Afrika'da Kolonyal Miras Olarak Kuzey-Güney Çatışmasının Etnik ve Dini Dinamikleri: Sara Kabileleri Üzerine Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 158 - 178, 07.03.2025

Osman Türk

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Çad Cumhuriyeti’ndeki kuzey-güney çatışması üzerinde sömürge dönemi siyasi yönetim politikalarının etkilerini, etnik ve dini dinamiklerin karmaşık etkileşimi üzerinden incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Araştırmada, güney Çad’daki Hristiyan Sara kabile Şeflerinden toplanan derinlemesine mülakat verilerinden faydalanılmış ve analiz için teorik çerçeve olarak Ted Gurr’un “göreceli yoksunluk” modeli kullanılmıştır. Frankofon bir ülke olan Çad, 1884 Berlin Batı Afrika Konferansı’nı takiben Sahel bölgesinde Fransa için stratejik bir karakol görevi gördü. Bu resmi sömürge rejimi 1960’ların başlarına kadar sürdü ve Çad’ın nominal bağımsızlığı ile sonuçlandı. Ancak, sömürge sonrası bir aşamaya girmek yerine, Çad’ın yörüngesi, Fransa’nın öncülük ettiği sömürge güçlerinin bölgedeki stratejik çıkarlarını koruduğu bir neo-sömürgeci süreklilik ile belirlenmiştir. Eş zamanlı olarak, Çadlı siyasi aktörler arasındaki iç güç mücadeleleri, ekonomi ve sosyal doku dahil olmak üzere çeşitli alanlardaki yapısal sorunları şiddetlendirmiştir. Bu dönem, özellikle ülkenin kuzey ve güney bölgeleri arasında, etnik ve dini kimliklere dayalı bir diyalektiğin ortaya çıkışına tanık oldu. Başlangıçta bu diyalektik, 1960’tan 1975’e kadar siyasi gücü elinde tutan Hristiyan Sara kabileleri tarafından domine edildi. Ancak bu hakimiyet, 1975 sonrası dönemde tersine döndü, özellikle 1990’da Deby ailesi ve Zaghawa kabilesinin yükselişiyle birlikte, kuzey Müslüman hegemonyası ile karakterize edilen bir dönemin başlangıcını işaret etti. Sonuç olarak, güç dinamiklerindeki bu değişim, Sara kabileleri arasında marjinalleşme ve dışlanma hissi yarattı ve kuzey fraksiyonlarına karşı etnik ve dini bölünmenin yoğunlaşmasına yol açtı. Kendilerini Çad’ın asıl ve meşru sakinleri olarak gören Sara kabileleri içinde, derin köklü şikayetleri ve özerklik arzusunu yansıtan aralıklı ayrılma çağrıları oluşmaya başlamıştır.

Keywords

Afrika, Kuzey-Güney Çatışması, Çad, Sahel Bölgesi, Sara Kabileleri

Ethnic and Religious Dynamics of the North-South Conflict as a Colonial Legacy in Africa: An Analysis of the Sara Tribes

Abstract

This study endeavors to scrutinize the effects of colonial-era political governance policies on the north-south conflict in the Republic of Chad, analyzed through the complex interplay of ethnic and religious dynamics. The research employs in-depth interview data collected from Chiefs of the Christian Sara tribes in southern Chad, utilizing Ted Gurr’s “relative deprivation” model as a theoretical framework for analysis. Chad, a Francophone nation, emerged as a strategic outpost for France in the Sahel region following the Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884. This formal colonial regime persisted until the early 1960s, culminating in Chad’s nominal independence. However, rather than entering a postcolonial phase, Chad’s trajectory has been marked by a neocolonial continuity, with colonial powers, pioneered by France, maintaining their strategic interests in the region. Concurrently, the internal power struggles among Chadian political actors have exacerbated structural issues across various domains, including the economy and social fabric. This period witnessed the emergence of a dialectic rooted in ethnic and religious identities, particularly between the northern and southern regions of the country. Initially, this dialectic was dominated by the Christian Sara tribes, who held political power from 1960 to 1975. However, this dominance was reversed in the post-1975 period, especially with the ascension of the Deby family and the Zaghawa tribe in 1990, marking the onset of an era characterized by northern Muslim hegemony. Consequently, this shift in power dynamics fostered a sense of marginalization and exclusion among the Sara tribes, leading to an intensification of ethnic and religious division against the northern factions. Within the Sara tribes, who consider themselves the original and rightful inhabitants of Chad, there have been intermittent calls for secession, reflecting deep-seated grievances and a desire for autonomy.

