Cultural Competence Scale (CCS): The Study of Adaptation to Turkish, Validity and Reliability

Abstract

The aim of this study is to adapt The Cultural Competence Scale (CCS) to Turkish. Sample of the study consists of 420 university students attending Gaziantep University Education Faculty. First, the inventory was translated into Turkish and English again by five experts. By this way linguistic equivalence is verified. The factor structure of the inventory was analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The findings of the analysis showed that factor structures of the inventory were similar with the original inventories. The internal consistency value of scale is 0,86. The test-retest reliability of the scale was found 0.91. As a result, Turkish Cultural Competency Scale is said to be reliable and valid instrument to measure cultural competencies of university students in Turkey

Keywords

• Cultural literacy, cultural competency, validity, reliability, university students

References

1. Ahmann, E. (2002) Developing cultural competence in health care settings. Pediatric Nursing, 28, 133–137.
2. American Speech-Language Hearing Association (2004). Knowledge and skills needed by speech-language pathologists and audiologists to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services. [www.asha.org/docs/.../KS2004-00215.html], downloaded October 16 from this website.
3. Berjawi, M. (2010). Cultural literacy in schools. A project presented to the Faculty of The Education Department, Lebanese American University, Lebanese.
4. Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In KA Bollen ve JS Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp.136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
5. Bruce, B. C. (2003). Literacy in the information age: Inquiries into meaning making with new technologies. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
6. Burchum, J. L. R. (2002). Cultural competence: An evolutionary perspective. Nursing Forum, (37): 5-15. DOI:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2002.tb01287.x
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
8. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö., Kahveci, Ö., Demirel, F. (2004). Güdülenme ve Öğrenme

9. Stratejileri Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 4(2): 207-239. Byrne, B. M. & Campbell, T. L. (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: a look beneath the surface. Journal of
10. Cross Cultural Psychology, 30, 555-574. Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002). The process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care services: a model of care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13, 181–184.
11. Center for Cross Cultural Education (2007). Cultural competence training for healthcare providers. [www.cdc.gov/.../Na_Cultural_Competency], downloaded October 16 2012 from this website.
12. Chen, G., & Starosta, W. (2000). The development and validation of the Intercultural
13. Sensitivity Scale. Presented at the Annual Meeting of national Communication Association. Seattle, WA. Chrisman, N. J. (2007). Extending cultural competence through systems change: Academic, hospital and community partnerships. The Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1(18), 68-76.
14. Cross, T., Bazron, B., Dennis, K. & Isaacs, M. (1989). Towards a culturally competent system of care, Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Child Development Center.
15. Graf, A. (2004). Assessing intercultural training designs. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(2), 3-4.
16. Hambleton, R.K. & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided an guidlines for improving test adaptation practies. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1, 1-30.
17. Hanley, J. H. (1999). Beyond the tip of iceberg: Five stages toward cultural competence.
18. Journal of Reaching Today’s Youth, 2(3), 9-12. Hawkes, J. (2001). The fourth pillar of sustainability: Culture’s essential role in public planning, Victoria: Comman Ground Publishing.
19. Hirsch, E. D. Jr. (2001). Cultural Literacy, www.projectcitizen405.com/Background/culliter.pdf]downloaded September 15 2012 from this website.
20. Huskey, M., Deen, M. K. Y. & Parker, L. (2010). Cultural competencies for outreach professionals. [www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/.../Navi...], downloaded October 16 2012 from this website.
21. Jeffreys, M. R. (2002). A transcultural core course in the clinical nurse specialist curriculum.
22. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 16, 195–202. Karaeminoğulları, A., Doğan, A., Bozkurt, S. (2009). Kültürlerarası adaptasyon envanteri
23. (cross cultural adaptability inventory CCAI) üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi,14(1), 331-349. Kılıçer, K., Odabaşı, H. F. (2010). Bireysel yenilikçilik ölçeği (byö): Türkçe'ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 150
24. Kızıldağ, S., Demirtaş Zorbaz, S., Gençtanırım, D., Arıcı, F. (2012). Hacettepe üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma yardımı almaya ve bu yardımın sunulduğu birimlere ilişkin görüşleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 185-196.
25. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J. & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD's brief self- report measure of educational psychology's most useful affective constructs: Crosscultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6, 311-360.
26. Mason, J. L.,Benjamin, M. P. & Lewis, S.A. (1993). The cultural competence model:
27. Implications for child and family mental health services. In C. A. Gilbert ve C. T. Nixon (Eds.), Families and the mental health system for children and adolescents. 1995-1997: Vol , (pp. 165-191). US: SAGE Publications,Inc. www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book5558?seriesId=Series409vefs=1#tabview=google], downloaded October 16 2012 from this website.
28. Nieto, C. P. (2008). Cultural competence and its influence on the teaching and learning of international students. Unpublished master thesis, Graduate College of Bowling Gren State
29. University. [http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1209753315],downloaded
30. October 16 2012 from this website..
31. Pahl, K. & Rowsell, J., (2012). Literacy and education: The new literacy studies and teaching literacy (2nd Ed.), US, SAGE Publications Ltd. [www.sagepub.com/upm- data/47591_Pahl_ve_Rowsell_chapter.pdf], downloaded October 18 2012 from this website.
32. Perng,S. J. & Watson, R. (2012). Construct validation of the nurse cultural competence scale:
33. A hierarchy of abilities. Journal of Clinical Nursing. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03933.x
34. Polistina, K. (2009). Cultural literacy: Understanding and respect for the cultural aspects of sustainability. [www.greenbooks.co.uk/Book/108/The-Handbook-of-Sustainability.html], downloaded October 16 2012 from this website.
35. Ponterotto, J. G. (1998). Development and initial score validation of the Teacher Multicultural
36. Attitude Survey. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(4), 1002-1016.
37. Quappe, S. & Cantatore, G. (2005). What is cultural awareness, anyway? How do I build it?. www.culturosity.com/.../What%20is%20Cu...], downloaded October 22 2012 from this website.
38. Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S. & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education. 42, 249–257.
39. Roberts-Walter, P. F. (2007). Determining the validity and reliability of the cultural awareness and beliefs inventory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas AveM University,
40. Texas, U. S.. [http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/6013], downloaded October 20 2012 from this website.
41. Stanhope, V., Solomon, P., Pernell-Arnold, A., Sands, R.G. & Bourjolly, J.N. (2005).
42. Evaluating cultural competence among behavioral health professionals. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28(3), 225-33. Street, B. V. (1995). Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, etnography and education, London: Longman.
43. Suh, E.E. (2004). The model of cultural competence through an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15, 93–102.
44. Şişman, M. (2007). Örgütler ve kültürler, Ankara: Pegem A
45. Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
46. Tezbaşaran, A. A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu, Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
47. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (2001). Cultural competence works: Using cultural competence to improve the quality of health care for diverse populations and add value to managed care arrangements. [ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/.../cultural_competence.pdf],downloaded October 20 2012 from this website..
48. UNESCO, (2012). Literacy for all. [http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php
49. URL_ID=5000veURL_DO=DO_TOPICveURL SECTION=201.html], downloaded October 2012 from this website.
50. Yazıcıoğlu, Y., Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
51. Ziesing, M. (2005). Cultural literacy and language fluency. [http://www.utcc.ac.th/article research/PDF/chapter2.pdf], downloaded October 16 2012 from this website.