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Metodolojik Bireye Bir Eleştiri; Özgecilik Kavramı ve Ültimatom Oyunu Uygulaması

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 139 - 177, 15.09.2021

Abstract

Metodolojik birey yaklaşımı, ana akım iktisadın bilimsellik iddiasına hizmet etmiş olsa da gerçek insanı modellemekten uzaktır. Soyutlama düzeyini artıran iktisat, insan doğasını bireyin bencil olduğu varsayımını da ekleyerek homoekonomikusla ifade etmektedir. Homoekonomikus, kendisine en yüksek faydayı sağlayacak seçimi, faydalarını doğru olarak hesapladığı tamlık, geçişlilik, devamlılık, yansıtma, dışbükeylik varsayımlarına uyan tercihleri arasından yapmaktadır. Oysaki bireyler, sınırlı rasyonel kapasiteleri ile bilişsel kısa yolları kullanarak karar alır; dinamik bir ortamda hiçbir karşılık beklemeden hatta belli bir maliyete katlanarak diğerlerinin faydasına olan özgeci eylemlerde bulunurlar. Çalışmada, psikoloji, sosyoloji ve etikte temel kavramlardan biri olan özgecilik, davranışsal iktisat kapsamında incelenmektedir. Özgeci tercihleri incelemek için ültimatom oyunu oynatılan deneklerden 100 birim parayı diğer oyuncu ile paylaşmaları istenmiştir. Teklif miktarı dünya geneline de yakın olan %36 civarında gerçekleşmiş, tekliflerin tümü dünya ve Türkiye örneklerinden yüksek olan %28 oranında reddedilmiştir. Bireylerin adil olmayan dağılım karşısında kendi çıktısını da feda ederek karşı tarafı cezalandırdığı görülmektedir. Bulguların iktisadi insan varsayımından saptığı tartışması, öncelikle iktisatta rasyonalite ve metodolojik birey kavramlarıyla ardından özgecilikle genişletilmiştir. Çalışma, ültimatom oyunu ve yapılan anketin incelenmesi sonrasında tercih temelli olmayan farklı yaklaşımları araştırmacılara önererek sonuçlandırılmaktadır.

