MENSTRÜASYON DÖNEMİNDE SPORTİF PERFORMANS: BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 723 - 735

İsmail İlbak , Mehmet Akarsu , Zeynep İnci Karadenizli , Serkan Düz

https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1593452

Abstract

Son yıllarda kadınların spora katılım oranlarındaki artış ve menstrüel döngünün sportif performans üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin alanyazında yer alan uzlaşı eksikliği, bu konuda daha kapsamlı araştırmaların yapılmasını zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Literatürde, menstrüel döngünün spor performansını nasıl etkilediğini ele alan çalışmaların çoğunlukla deneysel araştırmalar şeklinde yürütüldüğü, bunun yanı sıra görüşme ve ölçek kullanımı yoluyla gerçekleştirilen araştırmaların da bulunduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Türkiye bağlamında incelendiğinde ise menstrüasyon döneminde sportif performansı değerlendirmeye yönelik herhangi bir ölçek geliştirme çalışmasına rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmanın amacı, menstrüel dönemin sportif performans üzerindeki etkilerini tespit edebilecek ve değerlendirebilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırma, tarama modeli kullanılarak tasarlanmış ve 18-45 yaş aralığındaki 260 kadın sporcunun gönüllü katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçek maddeleri, kapsamlı bir literatür taraması ve uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, 12 maddelik bir ölçme yapısı ortaya konulmuş olup bu yapı fiziksel performans, psikolojik durum ve semptomlar olmak üzere üç alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin geçerliliği doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile test edilmiş ve önerilen yapının geçerli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Güvenirlik analizleri ise test-tekrar test yöntemi, Cronbach’s Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı, AVE ve CR değerleri ile kontrol edilmiştir. Tüm değerlerin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısı ile geliştirilen bu ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Kadınlar , Regl , Ölçek , Performans , Spor

SPORT PERFORMANCE DURING MENSTRUATION: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Abstract

In recent years, the increasing participation of women in sports and the lack of consensus in the literature regarding the effects of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance have necessitated more comprehensive research on this topic. A review of the existing literature reveals that studies investigating the impact of the menstrual cycle on sports performance have primarily been conducted through experimental research designs, while some studies have also employed interviews and scale-based assessments. In the context of Turkey, no scale development study has been identified that specifically evaluates the effects of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to develop a psychometrically valid and reliable measurement tool to assess and evaluate the impact of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance. This cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey model with the voluntary participation of 260 female athletes aged 18–45 years. The scale items were developed based on an extensive literature review and expert opinions. To assess construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed, resulting in a 12-item measurement structure comprising three subdimensions: physical performance, psychological state, and symptoms. The validity of the scale was further tested through confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the proposed structure. Reliability analyses were conducted using the test-retest method, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient, and AVE and CR values, all of which were found to be within acceptable ranges. Therefore, the developed scale can be considered a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the impact of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance.

