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Korku Çağı: Terör, Salgın ve Mülteciler

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 201 - 228, 16.12.2021

Abstract

Küresel tarihî akışa yön veren terör, salgın ve mülteci meseleleri diğer pek çok olgunun yanında önemli bir korku kaynağı olarak çağın bireysel ve toplumsal hayatına yön vermektedir. 21. yüzyılın başlarında üç olgunun toplumsal bir korku kaynağı haline nasıl dönüştüğü sorusu bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalıdır. Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı; çağın toplumsal hayatına korkunun ne şekilde etki ettiğini terör, salgın ve mülteci olguları üzerinden okumaktır. İkinci olarak bu üç olgunun, bağımsız olduğu kadar birbirleri ile bağlantılı olarak da nasıl bir toplumsal korku inşa ettiğini ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi açıklamaktır. Konu edinilen üç olgunun insanları daha fazla kontrol kaybı hissine sürüklediği bunun devamında paradoksal biçimde kontrol etme arayışının arttığı savunulmaktadır. Kontrol arayışı çeşitli aktörler tarafından üretilip kendine özel bir söylemi olan korku dili tarafından inşa edilmektedir. İnsanların sevk ve idaresi için önemli bir aygıta dönüşen korku kaynakları sadece iktidar sahipleri için değil iktidar taliplileri için de kusursuz bir araç haline gelmektedir. Çalışma, 2000 sonrası meydana gelen terör, salgın ve mülteci olgularının arasındaki korku bağlamlı ilişkiyi bütüncül biçimde analiz etmektedir.

