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Field : Sport Sciences, Sports Medicine Type : Review Article

Year 2016, Volume 4 - Issue 1, 56 - 67, 26.03.2016

Abstract

References

  • Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Zaccherotti G, De Biase P (1994). Patellar tendon versus doubled
  • semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports
  • Med, 22(2), 211-217; discussion 217-218. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8198189
  • Arna Risberg M, Lewek M, Snyder-Mackler L (2004). A systematic review of evidence for
  • anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: how much and what type? Phys Ther Sport, 5(3),
  • -145. Retrieved from
  • http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1466853X0400029X?showall=true
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Fleming BC, Nichols CE (2005a). Treatment of anterior
  • cruciate ligament injuries, part 2. Am J Sports Med, 33(11), 1751-1767.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546505279922
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Fleming BC, Nichols CE (2005b). Treatment of anterior
  • cruciate ligament injuries, part I. Am J Sports Med, 33(10), 1579-1602.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546505279913
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011).
  • Accelerated Versus Nonaccelerated Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  • Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548. doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011a).
  • Accelerated versus nonaccelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation evaluating knee joint
  • laxity using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011b).
  • Accelerated versus nonaccelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation evaluating knee joint
  • laxity using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Uh BS, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Nichols CE, Fleming BC, . . . Roos H (2005).
  • Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized,
  • double-blind comparison of programs administered over 2 different time intervals. Am J
  • Sports Med, 33(3), 347-359. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716250
  • Birmingham TB, Kramer JF, Kirkley A, Inglis JT, Spaulding SJ, Vandervoort AA (2001).
  • Knee bracing after ACL reconstruction: effects on postural control and proprioception. Med
  • Sci Sports Exerc, 33(8), 1253-1258. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474323
  • Brewer BW, Cornelius AE, Van Raalte JL, Tennen H, Armeli S (2013). Predictors of
  • adherence to home rehabilitation exercises following anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Rehabil Psychol, 58(1), 64-72. doi:10.1037/a0031297
  • Bynum EB, Barrack RL, Alexander AH (1995). Open versus closed chain kinetic exercises
  • after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study. Am J Sports
  • Med, 23(4), 401-406. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7573647
  • Cascio BM, Culp L, Cosgarea AJ (2004). Return to play after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Clin Sports Med, 23(3), 395-408, ix. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.03.004
  • Christensen JC, Goldfine LR, West HS (2013). The effects of early aggressive rehabilitation
  • on outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstring
  • tendon: a randomized clinical trial. J Sport Rehabil, 22(3), 191-201. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579334
  • Denti M, Vetere DL, Bandi M, Volpi P (2006). Comparative evaluation of knee stability
  • following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with the bone-patellar tendon-bone
  • and the double semitendinosus-gracilis methods: 1- and 2-year prospective study. Knee Surg
  • Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 14(7), 637-640. doi:10.1007/s00167-005-0007-4
  • Duthon VB, Barea C, Abrassart S, Fasel JH, Fritschy D, Menetrey J (2006). Anatomy of the
  • anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 14(3), 204-213.
  • doi:10.1007/s00167-005-0679-9
  • Fleming BC, Oksendahl H, Beynnon BD (2005). Open- or Closed-Kinetic Chain Exercises
  • After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 33(3),
  • -140. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/acsmessr/Fulltext/2005/07000/Open__or_Closed_Kinetic_Chain_Exercises_After.6.aspx
  • Goldblatt JP, Fitzsimmons SE, Balk E, Richmond JC (2005). Reconstruction of the anterior
  • cruciate ligament: meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft.
  • Arthroscopy, 21(7), 791-803. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.04.107
  • Grant JA (2013). Updating Recommendations for Rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction: a
  • Review. Clin J Sport Med, 23(6), 501-502. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000044
  • Ha TP, Li KC, Beaulieu CF, Bergman G, Ch'en IY, Eller DJ, … Herfkens RJ (1998).
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury: fast spin-echo MR imaging with arthroscopic correlation in
  • examinations. American Journal of Roentgenology, 170(5), 1215-1219. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ajronline.org/content/170/5/1215.abstract
  • Karasel S, Akpinar B, Gulbahar S, Baydar M, El O, Pinar H, … Akalin E (2010). Clinical and
  • functional outcomes and proprioception after a modified accelerated rehabilitation program
  • following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Acta
  • orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica, 44(3), 220-228. doi:10.3944/AOTT.2010.2293
  • Keays SL, Newcombe PA, Bullock-Saxton JE, Bullock MI, Keays AC (2010). Factors
  • involved in the development of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J
  • Sports Med, 38(3), 455-463. doi:10.1177/0363546509350914
  • Lindstrom M, Wredmark T, Wretling ML, Henriksson M, Fellander-Tsai L (2015). Postoperative
  • bracing after ACL reconstruction has no effect on knee joint effusion. A