Keywords

North-South Conflict, Sara Tribes, Chad, Africa, Sahel Region

References

• Adebayo, O. M., & Kwame, F. (2024). Tribal exclusion and political instability: A comparative analysis of Sub-Saharan African states. African Studies Review, 67(2), 112-134.
• Adewale, A. (2022). The History and Legality of the Prosecution of Hissene Habre: The Reluctance of Senegal and Lessons for Africa. Convener and Instructor, Human Rights Information Platform, 1- 20.
• Arifi, B. (2019). Drivers to Violent Extremism in South Eastern Europe the North Macedonian Context. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 7(1), 27-51.
• Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7-36.
• Burgess, S. (2016). “UN and AU Counterterrorism Norm Acceptance: Comparative Security Policies of Uganda and Chad. Comparative Strategy, 35(4), 315-325.
• www.cia.gov. (2024, 10 10). www.cia.gov. 10 20, 2024 tarihinde www.cia.gov: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/#people-and-society adresinden alındı.
• Coleman, P. T., & Bartoli, A. (2003). Addressing Extremism. New York: Columbia University, The International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution,.
• Colleo, T. (1998). Chad a Country Study. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Çelik, E. (2021). Yoksulluk Olgusunun Radikalleşme Sürecine Etkileri. 12 14, 2022 tarihinde https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden alındı
• Decalo, S. (1997). Historical Dictionary of Chad. Scarecrow Press.
• Diallo, M., & Nkomo, S. (2023). Educational marginalization and youth radicalization: A study of tribal exclusion in West Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 41(3), 138-156.
• Epstein, G., & Gang, I. (2004). Understanding the Development of Fundamentalism. Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labo.
• Ercins, G. (2009). Küreselleştirici modernliğin bir antitezi: Fundamentalizm. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 652-672.
• Flynn, S. I. (2011). Social movement theory: Relative deprivation theory,” in Sociology Reference Guide. NJ: Salem Press.
• Global Economy. (2022). Chad: Human development. 01 28, 2024 tarihinde www.theglobaleconomy.com: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Chad/human_development/#:~:text=Human%20Development%20Index%20(0%20%2D%201)&text=The%20average%20value%20for%20Chad,184%20countrie s%20is%200.724%20points. adresinden alındı
• Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Gurr, T. R. (2015). Political rebellion: Causes, outcomes and alternatives. Routledge.
• Hansen, K. (2021). CHAD: REALP OLITIK AND ASPIRATIONAL DEPRIVATION. NEWGEN: OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF.
• Tekin, H. H. (2012). Nitel Araştırma Yönteminin Bir Veri Toplama Tekniği Olarak Derinlemesine Görüşme. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(13), 101-116.
• Haynes, J. (1995). Religion, Fundamentalism and Ethnicity. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). 12 25, 2022 tarihinde https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28966/dp65.pdf adresinden alındı
• Heywood, A. (2013). Siyasi İdeolojiler. (A. K. Bayram, Ö. Tüfekçi, H. İnaç, Ş. Akın, & B. Kalkan, Çev.) Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
• Hilker, L. M., & Fraser, E. (2009). Youth exclusion, violence, conflict and fragile states. Birmingham: Governance and Social Development Resource Center.
• Hoffman, J., & Graham, P. (2006). Fundamentalism”, Introduction to Political Theory. Pearson Education Limited, 392-413.
• Hudson, J. (2018). Relative deprivation and social movements: How inequality drives unrest. Sage Publications.
• Ibrahim, A., & Mwangi, K. (2024). The politics of tribal exclusion: Understanding conflict dynamics in East Africa. African Security Review, 33(1), 65-82
• Kruglanski, A., Jasko, K., & Webber, D. (2022). Political Extremism. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles,, 1-50. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336613344_Political_Extremism/link/6209dc81afa8884cabe1eec7/download adresinden alındı
• Marchal, R. (2016). An emerging military power in Central Africa? Chad under Idriss Déby. Sociétés politiques comparées, 1-20.
• Marcus, H., & Raleigh, C. (2013). Mobilization dynamics and collective discontent in Africa. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(2), 215-235.
• Martin, G. (2017). Terörizm: Kavramlar ve Kuramlar. Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
• Mensah, K., & Adu-Gyamfi, S. (2023). Bridging the gap: Inclusive governance models for mitigating central authority-tribal conflicts in Africa. Journal of African Politics, 45(2), 178-195.
• Minority Rights Group. (2020, November 12). Chad. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from https://minorityrights.org/country/chad/
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2023). The specter of colonialism: State formation and tribal identities in contemporary Africa. African Studies Quarterly, 24(1), 23-42.
• Neumann, P., & Winter, C. (2020, 2 14). Online Extremism: Research Trends in Internet Activism, Radicalization and Counter-Strategies. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, s. 1-20.
• Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B. (2012). Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa. Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3), 46-54.
• Odhiambo, E. (2014). Religious Fundamentalism and Terrorism. Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, 2(1), 187-205.
• Powell, N. (2020). France's Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa. N. Powell içinde, The Decline and Fall of the Central African Empire (s. 225-262). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review . The Hague: The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT).
• Schmitt, J. B., & Rieger, D. (2018). Counter-messages as Prevention or Promotion of Extremism?! The Potential Role Of Youtube. Journal of Communication, 1-29.
• Smith, A. D. (2018). Relative deprivation and ethnic conflict in Africa: A case study of Chad. International Journal of Conflict Studies, 12(3), 145-168.
• Tubiana, J., & Debos, M. (2017). political manipulation at home, military intervention abroad, challenging times ahead. Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
• UNHCR. (2008, 6 12). Minority Rights Group International,. 07 06, 2024 tarihinde www.refworld.org: https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/64943 adresinden alındı
• WFP . (2023). Chad Country Brief. Rome: World Food Programe.
• Wibtrobe, R. (2018). Rational Extremism. The Political Economy of Radicalism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, pp. 207-239.
• Wilson, P. (2016). Economic disparities and political marginalization in Chad: A sociopolitical analysis. African Studies Review, 59(4), 480-492.
• Yayla, A. (2003). Siyasi Düşünce Sözlüğü. Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
• Yacoub, A. (2022). Le Lac Tcad Sans Boko Haram en 2022 c'est Possible. N'djamina: CEDPE.
• Yeboah, K., & Asante, P. (2024). Economic marginalization and resource conflicts: The role of tribal exclusion in African political economy. Review of African Political Economy, 51(159), 85-102.