References

  • Ackerman, G. ve Peterson, H. (2020). Terrorism and COVID-19: Actual and potential impacts. Research Notes. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3), 59-73.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2017). Can çekişen küresel güç. Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2006). Akışkan korku. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Kapımızdaki yabancılar. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. ve Donskis, L. (2013). Ahlaki körlük: Akışkan modernlikte duyarlılığın yitimi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2019). Risk toplumu. İthaki Yayınları
  • Belova, N. A. Ve Koliutskaia, E. V. (2012). Moral mysophobia phenomenon in schizophrenia. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova, 112(6), 13-17.
  • Benjamin, E. (2021). Trump, the coronavirus pandemic, Asian American xenophobia, and humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(2), 244-259.
  • Berg, U. D. ve Tamagno, C. (2013). Migration brokers and document fixers. T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Ed.). The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration içinde (ss. 190-214 ). Routledge.
  • Bulut, M. B. (2015). Terör yönetimi kuramı (Dehşet yönetimi kuramı). Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 161-174.
  • Castells, M. (2013). Ağ toplumunun yükselişi/enformasyon çağı: Ekonomi, toplum ve kültür. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Castles, S., de Haas, H. ve Miller, M. J. (2014). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world (5. Baskı). Guilford Press.
  • Cesare, D. D. (2020). Egemen virüs. Kapitalizm nefessiz bırakır. Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Crutzen, P. J. (2006). The “Anthropocene”. E. Ehlers ve T. Krafft (Ed.). Earth system science in the anthropocene içinde (ss. 13-18 ). Springer.
  • Denney, D. (2009). Living in dangerous times: Fear, insecurity, risk and social policy. Willey & Blackwell Pub.
  • Dessalegne, D. ve Savvidou, E. (2015). Do not conflate refugees with terrorists. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr. org/cy/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2015/12/JointStatementUNHCR-Ombudswoman_Dec2015.pdf adresinden 06.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Semerci, P. U. (2019). Göçmen karşıtlığında tehdit algısının rolü: Korku ve endişe duygusu. Siyasetteki gölge: Korku içinde (ss. 75-110). İthaki.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Newsrelease “record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015”.
  • Fischer-Preßlera, D., Schwemmerb, C. ve Fischbacha, K. (2019). Collective sense-making in times of crisis: Connecting terror management theory with Twitter user reactions to the Berlin terrorist attack. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 138-151.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Büyük kapatılma. F. Keskin (Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Gale, P. (2004). The refugee crisis and fear: Populist politics and media discourse. Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 321–340.
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Polity Press.
  • Goffman, E. (2014). Damga: Örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. Heretik Yayınları. haberajandanet.com. (03.04.2020). “İnsana özne oluşunu hatırlatan faktör: Coronavirüs”. https://haberajandanet.com/Article/insana-ozne-olusunu-hatirlatan-faktor-coronavirus/QU7UJ6ccXy7ZDznfLo5R adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Harteveld, E., Schaper, J., De Lange, S. L. ve Van Der Brug, W. (2018) Blaming brussels? The ımpact of (news about) the refugee crisis on attitudes towards the EU and national politics. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56, 157-177.
  • Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
  • Hayden, M. V. (2016). Playing to the edge: American intelligence in the age of terror. Penguin Press.
  • Held, D., Goldblatt, D., McGrew, A. ve Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations. Polity Press.
  • Hodges, A. ve Nilep, C. (2007). Discourse, war and terrorism. John Benjamin Pub. hurriyet.com. (03.01.1998). “Avrupa’da mülteci telaşı”. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/avrupada-multeci-telasi-39281888 adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir. hurriyet.com. (03.11.2020). “https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/ispanya-kiyilarina-son-3-gunde-770-duzensiz-gocmen-geldi-41653187.”
  • IAGS. (2020). How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America? Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215013048/http://www.iags.org/costof911.html adresinden 19.12.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • IEP. (2015). Global terrorism index. The Institute for Economics and Peace.
  • IOM. (2020). World migration report. Geneva: IOM.
  • karadenizgazete.com. (26.03.2015). “Mülteci salgını her yeri sardı”. https://www.karadenizgazete.com.tr karadeniz/multeci-salgn-her-yeri-sard/53474 adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Lyon, D. (2001). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life. Open University Press.
  • Massey, D. (1994). A global sense of place. Space, Place, and Gender. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Matthew, J. M. (2009). The impact of 9/11 on politics and war: The day that changed everything? Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Milton, D., Spencer, M. ve Findley, M. (2013). Radicalism of the hopeless: Refugee flows and transnational terrorism. International Interactions, 39(5), 621-645.
  • Mishra, P. (2017). The age of anger, the history of present. Penguin Books, Great Britain.
  • Morgan, J.M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror. Springer.
  • Nunziata, L. (2015). Immigration and crime: Evidence from victimization data. The Journal of Population Economics, 28, 697-736.
  • Pantti, M. (2016) “Despicable, disgusting, repulsive!!!” Public emotions and moralities in online discussions about violence towards refugees, javnost. The Public, 23(4), 363-381.
  • Patnaik, N. M. ve Maji, S. (2020). Psychological issues and stress on people in the purview of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Food and Scientific Reports, 1(Special issue).
  • Peter, J. R. (2005). The plague of terrorism. The Linacre Quarterly, 72(4), 361-363.
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs. https:// www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/ adresinden 15.11.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir. politico.com. (24.03.2020). “Those who intentionally spread coronavirus could be charged as terrorists”. Preston, R. (2002). The demon in the freezer. Ballantine Books.
  • Riga, P. J. (2005). The plague of terrorism.. The Linacre Quarterly, 72(4), 361–363.
  • Rhudy, J. L., & Meagher, M. W. (2000). Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds. Pain, 84(1), 65–75.
  • Sağıroğlu, A. Z. ve Yılmaz, İ. H. (2021). Yabancılarla birlikte yaşamak: Mamak örneği. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Sanders, B. ve Smith, M. (2007). The Iraqi refugee disaster. World Policy Journal, 24(3), 23-28.
  • Spiegel, P. B. ve Nankoe, A. (2004). UNHCR, HIV/AIDS and refugees: Lessons learned. Forced Migration Review. Reproductive health for displaced people. Oxford Refugee Studies. January 2004, FMR 19.
  • Stares, P. B. ve Yacoubian, M. (2012). Rethinking the war on terror. New approaches to conflict prevention and management in the Post-9/11 World. B. Magnusson ve Z. Zalloua (Ed.). Contagion: Health, fear, sovereignty içinde (ss. 4-25). Washington: Whitman College.
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • UNHCR. (2020). Global trends forced displacement. UNHCR.
  • Ündücü, C.A. (2011). Uluslararası sistem ve terörizm arasındaki ilişki. Elektronik Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1).
  • Vine, D., Coffman, C., Khoury, K., Lovasz, M., Bush, H., Leduc, R. ve Walkup, J. (2020). Creating refugees: Displacement caused by the United States’ Post-9/11 Wars. Watson Institute.
  • WHO. (2019). A world at risk. Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies. Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. World Health Organization.
  • Wild, B., Erb, M. ve Bartels, M. (2001). Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: Quality, quantity, time course and gender differences. Psychiatry Research, 102(2).
  • Wollebæk, D., Karlsen, R., Steen-Johnsen, K. ve Enjolras, B. (2019). Anger, fear, and echo chambers: The emotional basis for online behavior. Social Media and Society.

The Age of Fear: Terrorism, Pandemic, and Refugees

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 201 - 228, 16.12.2021

Abstract

Social scientists have defined modern times by different names and fear is one of them. As the driver for the historical flow in global range besides many other phenomena terror, epidemic and refugee issues direct the individual and social life of the age as a source of fear. This study aims to read how fear affects the social life of the time through the fear of terrorists, epidemics, and refugees. Secondly, it is to clarify what kind of fear is being constructed by these phenomenons and what is the interaction between them. Seeking control is constructed by a peculiar language produced by various actors, fear sources, which turn into an important device for the management and administration of people, become a perfect tool not only for those in power but also for power pretenders. Consequently, realistic or unrealistic sources of fear mutually feed the pursuit of control and the politics of fear.

References

  • Ackerman, G. ve Peterson, H. (2020). Terrorism and COVID-19: Actual and potential impacts. Research Notes. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3), 59-73.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2017). Can çekişen küresel güç. Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2006). Akışkan korku. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Kapımızdaki yabancılar. Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bauman, Z. ve Donskis, L. (2013). Ahlaki körlük: Akışkan modernlikte duyarlılığın yitimi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2019). Risk toplumu. İthaki Yayınları
  • Belova, N. A. Ve Koliutskaia, E. V. (2012). Moral mysophobia phenomenon in schizophrenia. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova, 112(6), 13-17.
  • Benjamin, E. (2021). Trump, the coronavirus pandemic, Asian American xenophobia, and humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(2), 244-259.
  • Berg, U. D. ve Tamagno, C. (2013). Migration brokers and document fixers. T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Ed.). The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration içinde (ss. 190-214 ). Routledge.
  • Bulut, M. B. (2015). Terör yönetimi kuramı (Dehşet yönetimi kuramı). Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 161-174.
  • Castells, M. (2013). Ağ toplumunun yükselişi/enformasyon çağı: Ekonomi, toplum ve kültür. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Castles, S., de Haas, H. ve Miller, M. J. (2014). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world (5. Baskı). Guilford Press.
  • Cesare, D. D. (2020). Egemen virüs. Kapitalizm nefessiz bırakır. Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Crutzen, P. J. (2006). The “Anthropocene”. E. Ehlers ve T. Krafft (Ed.). Earth system science in the anthropocene içinde (ss. 13-18 ). Springer.
  • Denney, D. (2009). Living in dangerous times: Fear, insecurity, risk and social policy. Willey & Blackwell Pub.
  • Dessalegne, D. ve Savvidou, E. (2015). Do not conflate refugees with terrorists. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr. org/cy/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2015/12/JointStatementUNHCR-Ombudswoman_Dec2015.pdf adresinden 06.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Semerci, P. U. (2019). Göçmen karşıtlığında tehdit algısının rolü: Korku ve endişe duygusu. Siyasetteki gölge: Korku içinde (ss. 75-110). İthaki.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Newsrelease “record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015”.
  • Fischer-Preßlera, D., Schwemmerb, C. ve Fischbacha, K. (2019). Collective sense-making in times of crisis: Connecting terror management theory with Twitter user reactions to the Berlin terrorist attack. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 138-151.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Büyük kapatılma. F. Keskin (Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Gale, P. (2004). The refugee crisis and fear: Populist politics and media discourse. Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 321–340.
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Polity Press.
  • Goffman, E. (2014). Damga: Örselenmiş kimliğin idare edilişi üzerine notlar. Heretik Yayınları. haberajandanet.com. (03.04.2020). “İnsana özne oluşunu hatırlatan faktör: Coronavirüs”. https://haberajandanet.com/Article/insana-ozne-olusunu-hatirlatan-faktor-coronavirus/QU7UJ6ccXy7ZDznfLo5R adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Harteveld, E., Schaper, J., De Lange, S. L. ve Van Der Brug, W. (2018) Blaming brussels? The ımpact of (news about) the refugee crisis on attitudes towards the EU and national politics. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56, 157-177.
  • Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
  • Hayden, M. V. (2016). Playing to the edge: American intelligence in the age of terror. Penguin Press.
