaynakça

• Aamir, A. A. and Hayat, D. N. (2022). Undergraduate students predisposition from Instagram and Snapchat interactive effect on stress. Webology, 19(3), 403-417.
• Abidin, C. (2020). Mapping internet celebrity on TikTok: Exploring attention economies and visibility labours. Cultural Science Journal, 12(1), 77–103.
• About.instagram. (2012). Introducing Instagram explore, photo maps & more. About Instagram. https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-instagram-explore-photo-maps-more Retrieved on: 31 August 2023
• About.instagram. (2015). Introducing improvements to Instagram direct. About Instagram. https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-instagram-direct-improvements#:~:text=We%20launched%20Instagram%20Direct%20in,for%20a%20handful%20of%20people Retrieved on: 31 August 2023
• About.instagram. (2016). Introducing Instagram stories. About Instagram. https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-instagram-stories Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Ahmed, A. (2021). LinkedIn rolls out its own in-app video calling feature to enhance connectivity. Digital Information World. https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2021/08/linkedin-rolls-out-its-own-in-app-video.html Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Alexander, J. (2020). Instagram launches reels, its attempt to keep you off TikTok. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/5/21354117/instagram-reels-tiktok-vine-short-videos-stories-explore-music-effects-filters Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Allocca, K. (2010). Introducing YouTube trends. Blog Youtube. https://blog.youtube/culture-and-trends/introducing-youtube-trends/ Retrieved on: 30 August 2023
• Ambrogi, R. (2009). LinkedIn launches ‘connections beta’. Law Next. https://www.lawnext.com/2009/01/linkedin-launches-connections-beta.html Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Anderson, K. E. (2020). Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: it is time to talk about TikTok. Library Hi Tech News, 37(4), 7-12.
• Andrejevic, M. (2011). Exploitation in the data mine. In C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund, and M. Sandoval (Eds.), Internet and surveillance: The challenges of Web 2.0 and social media (pp. 71–88). Routledge.
• Arsenault, A. H. and Castells, M. (2008). The structure and dynamics of global multi-media business networks. International Journal of Communication, 2(43), 707-748.
• Baldwin, R. (2018). The great convergence: Information technology and the new globalization. London: Harvard University Press.
• Banuba. (2019). How camera face filters brought TikTok millions of users. Banuba. https://banuba.medium.com/how-camera-face-filters-brought-tiktok-millions-of-users-4081f885f81c Retrieved on: 9 September 2023
• Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
• Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data show. The American Economic Review, 76, 1072-1085.
• Bercovici, J. (2013). Facebook tried to buy Snapchat for $3b in cash. Here's why. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/11/13/facebook-wouldve-bought-snapchat-for-3-billion-in-cash-heres-why/?sh=6135304643de Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Blackman, C. (1998). Convergence between telecommunications and other media: How should regulation adapt? Telecommunications Policy, 22(3), 163-170.
• Blog.twitter. (2012). Twitter photos: Put a filter on it. Blog Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2012/twitter-photos-put-a-filter-on-it Retrieved on: 9 September 2023
• Blog.twitter. (2015). Emoji usage in TV conversation. Blog Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2015/emoji-usage-in-tv-conversation Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Blog.twitter. (2017). Explore. Blog Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2017/explore Retrieved on: 3 September 2023
• Blog.twitter. (2020). Fleets: a new way to join the conversation. Blog Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/introducing-fleets-new-way-to-join-the-conversation Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Blog.twitter. (2021). Goodbye, Fleets. Blog Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2021/goodbye-fleets Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Burgess, J. and Baym, N. K. (2022). Twitter: A biography. NYU Press.
• Caoduro, E. (2014). Photo filters apps: Analogue nostalgia and in the new media ecology. Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA-PGN, 7(2), 67-82.
• Chang, L. (2018). Say what? Instagram could soon be launching voice and video calling. Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/instagam-call-feature/ Retrieved on: 2 September 2023
• Cohen, D. (2016). Facebook live: now available to everyone, several new features announced. AdWeek. https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/facebook-live-update-april-2016/ Retrieved on: 2 September 2023
• Collins, R. (1998). Back to the future: Digital television and convergence in the United Kingdom. Telecommunications Policy, 22(4-5), 383-396.
• Constine, J. (2017). WhatsApp launches status, an encrypted Snapchat stories clone. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/20/whatsapp-status/ Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• D’onfro, J. (2017). YouTube responds to the popular ‘stories’ trend from Snapchat and Facebook with a new product called ‘reels’. Cnbc. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/30/youtube-launches-new-stories-format-called-reels.html Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Dahlberg, L. (2015). Expanding digital divides research: A critical political economy of social media. The Communication Review, 18(4), 271-293.
