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SİNEMADA DİJİTALLEŞME İLE GERÇEKLİĞİN İNŞASI

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 32 - 47, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46442/intjcss.1033406

Abstract

Gelişen dijital teknolojilerle birlikte sinemada yapım öncesi, yapım, yapım sonrası, dağıtım ve gösterim aşamaları gittikçe değişmekte ve gelişmektedir. Bu durum, seyircinin konumu üzerinde değişikliklere yol açmaktadır. Konvansiyonel üretimin egemen olduğu dönemde, filmler sinema salonlarında toplu olarak izlendiğinden, sinema deneyimi bireysel değil toplumsaldır. Fakat, dijitalleşme ile seyirci filmleri evinde izlemeye başlamıştır. Sinema, artık toplumsal olmaktan çok bireysel bir seyir kültürüne doğru ilerlemektedir. 1970’lerin sonlarında, izleyiciler videokasetler aracılığıyla filmleri istedikleri yerde ve zamanda izleme fırsatı yakalamıştır. Ancak, her filme ulaşamama ve mevcut denetimlerden dolayı filmleri, bazı bölümleri kesilmiş olarak izleme problemleri bulunmaktadır. 1990’lı yıllarda, gelişen CD-Rom teknolojileri sayesinde bir bilgisayara sahip olan herkes, kendi kişisel sinemasına sahip olabilmiştir. 2000’li yıllarda ise, gelişen internet teknolojileriyle birlikte izleyiciler istedikleri hemen her filme ulaşma olanağına kavuşmuştur. Bilgisayar, tablet ve cep telefonları aracılığıyla, yolculuk sırasında bile istenilen filmlere ulaşılabilmektedir. Son yıllarda, üç boyutlu ve interaktif filmler de seyircilerle buluşmuştur. Böylece izleyiciler, gelişen bilgisayar teknolojileri sayesinde dijital filmlere müdahale edebilmekte ve onları istediği gibi tekrardan kurgulayabilmektedir.

References

  • Aubert, M. (2018). Palaeolithic Cave Art in Borneo. Nature, 254-257.
  • Barnouw, E. (1981). The Magician and the Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. University of Michigan Press.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1997). Aesthetics illusion and Virtual Reality. (Ed.) Nicholas Zurbrugg. Art and Artefacts içinde. London: Sage Publication.
  • Bauman, Z. (1998). Globalization : The Human Consequences. Columbia University Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017). Akışkan Modernite, çev. S. O. Çavuş. İstanbul: Can.
  • Berger, J. (2006). Görme Biçimleri. (Çev.) Yurdanur Salman. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Creeber, G. Martin, R. (2009). Digital Cultures: Understanding New Media. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Casetti, F. (2011). Sutured Reality: Film, from Photographic to Digital. October, 138, 95–106.
  • Couchot, E. (2005). Media Art: Hybridization and Autonomy. http://www.mediaarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Edmond_Couchot2.pdf (11 Ocak 2019).
  • Daly, K. (2010). Cinema 3.0: The Interactive-Image, Cinema Journal, Sayı 50, No. 1 (Fall), 81-98.
  • Darley, A. (2000). Visual Digital Culture: Surface Play and Spectacle in New Media Genres, London: Routledge.
  • Dixon, S. (2007). Digital Performance: A History of New Media in Theater. Dance, Perfor-mance Art, and Installation. London: MIT Press.
  • Elsaesser, T., & Hagener, M. (2015). Film Theory: An Introduction through the Senses. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
  • Erkılıç, H. Ve Duruel Erkılıç, S. A (2007). Dijital Sinema ve Gerçeklik. Can Bilgili, Nesrin Tan Akbuluk (der.), Medya Eleştirileri 2007 Gerçeğin Dışındakiler içinde, İstanbul: Beta, 289-306.
  • Erus, Z. Ç. Ve Küçünen, H. (2010). Sinema ve Gerçeklik: Selüloidden Dijitale. Yeni İletişim Ortamları ve Etkileşim Uluslararası Konferansı bildiriler kitabı içinde, İstanbul: Marmara Üni-versitesi, 281-283.
  • Frampton, D. (2012). Filmozofi, (Çev.) C. Soydemir, İstanbul: Metis.
  • Gere, C. (2006). Art, Time and Technology. USA: Berg Publications.