Keywords

Women , Menstruation , Scale , Performance , Sport

References

• Ansdell, P., Brownstein, C. G., Škarabot, J., Hicks, K. M., Simoes, D. C., Thomas, K., et al. (2019). Menstrual cycle-associated modulations in neuromuscular function and fatigability of the knee extensors in eumenorrheic women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(6), 1701–1712. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01041.2018
• Attia, G. M., Alharbi, O. A., & Aljohani, R. M. (2023). The impact of irregular menstruation on health: A review of the literature. Cureus, 15(11).
• Bambaeichi, E., Reilly, T., Cable, N. T., & Giacomoni, M. (2004). The isolated and combined effects of menstrual cycle phase and time-of-day on muscle strength of eumenorrheic females. Chronobiology International, 21(4–5), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-120039206
• Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitapevi.
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2009). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
• Campbell, S. E., Angus, D. J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001). Glucose kinetics and exercise performance during phases of the menstrual cycle: Effect of glucose ingestion. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(4), E817–E825. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.4.E817
• Cockerill, I. M., Wormington, J. A., & Nevill, A. M. (1994). Menstrual-cycle effects on mood and perceptual-motor performance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(7), 763-771.
• Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2018). Psychological testing and assessment (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Connect.
• Constantini, N. W., Dubnov, G., & Lebrun, C. M. (2005). The menstrual cycle and sport performance. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(2), e51–e82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2005.01.003
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
• Davis, H. C., & Hackney, A. C. (2017). The hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and oral contraceptives: Regulation and function. In A. C. Hackney (Ed.), Sex hormones, exercise and women: Scientific and clinical aspects (pp. 1–17). Springer.
• de Jonge, X. A. J., Thompson, B., & Han, A. (2019). Methodological recommendations for menstrual cycle research in sports and exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(12), 2610–2617. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002073
• de Jonge, X. A. J., Thompson, M. W., Chuter, V. H., Silk, L. N., & Thom, J. M. (2012). Exercise performance over the menstrual cycle in temperate and hot, humid conditions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(11), 2190–2198. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182656f13
• Dibrezzo, R. O., Fort, I. L., & Brown, B. (1988). Dynamic strength and work variations during three stages of the menstrual cycle. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 10(4), 113–116.
• Ekenros, L., Hirschberg, A. L., Heijne, A., & Fridén, C. (2013). Oral contraceptives do not affect muscle strength and hop performance in active women. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182625a51
• Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikhan, İ., Özdamar, K., & Sanisoğlu, Y. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis and fit indices: Review. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26747
• Findlay, R. J., Macrae, E. H., Whyte, I. Y., Easton, C., & Forrest, L. J. (2020). How the menstrual cycle and menstruation affect sporting performance: Experiences and perceptions of elite female rugby players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(18), 1108-1113.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
• Frandsen, J., Pistoljevic, N., Quesada, J. P., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., Ritz, C., & Larsen, S., et al. (2020). Menstrual cycle phase does not affect whole body peak fat oxidation rate during a graded exercise test. Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(3), 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00774.2019
• Frankovich, R. J., & Lebrun, C. M. (2000). Menstrual cycle, contraception, and performance. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 19(2), 251–271.
• Fritz, M. A., & Speroff, L. (2011). Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility (8th ed., pp. 199–243). Regulation of the menstrual cycle.
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (11.0 update) (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
• Grieger, J. A., & Norman, R. J. (2020). Menstrual cycle length and patterns in a global cohort of women using a mobile phone app: Retrospective cohort study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e17109.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
• Janse de Jonge, X. A. (2003). Effects of the menstrual cycle on exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 33(11), 833–851. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333110-00004
• Julian, R., Hecksteden, A., Fullagar, H. H., & Meyer, T. (2017). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on physical performance in female soccer players. PloS One, 12(3), e0173951. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173951
• Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
• Knowles, O. E., Aisbett, B., Main, L. C., Drinkwater, E. J., Orellana, L., & Lamon, S. (2019). Resistance training and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in eumenorrheic females: Implications for researchers and practitioners. Sports Medicine, 49(6), 833-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7
• Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575.
• Lebrun, C. M., Joyce, S. M., & Constantini, N. W. (2013). Effects of female reproductive hormones on sports performance. In Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport (pp. 281–322). Totowa: Humana Press.
• Maekawa, M., Miyamoto, A., Ariyoshi, H., & Miura, K. (2023, April). A survey of the menstrual status of female college students. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 8, p. 1108). MDPI.
• Mattu, A. T., Iannetta, D., MacInnis, M. J., Doyle-Baker, P. K., & Murias, J. M. (2019). Menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle phases do not affect submaximal and maximal exercise responses. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(4), 486–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13590
• McLay, R. T., Thomson, C. D., Williams, S. M., & Rehrer, N. J. (2007). Carbohydrate loading and female endurance athletes: Effect of menstrual-cycle phase. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.189
• McNulty, K. L., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., & Hicks, K. M. (2020). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50, 1813–1827.
• Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Mihm, M., Gangooly, S., & Muttukrishna, S. (2011). The normal menstrual cycle in women. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3–4), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIREPROSCI.2010.08.030
• Mizuta, R., Maeda, N., Komiya, M., Suzuki, Y., Tashiro, T., Kaneda, K., ... & Urabe, Y. (2022). The relationship between the severity of perimenstrual symptoms and a regular exercise habit in Japanese young women: a cross-sectional online survey. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 200.
• Oosthuyse, T., Bosch, A. N., & Jackson, S. (2005). Cycling time trial performance during different phases of the menstrual cycle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1324-5
• Pallavi, L. C., SoUza, U. J., & Shivaprakash, G. (2017). Assessment of musculoskeletal strength and levels of fatigue during different phases of menstrual cycle in young adults. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(2), CC11–CC13.
• Pitchers, G., & Elliot-Sale, K. (2019). Considerations for coaches training female athletes. Professional Strength & Conditioning Journal, 55, 19–30.
• Schmalenberger, K., Tauseef, H. A., Barone, J. C., Owens, S. A., Lieberman, L., Jarczok, M. N., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2021). How to study the menstrual cycle.
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
• Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (2024). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford University Press.
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497–516). Pearson.
• Tenan, M. S., Hackney, A. C., & Griffin, L. (2016). Maximal force and tremor changes across the menstrual cycle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(1), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3258-x
• Vaiksaar, S., Jürimäe, J., Mäestu, J., Purge, P., Kalytka, S., Shakhlina, L., & Jürimäe, T. (2011). No effect of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on endurance performance in rowers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(6), 1571–1578. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181df7fd2
• Yeşilyurt, S., & Çapraz, C. (2018). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılan kapsam geçerliği için bir yol haritası. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 251–264.