• Demirkol, O. (2023). Threads vs. Twitter: The ultimate battle has begun. Dataconomy. https://dataconomy.com/2023/07/10/threads-vs-twitter/ Retrieved on: 10 September 2023
• Duguay, S. and Gold-Apel, H. (2023). Stumbling blocks and alternative paths: Reconsidering the walkthrough method for analyzing apps. Social Media + Society, 9(1), 1-11.
• Elad, J. (2011). LinkedIn for dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
• Ertemel, A. V. and Aydın, G. (2018). Technology addiction in the digital economy and suggested solutions. Addicta Turk. J. Addict, 5, 665-690.
• Fonseca, C. (2019). Amplify your impact. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 58(4), 219-226.
• Fuchs, C. and Mosco, V. (2015). Marx in the age of digital capitalism. Brill.
• Gates, A. (2000). Convergence and competition: Technological change, industry concentration and competition policy in the telecommunications sector. University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review, 58(2), 83-117.
• Instagram-engineering. (2015). Emojineering part 1: Machine learning for emoji trends. Instagram Engineering. https://instagram-engineering.com/emojineering-part-1-machine-learning-for-emoji-trendsmachine-learning-for-emoji-trends-7f5f9cb979ad Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Jamie. (2021). How to add emojis to your TikTok video. Alphr. https://www.alphr.com/add-emojis-tik-tok-video/ Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Jenkins, H. (2001). Convergence? I diverge. MIT Technology Review.
• Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
• Jenkins, H. (2014). Rethinking ‘rethinking convergence/culture’. Cultural Studies, 28(2), 267-297.
• Jenkins, H. and Deuze, M. (2008). Editorial convergence culture. Convergence, 14(1), 5-12.
• Johnson, L. (2017). Filter focus: the story behind the original Instagram filters. Techradar. https://www.techradar.com/news/filter-focus-the-story-behind-the-original-instagram-filters Retrieved on: 9 September 2023
• Juhlin, O., Engström, A. and Reponen, E. (2010, September). Mobile broadcasting: The whats and hows of live video as a social medium. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services (pp. 35-44).
• Jung, K., Park, Y., Kim, H. and Lee, J. (2022, April). Let's talk@ Clubhouse: Exploring voice-centered social media platform and its opportunities, challenges, and design guidelines. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts (pp. 1-6).
• Kelso, B. (2023). What’s the difference between Threads and Twitter?. Nar Realtor. https://www.nar.realtor/magazine/real-estate-news/technology/whats-the-difference-between-threads-and-twitter Retrieved on: 10 September 2023
• Kiaer, J. (2023). Emoji speak: Communication and behaviours on social media. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L. and Gray P. (2020). Understanding echo chambers and filter bubbles: The impact of social media on diversification and partisan shifts in news consumption. MIS Quarterly, 44(4), 1619-1649.
• Krug, S. (2016). Reactions now available globally. About.fb. https://about.fb.com/news/2016/02/reactions-now-available-globally/ Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Lacy, L. (2023). When social media platforms start to look alike, the key differentiator is in their roots. Digiday. https://digiday.com/marketing/when-social-media-platforms-start-to-look-alike-the-key-differentiator-is-in-their-roots/ Retrieved on: 29 August 2023
• Lardinois, F. (2018). Instagram launches video chat. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/01/instagram-launches-video-chat/ Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Light, B., Burgess J. and Duguay S. (2018). The walkthrough method: An approach to the study of apps. New Media & Society, 20(3), 881-900.
• Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., and Kelly K. (2009). New media a critical introduction. Routledge.
• Lugmayr, A. and Dal Zotto, C. (2016). Media convergence as evolutionary process. In C. D. Zotto, A. Lugmayr (Eds.), Media convergence handbook - Vol. 1 Journalism, broadcasting, and social media aspects of convergence. (pp. 3-17). Springer.
• Macready, H. (2022). What are LinkedIn audio events? Everything you need to know. Blog Hootsuite. https://blog.hootsuite.com/linkedin-audio-events/ Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Maged, N., Dean, G. and Steve, W. (2016). Instagram and WhatsApp in health and healthcare: An overview. Future Internet, 8(3), 37.
• Malik, A. (2023). TikTok expands its DM settings to let users choose who can message them. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/26/tiktok-expands-dm-settings-let-users-choose-who-can-message-them/ Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Malinowski, E. (2011). MLB offers free live-streaming on Facebook. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2011/03/mlb-facebook/ Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. Cambridge. MIT Press.
• Martín-Bylund, A., and Stenliden, L. (2022). Closer to far away: Transcending the spatial in transnational families’ online video calling. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(7), 587-599.
• McPhillips, S. and Merlo, O. (2008). Media convergence and the evolving media business model: An overview and strategic opportunities. The Marketing Review, 8(3), 237-253.