References

  • Akın, Z. ve Urhan, B. (2015). Davranışsal oyun teorisi. D. Dumludağ, Ö. Gökdemir-Dumludağ, L. Neyse ve E. Ruben (Ed.). İktisatta davranışsal yaklaşımlar içinde. Ankara: İmge Yayınları.
  • Alm, J. ve Bourdeaux, C. J. (2013). Applying behavioral economics to the public sector. Review of Public Economics, 206(3), 91-134.
  • Andreoni, J. ve Miller, J. (2002). Giving according to GARP: An experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism. Econometrica, 70(2), 737-753.
  • Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327-353.
  • Ashton, M. C., Paunonen, S. V., Helmes, E. , Jackson, D. N. (1998). Kin altruism, reciprocal altruism and the big five personality factors. Evolution and Human Behavior,19, 243-255.
  • Atak, H. (2013). On-maddeli kişilik ölçeği’nin Türk kültürü’ne uyarlanması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 50, 312-319. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/on-maddeli-kisilik-olcegi-toad.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2021)
  • Balliet, D., Parks, C. , Joireman, J. (2009). Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas: a meta-analysis. Group Processes Intergroup Relations,12, 533-547.
  • Boyacı, İ. ve Sultan, T. (2016). Experimental evidence on dictator and ultimatum games from Turkish and Pakistani students. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(15), 319-333.
  • Björklund, F. ve Bäckström, M. (2008). Individual differences in processing styles: Validity of the rational–experiential ınventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 439–446.
  • Camerer, C.(2003). Behavioral game theory experiments in strategic interaction, C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein ve M. Rabin (Ed.). Advances in behavioral economics içinde. ABD: Princeton University Press.
  • Camerer, C. ve Fehr, E. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using experimental games: A guide for social scientists. J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr ve H. Gintis (Ed.). Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies içinde. ABD: Oxford University Press.
  • Carter, J. R. ve Irons, M. D. (1991). Are economists different, and if so, why? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(2), 171-177.
  • Charness, G. ve Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817-869.
  • Clavien, C. ve Chapuisat, M. M.(2016). The evolution of utility functions and psychological altruism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 56, 24-31.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve Şekercioğlu, G. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara; Pegem Yayınları.
  • Dilek, S. ve Kesgingöz, H. (2018). Paylaşmak güzeldir: Bir ültimatom oyunu uygulaması. BMIJ, 6(4), 822-834.
  • Eckel, C., ve Grossman, P. (2001). Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games. Economic Inquiry, 39(2), 171–188. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2001.tb00059.x
  • Elster, J. (2007). Explaining social behavior: More nuts and bolt for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elster, J. (2008). Ekşi üzümler rasyonalitenin altüst edilmesi üzerine çalışmalar. B. Cezar (Çev.). İstanbul: Metis yayınları.(İlk Baskı:1983).
  • Fehr, E. ve Schmidt, K. M. (2006). The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism-experimental evidence and new theories. S.C. Kolm ve J. M. Ythier (Ed.). Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity (1. Cilt içinde). Hollanda: Elsevier B.V.
  • Fehr, E. ve Rockenbach, B. (2003). Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism. Nature, 422, 137-140.
  • Fontaine, P. (2007). From philanthropy to altruism: Incorporating unselfish behavior into economics, 1961- 1975. History of Political Economy, 39(1), 1-46.
  • Frank R. H., Gilovich, T. ve Regan, D. T. (1993). Does studying economics inhibit cooperation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(2), 159-171.
  • Frerichs, S. (2018). What is the ’social’ in behavioural economics? The methodological underpinnings of governance by nudges. H. W. Micklitz, A. L. Sibony ve F. Esposito (Ed.). Research methods in consumer law: A handbook içinde. USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Gigerenzer, G. ve Brighton, H. (2009). Homo heuristicus: Why biased minds make better inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1, 107-143.
  • Gintis, H. (2000). Game theory evolving; A problem-centered introduction to modeling stretegic behavior. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.
  • Gintis, H. ve Helbing, D. (2015). Homo socialis: An analytical core for sociological theory. Review of Behavioral Economics, 2015(2), 1-59.
  • Gintis H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. ve Fehr, E. (2005). Moral sentiments and material interests: Origins, evidence, and consequences. H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd ve E. Fehr (Ed.). Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life içinde. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Gürkan, C. ve Öziş, M. (2012). Dostoyevski’nin iktisadi yaklaşımı ve iktisadi aklın eleştirisi. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 23(82), 99-128.
  • Güth, W. ve Tietz, R. (1990). Ultimatum bargaining behavior; A survey and comparison of experimental results. Journal of Economic Psychology, 11, 417-449.
  • Güth, W., Schmitterberger, R. ve Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, 367-388.
  • Hilbig, B. E., Thielmann, I., Hepp, J. , Klein, S. A., Zettler, I. (2015). From personality to altruistic behavior (and back): Evidence from a double-blind dictator game. Journal of Research in Personality, 55, 46–50.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (2013). From pleasure machines to moral communities an evolutionary economics without homo economicus. Londra: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kamas, L. ve Preston, A. (2015). Can social preferences explain gender differences ineconomic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 116, 525-539.
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2017). İktisat ve rasyonalite, K. Marx, W. S. Jevons ve T. B. Veblen’de rasyonalite, insan ve teori. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Kolm, S. (2006). Introduction to the economics of giving, altrusim, and reciprocity. S. Kolm ve J. M. Ythier (Ed.). Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity: Foundations I içinde. Netherlands: North-Holland.
  • Kropotkin, P. (2013). Evrimin bir faktörü karşılıklı yardımlaşma. I. Ergüden ve D. Güneri. (Çev.). İstanbul: Kaos Yayınları.
  • Margolis, H. (1982). Selfishness, altruism and rationality. USA: Cambidge University Press.
  • Murphy, R. O., Ackermann K., ve Handgraaf, M.J. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgement and decision making, 6(8), 771-781.
  • Oosterbeek, H., Sloof, R. ve Van De Kuilen, G. (2004). Cultural differences in ultimatum game experiments: Evidence from a meta-analysis experimental economics. Economic Science Association, 7, 171-188.
  • Rabin, M. (2006). The experimental study of social preferences. Social Researches, 73(2), 405-428.
  • Schwartz, S. (2002). A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/core_ess_questionnaire/ESS_core_questionnaire_human_values.pdf. (Erişim tarihi:13.06.2021).
  • Sen, A. K. (1977). Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6(4), 317-344.
  • Sen, A. K. (1987). Economic behaviour and moral sentiments, on ethics and economics. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Simon, H. (1992). Altruism and economics. Eastern Economic Journal, 18(1) , 73-83.
  • Simon, H. (1990). A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science, 250, 1665-1668.
  • Sugden, R. (1984). Reciprocity: The supply of public goods through voluntary contributions. The Economic Journal, 94, 772-787.
  • Sugden, R. (1991). Rational choice: A survey of contributions from economics and philosophy. Economic Journal, 101(407), 751-785.
  • Staffiero, G., Exadaktylos, F. ve Espín, A. M. (2013). Accepting zero in the ultimatum game does not reflect selfish preferences. Economics Letters, 121, 236-238.
  • Tisserand, J. C., Cochard, F. ve Le Gallo, J. (2015). Altruistic or strategic considerations: A meta-analysis on the ultimatum and dictator games. Conference Proceeding AFSE Annual Meeting of French Economic Association, 1-21. https://motamem.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ultimatum-meta-analysis-1. pdf (Erişim Tarihi:13.06.2021).
  • Tomer, J. (2008). Beyond the rationality of economic man, toward the true rationality of human man. The Journal of Socio- Economics, 37, 1703-1712.
  • Topçu Ç., Baker-Ergur Ö., ve Çapa-Aydın Y. (2010). Temel empati ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(34), 174-182.
  • Türk, E.G. ve Artar, M. (2014). Mantıksal deneyimsel düşünme ölçeğinin uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 47(1), 1-18.
  • White, M. D. (2011). Kantian ethics and economics autonomy, dignity, and character. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Yılmaz, F. (2009). Rasyonalite iktisat özelinde bir tartışma. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Zarri, L. (2010). Behavioral economics has two ‘souls’: Do they both depart from economic rationality? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39, 562-567.