  • Giralt, G. F. (2010).”Realism and Realistic Representation in the Digital Age”, Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Fall 2010)
  • Jenkins, H. (1999). The Work of Theory in the Age of Digital Transformation, Toby Miller ve Robert Stam (der.), A Companion to Film Theory içinde, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 234-261.
  • Kay, A. Goldberg, A. (1977). Personal Dynamic Media (Ed.) R. Parker, K. Jordan. Multime-dia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality içinde. (2001). New York: Norton& Company.
  • Kracauer, S. (2015). Film Teorisi: Fiziksel Gerçekliğin Kurtuluşu. (Çev.) Çelik, Ö. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Kwastek, K. (2013). Aesthetics of Interaction in Digital Art. London: MIT Press.
  • Lillemose, J. (2006). Conceptual Transformations of art: From the Dematerialisation of the Object to Immateriality in Networks. J. Krysa (Ed.), Curating Immateriality: The Work of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems içinde. New York City: Autonomedia, 133-135.
  • Manovich, L. (1997). Cinema as a Cultural Interface. http://manovich.net/content/04-projects/020-cinema-as-a-culturalinterface/17_article_1997.pdf (24 Kasım 2018).
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The Language of New Media. Massachusettes: MIT Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2003). Introduction to New Media Reader. (Edt.) Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfront. The New Media Reader içinde. London: MIT Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2010). Digital Cinema and the History of a Moving Image, Marc Furstenau (der.), The Film Theory Reader içinde. London: Routledge, 245–254.
  • Manovich, L. (2013). Software Takes Command. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ormanlı, O. (2012). Dijitalleşme ve Türk Sineması. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC. Sayı 2 (April), 2.
  • Pierson, M. (2002). Special Effects: Still in Search of Wonder. New York: Columbia Univer-sity Press.
  • Prince, S. (1996). True Lies: Perceptual Realism, Digital Images, and Film Theory. Film Quar-terly, Sayı 49, No. 3 (Spring), 27-37.
  • Prince, S. (2004). The Emergence of Filmic Artifacts: Cinema and Cinematography in the Di-gital Era, Film Quarterly, Sayı 57, No. 3 (Spring 2004), 24-33. Rodowick, D. N. (2007). The Virtual Life of Film. Cambridge: Harward University Press.
  • Rogers, A. (2012). You Don’t So Much Watch It as Download It: Conceptualizations of Digi-tal Spectatorship, Film History, Sayı 24, No. 2, (Digital Cinema), 221-234.
  • Stam, R. (2014). Sinema Teorisine Giriş, çev. Salman ve Ç. Asatekin, İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Şentürk, R. (2016). Sinemanın Dramı. R. Şentürk (Ed.), Dijital Sinema & Kuramdan Tekniğe içinde. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 5-49.
  • Tarkovsky, A (1987). Sculpting in Time: Reflections on the Cinema. Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • Usai, C. P. (2001). The Death of Cinema: History, Cultural Memory and the Digital Dark Age. British Film Institute.
  • Wang, S. (2012). Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0: What does it all mean and where is it all going? https://bridgesandtangents.wordpress.com/2012/09/25/web-1-0-web-2-0-web-3-0-what-does-it-all-mean-and-where-is-it-all-going/ (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Whissel, K. (2014). Spectacular Digital Effects: CGI and Contemporary Cinema. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Yurdigül, Y. ve Zinderen, İ. E. (2011). Sinemada Özel Efekt. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi. Sayı 2, 101-104.
  • Yurdigül, Y. ve Zinderen, İ. E. (2013). Sinema ve Televizyonda Özel Efekt. İstanbul: Doğa Kitabevi.

CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY WITH DIGITALIZATION IN CINEMA

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 32 - 47, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.46442/intjcss.1033406

Abstract

With the developing digital technologies, pre-production, production, post-production, distribution and screening stages in cinema are changing and developing. This leads to changes in the position of the audience. Since the movies are watched collectively in movie theaters in the era of conventional production, the cinema experience is not individual but social. However, with digitalization, the audience started to watch the movies at home. Cinema is now moving towards an individual viewing culture rather than a social one. In the late 1970s, viewers had the opportunity to watch movies whenever and wherever they wanted via videotapes. However, there are problems with watching movies with some parts cut off due to the inaccessibility of every movie and the current controls. In the 1990s, thanks to the developing CD-Rom technologies, anyone who had a computer was able to have their own personal cinema. In the 2000s, with the developing internet technologies, the audience had the opportunity to access almost any movie they wanted. The desired movies can be accessed through computers, tablets and mobile phones, even during travel. In recent years, three-dimensional and interactive films have also met with the audience. Thus, viewers can intervene in digital films and re-edit them as they wish, thanks to the developing computer technologies.

References

  • Aubert, M. (2018). Palaeolithic Cave Art in Borneo. Nature, 254-257.
  • Barnouw, E. (1981). The Magician and the Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation. University of Michigan Press.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1997). Aesthetics illusion and Virtual Reality. (Ed.) Nicholas Zurbrugg. Art and Artefacts içinde. London: Sage Publication.
  • Bauman, Z. (1998). Globalization : The Human Consequences. Columbia University Press.
  • Bauman, Z. (2017). Akışkan Modernite, çev. S. O. Çavuş. İstanbul: Can.
  • Berger, J. (2006). Görme Biçimleri. (Çev.) Yurdanur Salman. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Creeber, G. Martin, R. (2009). Digital Cultures: Understanding New Media. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Casetti, F. (2011). Sutured Reality: Film, from Photographic to Digital. October, 138, 95–106.
  • Couchot, E. (2005). Media Art: Hybridization and Autonomy. http://www.mediaarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Edmond_Couchot2.pdf (11 Ocak 2019).
  • Daly, K. (2010). Cinema 3.0: The Interactive-Image, Cinema Journal, Sayı 50, No. 1 (Fall), 81-98.
  • Darley, A. (2000). Visual Digital Culture: Surface Play and Spectacle in New Media Genres, London: Routledge.
  • Dixon, S. (2007). Digital Performance: A History of New Media in Theater. Dance, Perfor-mance Art, and Installation. London: MIT Press.
  • Elsaesser, T., & Hagener, M. (2015). Film Theory: An Introduction through the Senses. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
  • Erkılıç, H. Ve Duruel Erkılıç, S. A (2007). Dijital Sinema ve Gerçeklik. Can Bilgili, Nesrin Tan Akbuluk (der.), Medya Eleştirileri 2007 Gerçeğin Dışındakiler içinde, İstanbul: Beta, 289-306.
  • Erus, Z. Ç. Ve Küçünen, H. (2010). Sinema ve Gerçeklik: Selüloidden Dijitale. Yeni İletişim Ortamları ve Etkileşim Uluslararası Konferansı bildiriler kitabı içinde, İstanbul: Marmara Üni-versitesi, 281-283.
  • Frampton, D. (2012). Filmozofi, (Çev.) C. Soydemir, İstanbul: Metis.
  • Gere, C. (2006). Art, Time and Technology. USA: Berg Publications.
  • Giralt, G. F. (2010).”Realism and Realistic Representation in the Digital Age”, Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Fall 2010)
  • Jenkins, H. (1999). The Work of Theory in the Age of Digital Transformation, Toby Miller ve Robert Stam (der.), A Companion to Film Theory içinde, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 234-261.
  • Kay, A. Goldberg, A. (1977). Personal Dynamic Media (Ed.) R. Parker, K. Jordan. Multime-dia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality içinde. (2001). New York: Norton& Company.
  • Kracauer, S. (2015). Film Teorisi: Fiziksel Gerçekliğin Kurtuluşu. (Çev.) Çelik, Ö. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Kwastek, K. (2013). Aesthetics of Interaction in Digital Art. London: MIT Press.
  • Lillemose, J. (2006). Conceptual Transformations of art: From the Dematerialisation of the Object to Immateriality in Networks. J. Krysa (Ed.), Curating Immateriality: The Work of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems içinde. New York City: Autonomedia, 133-135.
  • Manovich, L. (1997). Cinema as a Cultural Interface. http://manovich.net/content/04-projects/020-cinema-as-a-culturalinterface/17_article_1997.pdf (24 Kasım 2018).
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The Language of New Media. Massachusettes: MIT Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2003). Introduction to New Media Reader. (Edt.) Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfront. The New Media Reader içinde. London: MIT Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2010). Digital Cinema and the History of a Moving Image, Marc Furstenau (der.), The Film Theory Reader içinde. London: Routledge, 245–254.
  • Manovich, L. (2013). Software Takes Command. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ormanlı, O. (2012). Dijitalleşme ve Türk Sineması. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication – TOJDAC. Sayı 2 (April), 2.
  • Pierson, M. (2002). Special Effects: Still in Search of Wonder. New York: Columbia Univer-sity Press.
  • Prince, S. (1996). True Lies: Perceptual Realism, Digital Images, and Film Theory. Film Quar-terly, Sayı 49, No. 3 (Spring), 27-37.
  • Prince, S. (2004). The Emergence of Filmic Artifacts: Cinema and Cinematography in the Di-gital Era, Film Quarterly, Sayı 57, No. 3 (Spring 2004), 24-33. Rodowick, D. N. (2007). The Virtual Life of Film. Cambridge: Harward University Press.
  • Rogers, A. (2012). You Don’t So Much Watch It as Download It: Conceptualizations of Digi-tal Spectatorship, Film History, Sayı 24, No. 2, (Digital Cinema), 221-234.
  • Stam, R. (2014). Sinema Teorisine Giriş, çev. Salman ve Ç. Asatekin, İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Şentürk, R. (2016). Sinemanın Dramı. R. Şentürk (Ed.), Dijital Sinema & Kuramdan Tekniğe içinde. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 5-49.
  • Tarkovsky, A (1987). Sculpting in Time: Reflections on the Cinema. Texas: University of Texas Press.
  • Usai, C. P. (2001). The Death of Cinema: History, Cultural Memory and the Digital Dark Age. British Film Institute.
  • Wang, S. (2012). Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0: What does it all mean and where is it all going? https://bridgesandtangents.wordpress.com/2012/09/25/web-1-0-web-2-0-web-3-0-what-does-it-all-mean-and-where-is-it-all-going/ (2 Temmuz 2020).
  • Whissel, K. (2014). Spectacular Digital Effects: CGI and Contemporary Cinema. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Yurdigül, Y. ve Zinderen, İ. E. (2011). Sinemada Özel Efekt. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi. Sayı 2, 101-104.
  • Yurdigül, Y. ve Zinderen, İ. E. (2013). Sinema ve Televizyonda Özel Efekt. İstanbul: Doğa Kitabevi.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research
Authors

İsmail Taşar 0000-0002-1495-8485

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date December 6, 2021
Acceptance Date December 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Taşar, İ. (2022). SİNEMADA DİJİTALLEŞME İLE GERÇEKLİĞİN İNŞASI. Uluslararası Kültürel Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.46442/intjcss.1033406

 International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies