Dünya Bankası’nın Kalkınma Söyleminin Evrimini İktisat Teorisi Üzerinden Okumak

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 196 - 224, 28.03.2023

Betül Sarı Aksakal

Abstract

Küresel ekonomik düzende uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşların önemi yadsınamaz. Bu kurum ve kuruluşlardan biri de Dünya Bankası’dır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası yıkıma uğrayan Batı Avrupa’nın yeniden inşası hedefiyle kurulan Dünya Bankası, dünyadaki kalkınma söylemlerini belirleyen bir kurum olma niteliğine sahiptir. Banka, iktisadi teorilerdeki evrime paralel olarak kalkınma söylemini belirlemektedir. Öte yandan banka oluşturduğu kalkınma söylemleriyle dünyada iktisat teorisinin evrimine de katkıda bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bankanın kalkınma söylemi ve iktisadi teorilerin evrimi arasında çift yönlü bir sürecin varlığından bahsetmek mümkündür. Çalışmada bu çift yönlü süreç aydınlatılmıştır. Bankanın kuruluşundan yaklaşık 1960’lı yılların ortalarına kadar Neoklasik teori, Keynesyen teori, Harrod-Domar büyüme modelinin ve Neo-Marksist teorinin temel prensipleri doğrultusunda bir söylem geliştirdiği ortaya konmuştur. 1970’li yıllardan itibaren Keynesyen teorinin birtakım yapısal sorunlara yanıt verememesi sonucu, banka neoliberal teoriye dayalı bir söylem benimsemiştir. 1990’lı yıllarda Yeni Kurumsal İktisat teorisinin yükselişi, bankanın devlet-piyasa işbirliği üzerine odaklanan bir söylem benimsemesini beraberinde getirmiştir. 2000’li yıllardan günümüze uzanan süreçte ise bankanın sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya dayalı bir söylem geliştirdiğini söylemek mümkündür. Ancak gerek 1990’larda, gerekse 2000’lerde geliştirilen söylemlerin temelde neoliberal teorinin ana çekirdeğinden ayrılmamış olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Dünya Bankası, kalkınma, Keynesyen Teori, Neoliberal Teori, Yeni Kurumsalcılık.

Reading the Evolution of the World Bank’s Development Discourse on the Economic Theory

Abstract

Continuous impact of the international institutions and organizations on the world economic order would not be repudiated. One of them is the World Bank (WB). Bank was established for the purpose of reconstruction of the Western Europe, which was destroyed subsequent to the Second World War, and it also has the characteristic of being an institution determining the development discourses in the world. Bank specifies its development discourse in line with the evolution of the economic theories. On the other hand, it also contributes to the evolution of the economic theory by means of the development discourses it composes. Therefore, it is possible to make mention about the existence of a two-way process between development discourse of the Bank and the evolution of economic theories. This two-way process has been illuminated in this study. It has been demonstrated that Bank has developed a discourse in parallel with the basic principles of Neoclassical theory, Keynesian theory, Harrod-Domar growth model and Neo-Marxist theory from its foundation until the mid-1960s. Since the 1970s, Bank has adopted a discourse based on neoliberal theory as a result of the Keynesian theory’s responseless to the particular structural problems. The rise of the New Institutional Theory in the 1990s brought about Bank’s adoption of discourse which focuses on the state-market cooperation. It would be feasible to claim that Bank has carved out a discourse which hinges on sustainable development in period from the 2000s to the present. However, it is thought that the discourse being constituted both in 1990s and in 2000s has not been parted from the core of the neoliberal theory.

Keywords

World Bank, development, Keynesian Theory, Neoliberal Theory, New Institutionalism.

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