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Çocukların Prososyal ve Antisosyal Nedenlerle Söylenen Yalanlara İlişkin Değerlendirmeleri

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 318 - 337, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.12658/M0716

Abstract

Çocukların yalana ilişkin muhakeme ve değerlendirmeleri, son yirmi yılda pek çok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. Ancak bu çalışmaların sınırlı sayıdaki ülkelerde gerçekleştiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle şimdiki çalışmada 4-8 yaşları arasındaki Türk çocuklarının prososyal ve antisosyal yalanlara ilişkin değerlendirmeleri incelenmiştir. Çocukların yalana ilişkin değerlendirmelerinin ölçümünde, prososyal ve antisosyal içerikli yalan söylenen hikâyeler resimli kartlarla çocuklara anlatılmıştır. Sonuçlar, çocukların prososyal niyetle yalan söylenen öykülerde yalan söyleme davranışlarını daha kabul edilebilir bulduklarını ve bu tür prososyal yalanların 8 yaşındaki çocuklarda 4 ve 5 yaşındaki çocuklara göre daha kabul edilebilir bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Mevcut araştırma batılı toplumlar dışında gerçekleştirilmesi açısından öncü olduğu için bulgular kültür içi ve kültürler arası faktörler üzerinden tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Astington, J. W., & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory of mind development and social understanding. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508409006
  • Aydin, M. S. (2022). Prosocial lies in children: The social and cognitive correlates of acceptability of prosocial lies in middle childhood. Nobel Publishing.
  • Aydin, M. S., & Balim, S. (2021). Why do we lie? An explanatory view for lie-telling behaviors of university students and adults. Nesne, 9(20), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-09-20-05
  • Aydin, M. S., Karakelle, S., & Kumru, A. (2022). The reliability and validity study of the Reasonability of Prosocial Lie Test-Child Form. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology, 4(1), 34–42. http://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.04
  • Aydin, M. S., Meric, I., Sahin, F. B., & Ergun, E. Y. (2022). Ebeveyn tutumları ve benlik kurgusu ile çocukların yalana ilişkin değerlendirmeleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.1110452
  • Bussey, K. (1999). Children's categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Development, 70(6), 1338–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00098
  • Cutting, A. L., & Dunn, J. (1999). Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: Individual differences and interrelations. Child Development, 70(4), 853–865.
  • Demedardi, M. J., Brechet, C., Gentaz, E., & Monnier, C. (2021). Prosocial lying in children between 4 and 11 years of age: The role of emotional understanding and empathy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 203, 105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105045
  • DePaulo, B. M., Ansfield, M. E., Kirkendol, S. E., & Boden, J. M. (2004). Serious lies. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2602&3_4
  • DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M., & Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 979-995. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.70.5.979
  • Dykstra, V. W., Willoughby, T., & Evans, A. D. (2020). Perceptions of dishonesty: Understanding parents’ reports of and influence on children and adolescents’ lie-telling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01153-5
  • Eskritt, M., Whalen, J., & Lee, K. (2008). Preschoolers can recognize violations of the Gricean maxims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151007X253260
  • Evans, A. D., & Lee, K. (2013). Emergence of lying in very young children. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1958–1963. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0031409
  • Fu, G., Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., & Xu, F. (2001). Chinese and Canadian adults’ categorization and evaluation of lie-and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 720–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032006005
  • Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2022). Children’s cost–benefit assessment of lies across three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 217, 105355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105355
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1989). Child rearing in Türkiye: Implications for immigration and intervention. In L. Eldering & J. Kloprogge (Eds.), Different cultures, same school: Ethnic minority children in Europe (137- 152). Swets & Zeitlinger.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2013). Adolescent autonomy‐relatedness and the family in cultural context: What is optimal? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12041
  • Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Türkiye. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54, 317–337.
  • Karakelle, S. S. (2012). Zihin kuramı gelişiminde kardeş etkisi: İkizler, tek kardeşliler ve tek çocukların karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları (Turkish Psychology Writings), 15, 43–56.
  • Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., Richardson, C., Jampol, N., & Woodward, A. (2011). The accidental transgressor: Morally relevant theory of mind. Cognition, 119(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.006
  • Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 56(10), 670–677.
  • Lavoie, J., Nagar, P. M., & Talwar, V. (2017). From Kantian to Machiavellian deceivers: Development of children’s reasoning and self-reported use of secrets and lies. Childhood, 24(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568216671179
  • Lee, K. (2013). Little liars: Development of verbal deception in children. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12023
  • Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Xu, F., & Board, J. (1997). Chinese and Canadian children's evaluations of lying and truth telling: Similarities and differences in the context of pro‐ and antisocial behaviors. Child Development, 68(5), 924–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01971.x
  • Lee, K., Xu, F., Fu, G., Cameron, C. A., & Chen, S. (2001). Taiwan and Mainland Chinese and Canadian children’s categorization and evaluation of lie‐and truth‐telling: A modesty effect. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(4), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151001166236
  • Mojdehi, A. S., Shohoudi, A., & Talwar, V. (2022). Children’s moral evaluations of different types of lies and parenting practices and across cultural contexts. Current Psychology, 41, 5420–5433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7
  • Mull, M. S., & Evans, E. M. (2010). Did she mean to do it? Acquiring a folk theory of intentionality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107(3), 207–228.
  • Polak, A., & Harris, P. L. (1999). Deception by young children following noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.561
  • Sierksma, J., Spaltman, M., & Lansu, T. A. M. (2019). Children tell more prosocial lies in favor of in-group than out-group peers. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1428–1439. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000721
  • Thoits, P. A., & Hewitt, L. N. (2001). Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090173
  • Umek, L. M., Fekonja, U., Kranjc, S., & Bajc, K. (2008). The effect of children’s gender and parental education on toddler language development. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(3), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930802292056
  • Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2017). Preschoolers’ social and moral judgments of third-party helpers and hinderers align with infants’ social evaluations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 164, 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.004
  • Vendetti, C., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. E. (2019). Theory of mind and preschoolers’ understanding of misdeed and politeness lies. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 823–834. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/dev0000666
  • Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T. (2000). Parent and peer contexts for children's moral reasoning development. Child Development, 71(4), 1033–1048.
  • Walker, L. J., & Taylor, J. H. (1991). Family interactions and the development of moral reasoning. Child Development, 62(2), 264–283.
  • Walper, S., & Valtin, R. (1992). Children’s understanding of white lies. In R. J. Watts, S. Ide, & K. Ehlich (Eds.), Politeness in language: Studies in history, theory, and practice (Vol. 59, pp. 231–251). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). The moral baby. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (2nd ed., pp. 435–453). Psychology Press.
  • Xu, F., Luo, Y. C., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2009). Children's and adults' conceptualization and evaluation of lying and truth‐telling. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 18(4), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.631

Children’s Evaluations About Lying for Prosocial and Antisocial Reasons

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 318 - 337, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.12658/M0716

Abstract

Children’s reasoning and evaluations about lying have been the subject of much research during the past two decades. However, these studies are seen to have been carried out in a limited number of countries. Therefore, the present study examines the evaluations of Turkish children between the ages of 4 and 8 regarding prosocial and antisocial lies. The study uses picture cards to present the children with vignettes in which a protagonist lies for their own or others’ benefit. The results show that children found telling lies to be more acceptable in the context of prosocial stories, with prosocial lies being found to be more acceptable among 8-year-old children compared to 4- and 5-year-old children. Due to this research having been pioneering in a different country, the study discusses the findings through intracultural and intercultural factors.

References

  • Astington, J. W., & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory of mind development and social understanding. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508409006
  • Aydin, M. S. (2022). Prosocial lies in children: The social and cognitive correlates of acceptability of prosocial lies in middle childhood. Nobel Publishing.
  • Aydin, M. S., & Balim, S. (2021). Why do we lie? An explanatory view for lie-telling behaviors of university students and adults. Nesne, 9(20), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-09-20-05
  • Aydin, M. S., Karakelle, S., & Kumru, A. (2022). The reliability and validity study of the Reasonability of Prosocial Lie Test-Child Form. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology, 4(1), 34–42. http://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.04
  • Aydin, M. S., Meric, I., Sahin, F. B., & Ergun, E. Y. (2022). Ebeveyn tutumları ve benlik kurgusu ile çocukların yalana ilişkin değerlendirmeleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.51503/gpd.1110452
  • Bussey, K. (1999). Children's categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Development, 70(6), 1338–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00098
  • Cutting, A. L., & Dunn, J. (1999). Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: Individual differences and interrelations. Child Development, 70(4), 853–865.
  • Demedardi, M. J., Brechet, C., Gentaz, E., & Monnier, C. (2021). Prosocial lying in children between 4 and 11 years of age: The role of emotional understanding and empathy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 203, 105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105045
  • DePaulo, B. M., Ansfield, M. E., Kirkendol, S. E., & Boden, J. M. (2004). Serious lies. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2602&3_4
  • DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M., & Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 979-995. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.70.5.979
  • Dykstra, V. W., Willoughby, T., & Evans, A. D. (2020). Perceptions of dishonesty: Understanding parents’ reports of and influence on children and adolescents’ lie-telling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01153-5
  • Eskritt, M., Whalen, J., & Lee, K. (2008). Preschoolers can recognize violations of the Gricean maxims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151007X253260
  • Evans, A. D., & Lee, K. (2013). Emergence of lying in very young children. Developmental Psychology, 49(10), 1958–1963. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0031409
  • Fu, G., Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., & Xu, F. (2001). Chinese and Canadian adults’ categorization and evaluation of lie-and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 720–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032006005
  • Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2022). Children’s cost–benefit assessment of lies across three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 217, 105355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105355
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1989). Child rearing in Türkiye: Implications for immigration and intervention. In L. Eldering & J. Kloprogge (Eds.), Different cultures, same school: Ethnic minority children in Europe (137- 152). Swets & Zeitlinger.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2013). Adolescent autonomy‐relatedness and the family in cultural context: What is optimal? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12041
  • Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Türkiye. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54, 317–337.