• Moriarty, T. (2017). A brief history of vertical video (so far). Medium. https://medium.com/@terezdotcc/a-brief-history-of-vertical-video-so-far-51701f889f15 Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Morrison, K. (2015). Beyond Periscope and Meerkat: The state of live-streaming video. AdWeek. http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/beyond-periscopeand-meerkat-the-state-of-live-streamingvideo/620195 Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Mueller, M. (1999). Digital convergence and its consequences. Javnost/The Public, 6(3), 11-27.
• Murdock, G. (2000). Digital futures: European television in the age of convergence. In J. Jan Wieten, G. Murdock, P. Dahlgren (Eds.), Television Across Eıırope. (pp. 35-59). Sage.
• Nagulendra, S. and Vassileva, J. (2014). Understanding and controlling the filter bubble through interactive visualization: A user study. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (pp. 107-115).
• Newsroom.tiktok (2019). Controlling Your DMs. Newsroom Tiktok. https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/controlling-your-dms Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Newsroom.tiktok (2023). Express your creativity with text posts on TikTok. Newsroom Tiktok. https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/text-posts Retrieved on: 13 September 2023
• Newton, C. (2017). Facebook launches stories to complete its all-out assault on Snapchat. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/28/15081398/facebook-stories-snapchat-camera-direct Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Newton, C. (2023). Five reasons Threads could still go the distance. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/23798754/threads-engagement-growth-possibilities-meta-zuckerberg-mosseri Retrieved on: 13 September 2023
• Nieborg, D. B. and Helmond, A. (2019). The political economy of Facebook’s platformization in the mobile ecosystem: Facebook Messenger as a platform instance. Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), 196-218.
• Öğütcü, H. (2021). Twitter, TikTok benzeri dikey video özelliğini Android ve iOS için test etmeye başladı. Egirisim. https://egirisim.com/2021/12/13/twitter-tiktok-benzeri-dikey-video-ozelligini-android-ve-ios-icin-test-etmeye-basladi/ Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Pandaily. (2023). ByteDance Launches Douyin Chat as Firm’s Exploration of Social Media Continues. https://pandaily.com/bytedance-launches-douyin-chat-as-firms-exploration-of-social-media-continues/ Retrieved on: 10 September 2023
• Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. New York: The Penguin Press.
• Perez, S. (2017). Facebook officially rolls out its discovery-focused ‘Explore Feed’. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/18/facebooks-discovery-focused-explore-feed-hits-the-desktop/ Retrieved on: 31 August 2023
• Perez, S. (2021a). Facebook officially launches Live Audio Rooms and podcasts in the US. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/21/facebook-officially-launches-live-audio-rooms-and-podcasts-in-the-u-s/ Retrieved on: 5 September 2023
• Perez, S. (2021b). Instagram Live takes on Clubhouse with options to mute and turn off the video. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/29/instagram-live-takes-on-clubhouse-with-options-to-mute-and-turn-off-the-video/ Retrieved on: 5 September 2023
• Perez, S. (2023). Video calls are coming to X, formerly Twitter, CEO confirms. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/08/10/video-calls-are-coming-to-x-formerly-twitter-ceo-confirms/ Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Pool, I. S. (1983). Technologies of freedom. Harvard University Press.
• Rahim, Z. (2018). LinkedIn denies claims that editing feature whitens user profile photos. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/linkedin-profile-picture-skinlightening-editing-filters-mobile-app-a8547176.html Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Raskin, A. (2006). Don't force the user to ask for more content: just give it to them. Webarchive.https://web.archive.org/web/20120606053221/http://humanized.com/weblog/2006/04/25/no_more_more_pages/ Retrieved on: 11 September 2023
• Ray, S. (2023). Musk says encrypted messaging and video calling are coming to Twitter. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2023/05/10/musk-says-encrypted-messaging-and-video-calling-are-coming-to-twitter/?sh=27f0dacd14ca Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Rheingold, H. (2000). Smart mobs: The next social revolution. Perseus.
• Rudulph, W. H. (2015). Cole rise is the reason there's a "rise" filter on Instagram. Cosmopolitan. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a39810/cole-rise-internets-most-fascinating/ Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Sato, M. (2023). TikTok is adding text posts. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/24/23805530/tiktok-text-posts-micro-blogging-twitter-threads Retrieved on: 13 September 2023
• Saw, R. (2023). RIP YouTube Stories, you won’t be missed. Soyacincau. https://soyacincau.com/2023/05/26/rip-youtube-stories-you-wont-be-missed/ Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Schiller, H. (1973). The mind managers. Beacon Press.
• Shakir, U. (2023). WhatsApp is working on 32-person voice chats. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/7/23822689/whatsapp-voice-chat-android-beta-rollout Retrieved on: 6 September 2023
• Silverstone, R. (1995). Convergence is a dangerous word. Convergence, 1(1), 11-13.