  • prospective, randomized study. Knee, 22(6), 559-564. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.04.015
  • Malempati C, Jurjans J, Noehren B, Ireland ML, Johnson DL (2015). Current Rehabilitation
  • Concepts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery in Athletes. Orthopedics, 38(11), 689-696.
  • doi:10.3928/01477447-20151016-07
  • Markatos K, Kaseta MK, Lallos SN, Korres DS, Efstathopoulos N (2013). The anatomy of
  • the ACL and its importance in ACL reconstruction. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 23(7),
  • -752. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-1079-8
  • Micheo W, Hernandez L, Seda C. (2010). Evaluation, management, rehabilitation, and
  • prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury: current concepts. PM & R : the journal of
  • injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2(10), 935-944. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.06.014
  • Mikkelsen C, Werner S, Eriksson E (2000). Closed kinetic chain alone compared to combined
  • open and closed kinetic chain exercises for quadriceps strengthening after anterior cruciate
  • ligament reconstruction with respect to return to sports: a prospective matched follow-up
  • study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 8(6), 337-342.
  • doi:10.1007/s001670000143
  • Perry MC, Morrissey MC, King JB, Morrissey D, Earnshaw P (2005). Effects of closed
  • versus open kinetic chain knee extensor resistance training on knee laxity and leg function in
  • patients during the 8- to 14-week post-operative period after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 13(5), 357-369.
  • doi:10.1007/s00167-004-0568-7
  • Raynor MC, Pietrobon R, Guller U, Higgins LD (2005). Cryotherapy after ACL
  • reconstruction: a meta-analysis. The journal of knee surgery, 18(2), 123-129. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15915833
  • Risberg MA, Mork M, Jenssen HK, Holm I (2001). Design and implementation of a
  • neuromuscular training program following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop
  • Sports Phys Ther, 31(11), 620-631. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11720295
  • Rodriguez-Merchan EC (2015). Evidence-Based ACL Reconstruction. Arch Bone Jt Surg,
  • (1), 9-12. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25692162
  • Ross MD, Denegar CR, Winzenried JA (2001). Implementation of open and closed kinetic
  • chain quadriceps strengthening exercises after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  • Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning
  • Association, 15(4), 466-473. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726258
  • Seto JL, Orofino AS, Morrissey MC, Medeiros JM, Mason WJ (1988). Assessment of
  • quadriceps/hamstring strength, knee ligament stability, functional and sports activity levels
  • five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 16(2), 170-180.
  • Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3377102
  • Shani RH, Umpierez E, Nasert M, Hiza EA, Xerogeanes J (2016). Biomechanical
  • Comparison of Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  • Reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 32(1), 71-75. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.06.051
  • Shaw T (2002). Accelerated rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  • Phys Ther Sport, 3(1), 19-26. Retrieved from
  • http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1466853X01900896?showall=true
  • Shelbourne KD, Klootwyk TE, Decarlo MS (1992). Update on accelerated rehabilitation after
  • anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 15(6), 303-308.
  • Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781000
  • Shelbourne KD, Nitz P (1990). Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 18(3), 292-299. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2372081
  • Shelbourne KD, Rowdon GA (1994). Anterior cruciate ligament injury. The competitive
  • athlete. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 17(2), 132-140. Retrieved from
  • http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/8171223
  • Shelbourne KD, Wilckens JH, Mollabashy A, DeCarlo M (1991). Arthrofibrosis in acute
  • anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and
  • rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med, 19(4), 332-336. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1897645
  • Shino K, Inoue M, Horibe S, Nagano J, Ono K (1988). Maturation of allograft tendons
  • transplanted into the knee. An arthroscopic and histological study. J Bone Joint Surg Br,
  • (4), 556-560. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3403597
  • Vaishya R, Agarwal AK, Ingole S, Vijay V (2015). Current Trends in Anterior Cruciate
  • Ligament Reconstruction: A Review. Cureus, 7(11), e378. doi:10.7759/cureus.378
  • van Grinsven S, van Cingel RE, Holla CJ, van Loon CJ (2010). Evidence-based rehabilitation
  • following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,
  • (8), 1128-1144. doi:10.1007/s00167-009-1027-2
  • Wilk KE (2015). Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation: Let's Get
  • It Right. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 45(10), 729-730. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0109
  • Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR (2012). Recent advances in the
  • rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 42(3), 153-
  • doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3741
  • Wright RW, Haas AK, Anderson J, Calabrese G, Cavanaugh J, Hewett TE, … Group M
  • (2015). Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation: MOON Guidelines. Sports
  • Health, 7(3), 239-243. doi:10.1177/1941738113517855
  • Xie X, Liu X, Chen Z, Yu Y, Peng S, Li Q (2015). A meta-analysis of bone-patellar tendonbone
  • autograft versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Knee, 22(2), 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2014.11.014

Ideal Rehabilitation Programme after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Review of Evidence

Year 2016, Volume 4 - Issue 1, 56 - 67, 26.03.2016

Abstract

Knee injuries are the second most common musculoskeletal injuries in primary care, with anterior cruciate the most commonly injured ligament. It is caused by contact / non-contact and accelerating/decelerating twisting injury of the knee. Typical presentation includes trauma with pain and swelling, with laxity of the knee joint. Management includes rehabilitation alone or surgery combined with rehabilitation. Pre-surgery rehabilitation with graded physiotherapy programme results in improved postoperative recovery, reduced pain, swelling, better stability and improved range of movement. No consensus exists on an ideal rehabilitation programme, as various factors, including injury to other knee structures, choice of graft, type of surgery performed and patient preference exist. Rehabilitation includes accelerated vs. conservative, closed vs. open kinetic chain and techniques involving bracing, neuromuscular training and cryotherapy. Ideal personalised rehabilitation plan should include educating athletes to improve adherence, providing realistic strategies and approximate time frame for a return to sport. Studies support accelerated rehabilitation before and after surgery, in a clinic and home setting, with combined kinetic exercises. Accelerated rehabilitation protocol involving exercises to increase muscle strength, knee ROM and proprioception along with reducing pain, inflammation and swelling can lead to better knee stability and a less complicated rehabilitation course