  • Karakelle, S. S. (2012). Zihin kuramı gelişiminde kardeş etkisi: İkizler, tek kardeşliler ve tek çocukların karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları (Turkish Psychology Writings), 15, 43–56.
  • Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., Richardson, C., Jampol, N., & Woodward, A. (2011). The accidental transgressor: Morally relevant theory of mind. Cognition, 119(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.006
  • Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 56(10), 670–677.
  • Lavoie, J., Nagar, P. M., & Talwar, V. (2017). From Kantian to Machiavellian deceivers: Development of children’s reasoning and self-reported use of secrets and lies. Childhood, 24(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568216671179
  • Lee, K. (2013). Little liars: Development of verbal deception in children. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12023
  • Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Xu, F., & Board, J. (1997). Chinese and Canadian children's evaluations of lying and truth telling: Similarities and differences in the context of pro‐ and antisocial behaviors. Child Development, 68(5), 924–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01971.x
  • Lee, K., Xu, F., Fu, G., Cameron, C. A., & Chen, S. (2001). Taiwan and Mainland Chinese and Canadian children’s categorization and evaluation of lie‐and truth‐telling: A modesty effect. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(4), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151001166236
  • Mojdehi, A. S., Shohoudi, A., & Talwar, V. (2022). Children’s moral evaluations of different types of lies and parenting practices and across cultural contexts. Current Psychology, 41, 5420–5433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7
  • Mull, M. S., & Evans, E. M. (2010). Did she mean to do it? Acquiring a folk theory of intentionality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107(3), 207–228.
  • Polak, A., & Harris, P. L. (1999). Deception by young children following noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.561
  • Sierksma, J., Spaltman, M., & Lansu, T. A. M. (2019). Children tell more prosocial lies in favor of in-group than out-group peers. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1428–1439. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000721
  • Thoits, P. A., & Hewitt, L. N. (2001). Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090173
  • Umek, L. M., Fekonja, U., Kranjc, S., & Bajc, K. (2008). The effect of children’s gender and parental education on toddler language development. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(3), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930802292056
  • Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2017). Preschoolers’ social and moral judgments of third-party helpers and hinderers align with infants’ social evaluations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 164, 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.004
  • Vendetti, C., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. E. (2019). Theory of mind and preschoolers’ understanding of misdeed and politeness lies. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 823–834. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/dev0000666
  • Walker, L. J., Hennig, K. H., & Krettenauer, T. (2000). Parent and peer contexts for children's moral reasoning development. Child Development, 71(4), 1033–1048.
  • Walker, L. J., & Taylor, J. H. (1991). Family interactions and the development of moral reasoning. Child Development, 62(2), 264–283.
  • Walper, S., & Valtin, R. (1992). Children’s understanding of white lies. In R. J. Watts, S. Ide, & K. Ehlich (Eds.), Politeness in language: Studies in history, theory, and practice (Vol. 59, pp. 231–251). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). The moral baby. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (2nd ed., pp. 435–453). Psychology Press.
  • Xu, F., Luo, Y. C., Fu, G., & Lee, K. (2009). Children's and adults' conceptualization and evaluation of lying and truth‐telling. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 18(4), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.631
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Culture, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammed Şükrü Aydın This is me 0000-0003-1112-3180

Sema Karakelle This is me 0000-0002-3899-6670

Early Pub Date June 23, 2023
Publication Date June 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydın, M. Ş., & Karakelle, S. (2023). Children’s Evaluations About Lying for Prosocial and Antisocial Reasons. İnsan Ve Toplum, 13(2), 318-337. https://doi.org/10.12658/M0716