• Şişman B. (2012). Sayısal kültür, toplum ve medya: Msn örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 3, 89-101.
• Sittler, D., and Li, A. (2017). New ways to watch Facebook video. About.fb. https://about.fb.com/news/2017/02/new-ways-to-watch-facebook-video/ Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Smith, C., Hillberg, H. M. and Levonian, Z. (2023). "Thoughts & prayers'' or ": Heart reaction: &: prayer reaction:'': How the release of new reactions on caringbridge reshapes supportive communication during health crises. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 1-39).
• Sodhi, T. (2020). LinkedIn introduces stories, video chats, other new features. Gadget360. https://www.gadgets360.com/social-networking/news/linkedin-new-features-stories-video-calls-zoom-teams-redesign-dark-mode-microsoft-2301057 Retrieved on: 15 September 2023
• Southern, G. M. (2021). LinkedIn launches native video meetings. Search Engine Journal. https://www.searchenginejournal.com/linkedin-launches-native-video-meetings/416388/#close Retrieved on: 16 September 2023
• Spalding, M. R. (2016). Snapchat. ABDO.
• Stöber, R. (2004), What media evolution is: a theoretical approach to the history of new media. European Journal of Communication, 19(4), 483-505.
• Strielkowski, W. (2021). The Clubhouse phenomenon: do we need another social network?. Preprints, 1, 1-7.
• Sulleyman, A. (2017). Photo filters coming to WhatsApp to make pictures look better. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/whatsapp-photo-filters-android-features-users-edit-pictures-sending-before-a7887831.html Retrieved on: 4 September 2023
• Sun, W. T., Chao, T. H., Kuo, Y. H. and Hsu, W. H. (2017). Photo filter recommendation by category-aware aesthetic learning. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 19(8), 1870-1880.
• Telegram (2023). Stories and 10 years of Telegram. Telegram. https://telegram.org/blog/stories/tr?ln=a Retrieved on: 19 September 2023
• Tiktok. (2023). Expanding Direct Message Permissions. https://www.tiktok.com/creators/creator-portal/en-us/product-feature-updates/family-pairing-and-more-direct-message-permissions/ TikTok. (n.d.) https://support.tiktok.com/en/using-tiktok/messaging-and-notifications/direct-message-settings Retrieved on: 1 September 2023
• Tolcheva, S. (2023). Are all social media platforms becoming the same?. Makeusof. https://www.makeuseof.com/social-media-sites-becoming-the-same/ Retrieved on: 29 August 2023
• Twitter (2020). https://twitter.com/XSpaces/status/1339639767089238019 Retrieved on: 30 August 2023
• Twitter (2023). https://twitter.com/Support/status/1612966286484508672?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1612966286484508672%7Ctwgr%5E20f56e8f6797cc3ede790ea189f84dd7bb7d5b07%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webtekno.com%2Ftwitter-en-son-sana-ozel-h131322.html Retrieved on: 30 August 2023
• van Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.
• van Dijk, J. (2006). The network society: Social aspects of new media. Sage Publications.
• Veltman, K. H. (2006). Understanding new media: Augmented knowledge and culture. University of Calgary Press.
• Vendemia, M. A. and DeAndrea, D. C. (2021). The effects of engaging in digital photo modifications and receiving favorable comments on women’s selfies shared on social media. Body Image, 37, 74-83.
• Wagner, K. (2016). Meerkat is ditching the livestream -- And chasing a video social network instead. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/3/4/11586696/meerkat-is-ditching-the-livestream-and-chasing-a-video-social-network Retrieved on: 12 September 2023
• Wagner, K. (2018). Snapchat built a livestreaming video feature — but it’s for the Olympics, not for regular users. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/2/7/16987194/snapchat-nbc-olympics-2018-livestream-video-deal Retrieved on: 12 September 2023
• Warren, T. (2022). YouTube is making its own Twitch-like emotes. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/6/23496003/youtube-emotes-twitch Retrieved on: 19 September 2023
• Weller, K., Bruns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M. and Puschmann, C. (2013). Twitter and society. Peter Lang.
• Widyanto, L. and Griffiths, M. (2006). ‘Internet addiction’: a critical review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4, 31-51.
• Zalta, R. and Knipprath, S. (2018). The ‘unit bias’: The science behind why endless content keeps users consuming. Blog Taboola. https://blog.taboola.com/science-behind-infinite-scroll/ Retrieved on: 11 September 2023
• Zhang, M. (2012). Twitter officially launches retro photo filters for its mobile app. Petapixel. https://petapixel.com/2012/12/10/twitter-officially-launches-retro-photo-filters-for-its-mobile-app/ Retrieved on: 9 September 2023
• Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism. PublicAffairs.