AN ATTEMPT TO CATEGORIZE THEORIES OF JOURNALISM BASED ON DIGITALIZATION

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 49 - 54, 26.03.2025

Ali Çakır

Öz

This study examines the effects of digitalization, technology, and platforms on journalism theories and aims to classify the theories directly related to these concepts. Many theories have been put forward to understand the new media environment created by digitalization. Significant transformations have occurred in journalistic practices with digitalization, and various theories have been used to make sense of this transformation. Among the relevant theories, the theories directly affected by the three concepts mentioned above were determined as the limit of the study. Research on the subject has been systematically analyzed, and a literature review has been used. The theories examined in light of the literature review findings were evaluated under “Digitalization, Technology and Platform-Based Journalism.” In this context, the theories of “robot journalism, data journalism, artificial intelligence supported journalism, sensory journalism, visual journalism, network journalism, mobile journalism, social media journalism, platform journalism, agenda setting 2.0, media convergence, hybrid journalism” were examined in detail. Digitalization has accelerated the production and delivery of news, the stages of reaching the recipient, and increased interaction. The importance of data-based content production has also increased. However, the proliferation of news sources, increased speed, and interactivity have also brought along a series of problems, such as the spread of disinformation, the re-discussion of the concept of ethics, the proliferation of ethical violations, and difficulties in ensuring information security. The acceleration of the flow of information has made it necessary for journalists to pay more attention to fundamental moral principles such as credibility and impartiality. At the same time, digitalization has moved journalistic activities beyond the traditional structure and transformed them into a more democratic, dynamic, and interactive structure. This study will likely contribute to the literature on classifying journalism theories in the digitalized world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

digitalization, technology, platform, journalism theories

DİJİTALLEŞME TEMELLİ GAZETECİLİK TEORİLERİ HAKKINDA BİR SINIFLANDIRMA DENEMESİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, dijitalleşme, teknoloji ve platformların gazetecilik teorilerine olan etkileri incelenmiş; adı geçen kavramlarla doğrudan ilişkili teorilerin sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Dijitalleşmenin oluşturduğu yeni medya ortamını anlamak için çok sayıda teori ortaya atılmıştır. Dijitalleşmeyle birlikte gazetecilik pratiklerinde önemli dönüşümler gerçekleşmiş olup çeşitli teoriler aracılığıyla yaşanan dönüşüm anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. İlgili teoriler içinde, yukarıda belirtilen üç kavramın doğrudan etkilediği teoriler çalışmanın sınırı olarak belirlenmiştir. Konu hakkında yapılan araştırmalar sistematik olarak analiz edilmiş olup çalışmada yöntem olarak literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Yapılan literatür taraması sonrası ortaya çıkan bulgular ışığında incelenen teoriler “Dijitalleşme, Teknoloji ve Platform Bazlı Gazetecilik” başlığı altında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda “robot gazetecilik, veri gazeteciliği, yapay zekâ destekli gazetecilik, duyusal gazetecilik, görsel gazetecilik, ağ gazeteciliği, mobil gazetecilik, sosyal medya gazeteciliği, platform gazeteciliği, gündem belirleme 2.0, medya konverjansı (yakınsama), hibrit gazetecilik” teorileri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Dijitalleşme, haberin üretimi ve gönderilmesi ile alıcıya ulaşması aşamalarını hızlandırmış ve etkileşimi arttırmıştır. Veri temelli içerik üretiminin de önemi artmıştır. Bununla birlikte haber kaynağının çoğalması, hız ve etkileşimin artması, dezenformasyonun yayılması, etik kavramanın boyutunun yeniden tartışılması ve etik ihlallerin çoğalması ile bilgi güvenliğinin sağlanmasında yaşanan problemler gibi bir dizi sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bilgi akışının hızlanması, gazetecilerin güvenirlilik ve tarafsızlık gibi temel etik ilkelere daha fazla dikkat etme zaruriyeti doğurmuştur. Dijitalleşme aynı zamanda gazetecilik faaliyetlerini geleneksel yapıdan ileri taşımış ve daha demokratik, dinamik ve etkileşimli bir yapıya dönüştürmüştür. Bu çalışmanın dijitalleşen dünyanın gazetecilik teorilerinin sınıflandırmasıyla ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacağı varsayılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