  • Held, D., Goldblatt, D., McGrew, A. ve Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations. Polity Press.
  • Hodges, A. ve Nilep, C. (2007). Discourse, war and terrorism. John Benjamin Pub. hurriyet.com. (03.01.1998). “Avrupa’da mülteci telaşı”. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/avrupada-multeci-telasi-39281888 adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir. hurriyet.com. (03.11.2020). “https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/ispanya-kiyilarina-son-3-gunde-770-duzensiz-gocmen-geldi-41653187.”
  • IAGS. (2020). How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America? Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. https://web.archive.org/web/20180215013048/http://www.iags.org/costof911.html adresinden 19.12.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • IEP. (2015). Global terrorism index. The Institute for Economics and Peace.
  • IOM. (2020). World migration report. Geneva: IOM.
  • karadenizgazete.com. (26.03.2015). “Mülteci salgını her yeri sardı”. https://www.karadenizgazete.com.tr karadeniz/multeci-salgn-her-yeri-sard/53474 adresinden 12.01.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Lyon, D. (2001). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life. Open University Press.
  • Massey, D. (1994). A global sense of place. Space, Place, and Gender. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Matthew, J. M. (2009). The impact of 9/11 on politics and war: The day that changed everything? Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Milton, D., Spencer, M. ve Findley, M. (2013). Radicalism of the hopeless: Refugee flows and transnational terrorism. International Interactions, 39(5), 621-645.
  • Mishra, P. (2017). The age of anger, the history of present. Penguin Books, Great Britain.
  • Morgan, J.M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror. Springer.
  • Nunziata, L. (2015). Immigration and crime: Evidence from victimization data. The Journal of Population Economics, 28, 697-736.
  • Pantti, M. (2016) “Despicable, disgusting, repulsive!!!” Public emotions and moralities in online discussions about violence towards refugees, javnost. The Public, 23(4), 363-381.
  • Patnaik, N. M. ve Maji, S. (2020). Psychological issues and stress on people in the purview of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Food and Scientific Reports, 1(Special issue).
  • Peter, J. R. (2005). The plague of terrorism. The Linacre Quarterly, 72(4), 361-363.
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs. https:// www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/ adresinden 15.11.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir. politico.com. (24.03.2020). “Those who intentionally spread coronavirus could be charged as terrorists”. Preston, R. (2002). The demon in the freezer. Ballantine Books.
  • Riga, P. J. (2005). The plague of terrorism.. The Linacre Quarterly, 72(4), 361–363.
  • Rhudy, J. L., & Meagher, M. W. (2000). Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds. Pain, 84(1), 65–75.
  • Sağıroğlu, A. Z. ve Yılmaz, İ. H. (2021). Yabancılarla birlikte yaşamak: Mamak örneği. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Sanders, B. ve Smith, M. (2007). The Iraqi refugee disaster. World Policy Journal, 24(3), 23-28.
  • Spiegel, P. B. ve Nankoe, A. (2004). UNHCR, HIV/AIDS and refugees: Lessons learned. Forced Migration Review. Reproductive health for displaced people. Oxford Refugee Studies. January 2004, FMR 19.
  • Stares, P. B. ve Yacoubian, M. (2012). Rethinking the war on terror. New approaches to conflict prevention and management in the Post-9/11 World. B. Magnusson ve Z. Zalloua (Ed.). Contagion: Health, fear, sovereignty içinde (ss. 4-25). Washington: Whitman College.
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • UNHCR. (2020). Global trends forced displacement. UNHCR.
  • Ündücü, C.A. (2011). Uluslararası sistem ve terörizm arasındaki ilişki. Elektronik Siyaset Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1).
  • Vine, D., Coffman, C., Khoury, K., Lovasz, M., Bush, H., Leduc, R. ve Walkup, J. (2020). Creating refugees: Displacement caused by the United States’ Post-9/11 Wars. Watson Institute.
  • WHO. (2019). A world at risk. Annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies. Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. World Health Organization.
  • Wild, B., Erb, M. ve Bartels, M. (2001). Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: Quality, quantity, time course and gender differences. Psychiatry Research, 102(2).
  • Wollebæk, D., Karlsen, R., Steen-Johnsen, K. ve Enjolras, B. (2019). Anger, fear, and echo chambers: The emotional basis for online behavior. Social Media and Society.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu

Publication Date December 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Sağıroğlu, A. Z. (2021). Korku Çağı: Terör, Salgın ve Mülteciler. İnsan Ve Toplum, 11(4), 201-228.