İsviçre, Almanya ve Türkiye'nin Entegrasyon Politikalarının Mukayeseli Analizi: Türkiye, Bir Göç Ülkesi mi?

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 22 - 45, 07.03.2025

Ertuğrul Gökçekuyu

Abstract

Bu makalede, İsviçre, Almanya ve Türkiye’nin göç politikalarını inceleyerek, göç politikalarının önemini değerlendirmek için karşılaştırmalı bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nispeten yeni bir göç konumu olan Türkiye, göçmenleri düzenleme ve kamuoyu tepkileri arasında mücadele ederek zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Geçmiş siyasi dinamiklerin incelenmesinin temel amacı, Türkiye’nin politika oluşturma sürecine ilişkin öğrenilecek yolların olduğunu göstermektir; zira Türkiye’nin göç deneyimleri yalnızca yeni değil, aynı zamanda 2013 tarihli Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu (YUKK) gibi yeni mevzuatlarla da şekillenmiştir. YUKK göçü düzenlese de, uyum politikaları sunmamaktadır. Bu analiz, Türkiye’nin göç deneyimlerini İsviçre ve Almanya gibi ülkelerin göç politikada başarı ve eksikliklerine bakarak daha geniş bir bağlamda konumlandırmaktadır. Daha önemlisi, bu analiz, göçü geçici bir olgu olarak gören Türkiye’nin politika çerçevesi için önemli iç görüler sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, 2011’de Suriye çatışmasının başlaması, Türk toplumunun göç konusunda ki önemli eleştirisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu noktada, Türkiye’nin göç deneyimleri, İsviçre ve Almanya’nın geçmişteki varsayımlarına benzer şekilde, göçmenlerin bir gün geri döneceği düşüncesiyle entegrasyon politikalarını göz ardı ettiğidir. İzolasyon teorisine dayalı bu analiz, entegrasyon politikalarına başlamanın, kendi ülkemizi bir göç ülkesi olarak kabul etmenin ilk adımı olduğunu göstermektedir. Analizin temel sorusu, Türkiye’nin göç politikalarının İsviçre ve Almanya göç deneyimlerinden alınan karşılaştırmalı dersler temelinde uzun vadeli entegrasyon zorluklarını ele almak üzere nasıl geliştiğidir. Analizin önemli bir bulgusu, Türk hükümetinin İsviçre ve Almanya göç tarihinin benzeri şekilde kısa vadeli, düzenleyici mevzuatlara güveniyor olmasıdır. Bu yaklaşım Türkiye’nin kendini kalıcı bir göç ülkesi olarak kabullenmesini engellediği için, kapsamlı sosyal entegrasyon politikaları benimsemesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

göç, uyum, İsviçre, Almanya, Türkiye, mülteciler

Comparative Analysis of Integration Policies in Switzerland, Germany, and Türkiye: Is Türkiye a Country of Immigration?

Abstract

This article performs a comparative analysis to evaluate the importance of immigration policies by studying the experiences of Swiss, German, and Turkish immigration policies. As a relatively recent immigration destination, Türkiye faces challenges and the resultant struggles between regulating immigrants and public sentiments. The central objective of this exploration of past political dynamics aims to demonstrate the paths to be learned regarding policymaking for Türkiye, where Turkish experiences are not only new but are also marked by new legislation such as the 2013 Law on Foreigners and International Protection (YUKK). While YUKK regulates immigration, it does not offer integration policies. This analysis situates Türkiye’s immigration experiences in a broader context by looking at the successes and shortcomings of Swiss and German immigration policies. More importantly the study presents crucial insights for Türkiye’s policy framework, which views immigration as a temporary phenomenon. Nevertheless, the inception of the Syrian conflict in 2011 revealed Turkish society to have enacted significant public scrutiny regarding immigration. Turkish immigration experiences at this point in time overlook integrationist policies comparable to the past Swiss and German assumption that someday immigrants will return home. The analysis based on insulation theory shows that starting integration policies is the first step to Turks acknowledging their own country as an immigration country. The central question of the analysis is how Türkiye’s immigration policies have evolved to address long-term integration challenges by drawing on comparative lessons from Swiss and German immigration experiences. One important finding from the analysis is that the Turkish government relies on short-term regulative legislation similar to the historical Swiss and German immigration policies. This approach renders Türkiye unable to accept itself as a permanent immigration country, thereby underlining the importance of adopting comprehensive social integration policies.

Keywords

immigration, integration, Switzerland, Germany, Türkiye, refugees

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