dijitalleşme, teknoloji, platform, gazetecilik teorileri

Kaynakça

• Allan, S. (2009). Histories of citizen journalism. In S. Allen & E. Thorsen (Eds.), Citizen journalism: Global perspectives (pp. 17–32). New York: Peter Lang.
• Anderson, C. W. (2012). Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New Media & Society, 15(7), 1005–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137
• Anderson, C. W., Bell, E., & Shirky, C. (2015). Post-industrial journalism. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 7(2), 32–123.
• Bird, S. E. (2011). Are we all produsers now? Convergence and media audience practices. Cultural Studies, 25(4–5), 502–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600532
• Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. New York: Peter Lang.
• Burns, A. (2010). Oblique strategies for ambient journalism. M/C Journal, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.230
• Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
• Carlson, M. (2014). The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
• Castells, M. (2009). The rise of the network society. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001
• Clerwall, C. (2014). Enter the robot journalist: Users’ perceptions of automated content. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.883116
• Curran, J., & Seaton, J. (2010). Power without responsibility: Press, broadcasting and the internet in Britain (7th ed.). New York: Routledge.
• D’Ancona, M. (2017). Post-truth: The new war on truth and how to fight back. London: Ebury Press.
• De la Peña, N., Weil, P., & Llobera, J. (2010). Immersive journalism: Immersive virtual reality for the first-person experience of news. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1162/PRES_a_00005
• Deuze, M. (2007). Media work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Deuze, M. (2008). The changing context of news work: Liquid journalism and monitorial citizenship. International Journal of Communication, 2, 848–865.
• Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Automating the news: How algorithms are rewriting the media. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Domingo, D. (2008). Interactivity in the daily routines of online newsrooms: Dealing with an uncomfortable myth. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(3), 680–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00415.x
• Dutta, S., & Gangopadhyay, S. (2019). Digital journalism: Theorizing on present times. Media Watch, 10(2), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.15655/mw/2019/v10i3/49684
• Flew, T., & Smith, R. (2014). New media: An introduction (2nd Canadian ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Franklin, B. (2013). The future of journalism. London: Routledge.
• Guo, L., & Vargo, C. J. (2017). Global intermedia agenda setting: A big data analysis of international news flow. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12311
• Heinrich, A. (2011). Network journalism: Journalistic practice in interactive spheres. London: Routledge.
• Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the news: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308.
• Jenkins, H. (2004). The cultural logic of media convergence. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877904040603
• Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.
• Lester, P. M. (2020). Visual communication: Images with messages (9th ed.). Independently Publishing.
• Lewis, S. C., & Westlund, O. (2014). Big data and journalism: Epistemology, expertise, and the future of news. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 447–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976418
• Lynch, J., & McGoldrick, A. (2005). Peace journalism. Bath: Hawthorn Press.
• Marconi, F. (2020). Newsmakers: Artificial intelligence and the future of journalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
• McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
• McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory (6th ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
• Muller, D. (2014). Journalism ethics for the digital age. Melbourne: Scribe Publication.
• Napoli, P. M. (2011). Audience evolution: New technologies and the transformation of media audiences. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Napoli, P. M. (2019). Social media and the public interest: Media regulation in the disinformation age. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Newman, N. (2009). The rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
• Newton, J. H. (2012). The burden of visual truth: The role of photojournalism in mediating reality. London: Routledge.
• Pavlik, J. V. (2013). Innovation and the future of journalism. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.756666
• Ryan, M.-L. (2003). Narrative as virtual reality: Immersion and interactivity in literature and electronic media. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
• Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Communication and organizational crisis. Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
• Shaw, D. L., Moussa, I. S., Vargo, C. J., Minooie, M., & Cole, R. (2016). The agenda setting in the digital age: How we use media to monitor civic life and reframe community. Jordan Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 125–139.
• Singer, J. B. (2005). The political j-blogger: "Normalizing" a new media form to fit old norms and practices. Journalism, 6(2), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009
• Soler-Adillon, J., & Sora-Domenjo, C. (2018). Virtual reality and immersive journalism: Media experience in the new digital reality. In M. Pérez-Montoro (Ed.), Interaction in digital news media (pp. 55–83). London: Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96253-5_4
• Steen, S., & Ahva, L. (2015). Theories of journalism in digital age. Digital Journalism, 3(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.927984
• Van Dijck, J., & Poell, T. (2015). Social media and the transformation of public space. Social Media + Society, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115622482
• Van der Haak, B., Parks, M., & Castells, M. (2012). The future of journalism: Networked journalism. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2923–2938.
• Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & McCombs, M. E. (2014). Network issue agendas on Twitter during the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12089
• Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.
• Westlund, O. (2012). Mobile news: A review and model of journalism in an age of mobile media. Digital Journalism, 1(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.740273
• Zelizer, B. (2010). About to die: How news images move the public. Oxford: Oxford University Press.