References

  • Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Zaccherotti G, De Biase P (1994). Patellar tendon versus doubled
  • semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports
  • Med, 22(2), 211-217; discussion 217-218. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8198189
  • Arna Risberg M, Lewek M, Snyder-Mackler L (2004). A systematic review of evidence for
  • anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: how much and what type? Phys Ther Sport, 5(3),
  • -145. Retrieved from
  • http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1466853X0400029X?showall=true
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Fleming BC, Nichols CE (2005a). Treatment of anterior
  • cruciate ligament injuries, part 2. Am J Sports Med, 33(11), 1751-1767.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546505279922
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Fleming BC, Nichols CE (2005b). Treatment of anterior
  • cruciate ligament injuries, part I. Am J Sports Med, 33(10), 1579-1602.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546505279913
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011).
  • Accelerated Versus Nonaccelerated Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  • Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548. doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011a).
  • Accelerated versus nonaccelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation evaluating knee joint
  • laxity using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, Nichols CE (2011b).
  • Accelerated versus nonaccelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation evaluating knee joint
  • laxity using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Am J Sports Med, 39(12), 2536-2548.
  • doi:10.1177/0363546511422349
  • Beynnon BD, Uh BS, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, Nichols CE, Fleming BC, . . . Roos H (2005).
  • Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized,
  • double-blind comparison of programs administered over 2 different time intervals. Am J
  • Sports Med, 33(3), 347-359. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716250
  • Birmingham TB, Kramer JF, Kirkley A, Inglis JT, Spaulding SJ, Vandervoort AA (2001).
  • Knee bracing after ACL reconstruction: effects on postural control and proprioception. Med
  • Sci Sports Exerc, 33(8), 1253-1258. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474323
  • Brewer BW, Cornelius AE, Van Raalte JL, Tennen H, Armeli S (2013). Predictors of
  • adherence to home rehabilitation exercises following anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Rehabil Psychol, 58(1), 64-72. doi:10.1037/a0031297
  • Bynum EB, Barrack RL, Alexander AH (1995). Open versus closed chain kinetic exercises
  • after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study. Am J Sports
  • Med, 23(4), 401-406. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7573647
  • Cascio BM, Culp L, Cosgarea AJ (2004). Return to play after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Clin Sports Med, 23(3), 395-408, ix. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.03.004
  • Christensen JC, Goldfine LR, West HS (2013). The effects of early aggressive rehabilitation
  • on outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstring
  • tendon: a randomized clinical trial. J Sport Rehabil, 22(3), 191-201. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579334
  • Denti M, Vetere DL, Bandi M, Volpi P (2006). Comparative evaluation of knee stability
  • following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with the bone-patellar tendon-bone
  • and the double semitendinosus-gracilis methods: 1- and 2-year prospective study. Knee Surg
  • Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 14(7), 637-640. doi:10.1007/s00167-005-0007-4
  • Duthon VB, Barea C, Abrassart S, Fasel JH, Fritschy D, Menetrey J (2006). Anatomy of the
  • anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 14(3), 204-213.
  • doi:10.1007/s00167-005-0679-9
  • Fleming BC, Oksendahl H, Beynnon BD (2005). Open- or Closed-Kinetic Chain Exercises
  • After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 33(3),
  • -140. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/acsmessr/Fulltext/2005/07000/Open__or_Closed_Kinetic_Chain_Exercises_After.6.aspx
  • Goldblatt JP, Fitzsimmons SE, Balk E, Richmond JC (2005). Reconstruction of the anterior
  • cruciate ligament: meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft.
  • Arthroscopy, 21(7), 791-803. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.04.107
  • Grant JA (2013). Updating Recommendations for Rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction: a
  • Review. Clin J Sport Med, 23(6), 501-502. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000044
  • Ha TP, Li KC, Beaulieu CF, Bergman G, Ch'en IY, Eller DJ, … Herfkens RJ (1998).
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury: fast spin-echo MR imaging with arthroscopic correlation in
  • examinations. American Journal of Roentgenology, 170(5), 1215-1219. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ajronline.org/content/170/5/1215.abstract
  • Karasel S, Akpinar B, Gulbahar S, Baydar M, El O, Pinar H, … Akalin E (2010). Clinical and
  • functional outcomes and proprioception after a modified accelerated rehabilitation program
  • following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Acta
  • orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica, 44(3), 220-228. doi:10.3944/AOTT.2010.2293
  • Keays SL, Newcombe PA, Bullock-Saxton JE, Bullock MI, Keays AC (2010). Factors
  • involved in the development of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J
  • Sports Med, 38(3), 455-463. doi:10.1177/0363546509350914
  • Lindstrom M, Wredmark T, Wretling ML, Henriksson M, Fellander-Tsai L (2015). Postoperative
  • bracing after ACL reconstruction has no effect on knee joint effusion. A
  • prospective, randomized study. Knee, 22(6), 559-564. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.04.015
  • Malempati C, Jurjans J, Noehren B, Ireland ML, Johnson DL (2015). Current Rehabilitation
  • Concepts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery in Athletes. Orthopedics, 38(11), 689-696.
  • doi:10.3928/01477447-20151016-07
  • Markatos K, Kaseta MK, Lallos SN, Korres DS, Efstathopoulos N (2013). The anatomy of
  • the ACL and its importance in ACL reconstruction. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 23(7),
  • -752. doi:10.1007/s00590-012-1079-8
  • Micheo W, Hernandez L, Seda C. (2010). Evaluation, management, rehabilitation, and
  • prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury: current concepts. PM & R : the journal of
  • injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2(10), 935-944. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.06.014
  • Mikkelsen C, Werner S, Eriksson E (2000). Closed kinetic chain alone compared to combined
  • open and closed kinetic chain exercises for quadriceps strengthening after anterior cruciate
  • ligament reconstruction with respect to return to sports: a prospective matched follow-up
  • study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 8(6), 337-342.
  • doi:10.1007/s001670000143
  • Perry MC, Morrissey MC, King JB, Morrissey D, Earnshaw P (2005). Effects of closed
  • versus open kinetic chain knee extensor resistance training on knee laxity and leg function in
  • patients during the 8- to 14-week post-operative period after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 13(5), 357-369.
  • doi:10.1007/s00167-004-0568-7
  • Raynor MC, Pietrobon R, Guller U, Higgins LD (2005). Cryotherapy after ACL
  • reconstruction: a meta-analysis. The journal of knee surgery, 18(2), 123-129. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15915833
  • Risberg MA, Mork M, Jenssen HK, Holm I (2001). Design and implementation of a
  • neuromuscular training program following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop
  • Sports Phys Ther, 31(11), 620-631. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11720295
  • Rodriguez-Merchan EC (2015). Evidence-Based ACL Reconstruction. Arch Bone Jt Surg,
  • (1), 9-12. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25692162
  • Ross MD, Denegar CR, Winzenried JA (2001). Implementation of open and closed kinetic
  • chain quadriceps strengthening exercises after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  • Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning
  • Association, 15(4), 466-473. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11726258
  • Seto JL, Orofino AS, Morrissey MC, Medeiros JM, Mason WJ (1988). Assessment of
  • quadriceps/hamstring strength, knee ligament stability, functional and sports activity levels
  • five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 16(2), 170-180.
  • Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3377102
  • Shani RH, Umpierez E, Nasert M, Hiza EA, Xerogeanes J (2016). Biomechanical
  • Comparison of Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  • Reconstruction. Arthroscopy, 32(1), 71-75. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.06.051
  • Shaw T (2002). Accelerated rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  • Phys Ther Sport, 3(1), 19-26. Retrieved from
  • http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1466853X01900896?showall=true
  • Shelbourne KD, Klootwyk TE, Decarlo MS (1992). Update on accelerated rehabilitation after
  • anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 15(6), 303-308.
  • Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781000
  • Shelbourne KD, Nitz P (1990). Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament
  • reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 18(3), 292-299. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2372081
  • Shelbourne KD, Rowdon GA (1994). Anterior cruciate ligament injury. The competitive
  • athlete. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 17(2), 132-140. Retrieved from
  • http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/8171223
  • Shelbourne KD, Wilckens JH, Mollabashy A, DeCarlo M (1991). Arthrofibrosis in acute
  • anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and
  • rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med, 19(4), 332-336. Retrieved from
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1897645
  • Shino K, Inoue M, Horibe S, Nagano J, Ono K (1988). Maturation of allograft tendons
  • transplanted into the knee. An arthroscopic and histological study. J Bone Joint Surg Br,
  • (4), 556-560. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3403597
  • Vaishya R, Agarwal AK, Ingole S, Vijay V (2015). Current Trends in Anterior Cruciate
  • Ligament Reconstruction: A Review. Cureus, 7(11), e378. doi:10.7759/cureus.378
  • van Grinsven S, van Cingel RE, Holla CJ, van Loon CJ (2010). Evidence-based rehabilitation
  • following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,
  • (8), 1128-1144. doi:10.1007/s00167-009-1027-2
  • Wilk KE (2015). Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation: Let's Get
  • It Right. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 45(10), 729-730. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0109
  • Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR (2012). Recent advances in the
  • rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 42(3), 153-
  • doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3741
  • Wright RW, Haas AK, Anderson J, Calabrese G, Cavanaugh J, Hewett TE, … Group M
  • (2015). Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation: MOON Guidelines. Sports
  • Health, 7(3), 239-243. doi:10.1177/1941738113517855
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There are 150 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adeel Nazir Ahmad

Publication Date March 26, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume 4 - Issue 1

Cite

APA Ahmad, A. N. (2016). Ideal Rehabilitation Programme after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Review of Evidence. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 4(1), 56-67.
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).