A Critique of Methodological Individualism: The Concept of Altruism and Application of the Ultimatum Game

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 139 - 177, 15.09.2021

Abstract

Although methodological individualism has served the scientific claims of mainstream economics, it is far removed from modeling actual people. To raise the level of abstraction, mainstream economics has started expressing human nature through homo economicus by adding the selfishness assumption to methodological individualism. From this point of view, homo economicus makes the choice that provides the highest benefit to the self among the preferences one has correctly calculated and organized by following the assumptions of completeness, transitivity, continuity, reflectivity. However, an actor decides in a dynamic environment through one’s limited rational capacities using cognitive shortcuts and takes altruistic actions for others’ benefit without expecting anything in return or even bearing a cost. In this research, altruism as one of the basic concepts in psychology, sociology, and ethics is examined within the scope of behavioral economics. In order to examine altruistic preferences, the subjects played the ultimatum game and were asked to offer a portion of their 100 units of money (36% was the average offer, close to the world average for this game) with another anonymous player. The offers was rejected at a rate of 28%, which is higher than other rates for this game in Turkey and the world. Individuals are understood to punish others by sacrificing their output in the face of unjust distribution. Firstly, the argument that the obtained findings deviate from the assumption of homo economicus has been expanded by dealing with rationality and methodological individualism in economics, and then further expanded with altruism. After examining the ultimatum game and the questionnaire, the study concludes by suggesting different non-preference-based approaches to researchers.

References

  • Akın, Z. ve Urhan, B. (2015). Davranışsal oyun teorisi. D. Dumludağ, Ö. Gökdemir-Dumludağ, L. Neyse ve E. Ruben (Ed.). İktisatta davranışsal yaklaşımlar içinde. Ankara: İmge Yayınları.
  • Alm, J. ve Bourdeaux, C. J. (2013). Applying behavioral economics to the public sector. Review of Public Economics, 206(3), 91-134.
  • Andreoni, J. ve Miller, J. (2002). Giving according to GARP: An experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism. Econometrica, 70(2), 737-753.
  • Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327-353.
  • Ashton, M. C., Paunonen, S. V., Helmes, E. , Jackson, D. N. (1998). Kin altruism, reciprocal altruism and the big five personality factors. Evolution and Human Behavior,19, 243-255.
  • Atak, H. (2013). On-maddeli kişilik ölçeği’nin Türk kültürü’ne uyarlanması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 50, 312-319. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/on-maddeli-kisilik-olcegi-toad.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2021)
  • Balliet, D., Parks, C. , Joireman, J. (2009). Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas: a meta-analysis. Group Processes Intergroup Relations,12, 533-547.
  • Boyacı, İ. ve Sultan, T. (2016). Experimental evidence on dictator and ultimatum games from Turkish and Pakistani students. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(15), 319-333.
  • Björklund, F. ve Bäckström, M. (2008). Individual differences in processing styles: Validity of the rational–experiential ınventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 439–446.
  • Camerer, C.(2003). Behavioral game theory experiments in strategic interaction, C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein ve M. Rabin (Ed.). Advances in behavioral economics içinde. ABD: Princeton University Press.
  • Camerer, C. ve Fehr, E. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using experimental games: A guide for social scientists. J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, E. Fehr ve H. Gintis (Ed.). Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies içinde. ABD: Oxford University Press.
  • Carter, J. R. ve Irons, M. D. (1991). Are economists different, and if so, why? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(2), 171-177.
  • Charness, G. ve Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817-869.
  • Clavien, C. ve Chapuisat, M. M.(2016). The evolution of utility functions and psychological altruism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 56, 24-31.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve Şekercioğlu, G. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara; Pegem Yayınları.
  • Dilek, S. ve Kesgingöz, H. (2018). Paylaşmak güzeldir: Bir ültimatom oyunu uygulaması. BMIJ, 6(4), 822-834.
  • Eckel, C., ve Grossman, P. (2001). Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games. Economic Inquiry, 39(2), 171–188. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2001.tb00059.x
  • Elster, J. (2007). Explaining social behavior: More nuts and bolt for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elster, J. (2008). Ekşi üzümler rasyonalitenin altüst edilmesi üzerine çalışmalar. B. Cezar (Çev.). İstanbul: Metis yayınları.(İlk Baskı:1983).
  • Fehr, E. ve Schmidt, K. M. (2006). The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism-experimental evidence and new theories. S.C. Kolm ve J. M. Ythier (Ed.). Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity (1. Cilt içinde). Hollanda: Elsevier B.V.
  • Fehr, E. ve Rockenbach, B. (2003). Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism. Nature, 422, 137-140.
  • Fontaine, P. (2007). From philanthropy to altruism: Incorporating unselfish behavior into economics, 1961- 1975. History of Political Economy, 39(1), 1-46.
  • Frank R. H., Gilovich, T. ve Regan, D. T. (1993). Does studying economics inhibit cooperation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(2), 159-171.
  • Frerichs, S. (2018). What is the ’social’ in behavioural economics? The methodological underpinnings of governance by nudges. H. W. Micklitz, A. L. Sibony ve F. Esposito (Ed.). Research methods in consumer law: A handbook içinde. USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Gigerenzer, G. ve Brighton, H. (2009). Homo heuristicus: Why biased minds make better inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1, 107-143.
  • Gintis, H. (2000). Game theory evolving; A problem-centered introduction to modeling stretegic behavior. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.
  • Gintis, H. ve Helbing, D. (2015). Homo socialis: An analytical core for sociological theory. Review of Behavioral Economics, 2015(2), 1-59.
  • Gintis H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. ve Fehr, E. (2005). Moral sentiments and material interests: Origins, evidence, and consequences. H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd ve E. Fehr (Ed.). Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life içinde. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Gürkan, C. ve Öziş, M. (2012). Dostoyevski’nin iktisadi yaklaşımı ve iktisadi aklın eleştirisi. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 23(82), 99-128.
  • Güth, W. ve Tietz, R. (1990). Ultimatum bargaining behavior; A survey and comparison of experimental results. Journal of Economic Psychology, 11, 417-449.
  • Güth, W., Schmitterberger, R. ve Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, 367-388.
  • Hilbig, B. E., Thielmann, I., Hepp, J. , Klein, S. A., Zettler, I. (2015). From personality to altruistic behavior (and back): Evidence from a double-blind dictator game. Journal of Research in Personality, 55, 46–50.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (2013). From pleasure machines to moral communities an evolutionary economics without homo economicus. Londra: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kamas, L. ve Preston, A. (2015). Can social preferences explain gender differences ineconomic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 116, 525-539.
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2017). İktisat ve rasyonalite, K. Marx, W. S. Jevons ve T. B. Veblen’de rasyonalite, insan ve teori. Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Kolm, S. (2006). Introduction to the economics of giving, altrusim, and reciprocity. S. Kolm ve J. M. Ythier (Ed.). Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity: Foundations I içinde. Netherlands: North-Holland.
  • Kropotkin, P. (2013). Evrimin bir faktörü karşılıklı yardımlaşma. I. Ergüden ve D. Güneri. (Çev.). İstanbul: Kaos Yayınları.
  • Margolis, H. (1982). Selfishness, altruism and rationality. USA: Cambidge University Press.
  • Murphy, R. O., Ackermann K., ve Handgraaf, M.J. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgement and decision making, 6(8), 771-781.
  • Oosterbeek, H., Sloof, R. ve Van De Kuilen, G. (2004). Cultural differences in ultimatum game experiments: Evidence from a meta-analysis experimental economics. Economic Science Association, 7, 171-188.
  • Rabin, M. (2006). The experimental study of social preferences. Social Researches, 73(2), 405-428.
  • Schwartz, S. (2002). A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/core_ess_questionnaire/ESS_core_questionnaire_human_values.pdf. (Erişim tarihi:13.06.2021).
  • Sen, A. K. (1977). Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6(4), 317-344.
  • Sen, A. K. (1987). Economic behaviour and moral sentiments, on ethics and economics. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Simon, H. (1992). Altruism and economics. Eastern Economic Journal, 18(1) , 73-83.
  • Simon, H. (1990). A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science, 250, 1665-1668.
  • Sugden, R. (1984). Reciprocity: The supply of public goods through voluntary contributions. The Economic Journal, 94, 772-787.
  • Sugden, R. (1991). Rational choice: A survey of contributions from economics and philosophy. Economic Journal, 101(407), 751-785.
  • Staffiero, G., Exadaktylos, F. ve Espín, A. M. (2013). Accepting zero in the ultimatum game does not reflect selfish preferences. Economics Letters, 121, 236-238.
  • Tisserand, J. C., Cochard, F. ve Le Gallo, J. (2015). Altruistic or strategic considerations: A meta-analysis on the ultimatum and dictator games. Conference Proceeding AFSE Annual Meeting of French Economic Association, 1-21. https://motamem.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ultimatum-meta-analysis-1. pdf (Erişim Tarihi:13.06.2021).
  • Tomer, J. (2008). Beyond the rationality of economic man, toward the true rationality of human man. The Journal of Socio- Economics, 37, 1703-1712.
  • Topçu Ç., Baker-Ergur Ö., ve Çapa-Aydın Y. (2010). Temel empati ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(34), 174-182.
  • Türk, E.G. ve Artar, M. (2014). Mantıksal deneyimsel düşünme ölçeğinin uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 47(1), 1-18.
  • White, M. D. (2011). Kantian ethics and economics autonomy, dignity, and character. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Yılmaz, F. (2009). Rasyonalite iktisat özelinde bir tartışma. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
  • Zarri, L. (2010). Behavioral economics has two ‘souls’: Do they both depart from economic rationality? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39, 562-567.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yıldız Zeliha Hatipoğlu This is me

Publication Date September 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Hatipoğlu, Y. Z. (2021). Metodolojik Bireye Bir Eleştiri; Özgecilik Kavramı ve Ültimatom Oyunu Uygulaması. İnsan Ve Toplum, 11(3), 139-177.