Assessment of the Correlation between Self-esteem in Decision-Making and Decision-Making Styles of Football Referees in terms of Their Refereeing Experience and Violence Perceptions
Year 2017,
Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 112 - 123, 30.09.2017
Mahmut Gülle
,
M. Çağrı Çetin
Ramazan Şeker
İhsan Sarı
Abstract
The study was conducted in order to determine self-esteem in decision-making and decisionmaking
styles of football referees in terms of their experience and violence perceptions and to
examine the correlation between their self-esteem in decision-making and decision-making
styles. The population of the study was composed 1080 referees who were assigned to the
matches of the 7th region where there were 8 provinces under Turkish Football Federation
during 2014-2015 football season. The sample of the study was composed of 554 referees
who were recruited with random sampling method. As the data collection tool and in order to
determine referees’ self-esteem in decision-making and decision-making styles; Melbourne
Decision Making Questionnaire I-II -designed by Mann et al. (1998) and adapted by Deniz
(2004) into Turkish was used. As the result of the study; it was seen that there was a
significant difference in self-esteem in decision-making and procrastination decision-making
style in terms of refereeing experiences and in self-esteem in decision-making and buckpassing
decision-making style in terms of their violence perceptions. It was noted that there
were significant correlations between referees’ self-esteem in decision-making and decisionmaking
subscales.
References
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Club Managers in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (28): 8310-8319.
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of Parents And Adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 14 (4): 363-371.
- Cel A (1994). Hakemlik Psikolojisi. Futbol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 1 (1): 21-23.
- Certel Z, Bahadır Z, Sönmez GT (2013). Investigation of Empathy and Self-Esteem in
Decision Making and Decision-Making Styles Among Those Who Played Team Sport. Nigde
University Journal of Physical Education And Sport Sciences, 7 (1):16-27.
- Chatoupis C (2007). Decision-Making in Physical Education: Theoretical Perspectives.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 14 (2): 195-204.
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University of Toronto.
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Styles, Social Skill Levels, and Forms of Coping With Stress the Students of the
Physical Education and Sports School. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara.
- Çolakkadığlu O (2010). The Effect of Conflict Theory Based Decision-Making Skill Training
Group Applications on Decision Making Styles of Adolescents. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
Çukurova University, Ankara.
- Deniz ME (2004). Investigation of the Relation Between Decision-Making Self-Esteem,
Decision-Making Style and Problem Solving Skills of University Students. Eurasian Journal
of Educational Research, 15 (2): 23-35.
- Folkesson P, Nyberg C, Archer, T. Norlander, T (2002). Soccer Referees’ Experience of
Threat and Aggression: Effects of Age, Experience, and Life Orientation on Outcome of
Coping Strategy. Journal of Aggressive Behavior, 8 (4): 317- 327.
- Fontana FE (2007). The Effects of Exercise Intensity on Decision Making Performance of
Experienced and Inexperienced Soccer Players. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of
Pittsburg.
- Friedmann IA, Mann L (1993). Coping Patterns in Adolescent Decision Making: An IsraeliAustralian
Comparison . Journal of Adolescence, 16 (2): 187-199.
- Harris R (1998). Introduction to Decision-Making. Vanguard University of Southern
Colifornia. Colifornia.
- Hughes S (2001). New Mexico High School Sports Officials’ Perceptions of Athlete Coach
and Spectator Conduct. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. Albuquerque, The University of New
Mexico.
- Kaissidis RA. Anshel MH, Porter A (1997). Personal and Situational Factors that Predict
Coping Strategies for Acute Stress among Basketball Referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15
(4): 427- 436.
- Karasar N (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara, Nobel Yayınları
- Kargün M, Albay F, Canikli A, Güllü M (2012). Investigation of Work Satisfaction and
Fatigue Levels of Turkish Football Referees. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches.
3 (2): 30-38.
- Koçak F, Özbek O (2010). Decision-Making Self-Esteem and Decision-Making Styles of
Turkish Tennis Referees. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport /
Science, Movement and Health,10 (2): 494-496.
- Koçel T (2001). İşletme Yöneticiliği. İstanbul: Beta Basım.
- Kuzgun Y (2000). Meslek Danışmanlığı. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kuzgun Y, Bacanlı F (2005). Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmada Kullanılan Ölçme Araçları
ve Programlar Dizisi. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Lane AM, Nevill AM, Nahid SA, Nigel B (2006). Soccer Referee Decision-Making: Shall I
Blow The Whistle?, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5 (2): 243–253.
- Mac MC (1999). Making Sense of Chaos: Decision-Making By High and Low Experienced
Rugby Referees. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, School of Human Kinetics University, Ottawa.
- Mann L, Beswick G, Allouache P, Ivey M (1989). Decision Workshops for the Improvement
of Decision-Making Skills and Confidence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67 (8):
478-481.
- Mann L, Radford M, Burnett P, Ford S, Bond M, Leung K, Nakamura H, Vaughan G, Yang
KS (1998). Cross-Cultural Differences in Self-Reported Decision-Making Style and
Confidence. International Journal of Psychology, 33 (5): 325-335.
- Marco CD, Hartung P,. Nevman I, Parr P (2003). Validitiy of the Decisional Process
Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 (1): 1-19.
- Mitchell LK, Krumboltz YD (1984). Research on Decision-Making: Implications for Career
Decision-Making and Counseling. (Ed: R.W. Lent, S.D. Brown). Awiley-Inter Science
Publication, USA.
- Nevill AM, Balmer NJ, Mark WA (2002). The Influence of Crowd Noise and Experience
Upon Refereeing Decisions In Football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3 (4): 261 – 272.
- Nik A (1994). Sources of and Responses to Acute Stress in Sport as a Function of Selected
Personal Dispositions Situational Appraisals and Cultural Differences. Unpublished Ph.D
Thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.
- Özmaden MA (2004). Research Factor of the Promoting Soccer Aggressiveness According to
Spectaclers. Unpublished Ph. D Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara.
- Phillips SD, Pazienza NJ, Ferrin HH (1984). Decision-Making Styles and Problem-Solving
Apprasial. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31 (4): 497-502.
- Rainey D, Hardy L (1999). Assault on Rugby Union Referees: A Three Union Survey.
Journal of Sport Behavior, 22 (1): 105 - 113.
- Shiloh S, Koren S, Zakay D (2001). Individual Differences in Compensatory DecisionMaking
Style and Need for Closure as Correlates of Subjective Decision Complexity and
Difficulty. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (4): 699-710.
- Şirin EF, Bektaş F, Duman S (2011). The Relationship between Orienteering Athletes
Multiple Intelligence Domains and Their Decision-Making Style. World Applied Sciences
Journal, 14 (2), 228-234.
- Tekin M, Taşgın Ö (2009). Analysıs of Decision-Making and Thinking Styles of Kicboxing
Trainers. Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1), 11- 27.
- Tenenbaum G, Bar-Eli M (1993). Decision-Making in Sport: A Cognitive Perspective. In R.
N. Singer M, Murphy LK, Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 171-
192. New York: Macmillan.
- Uzunoğlu ÖU (2008). Investigation Styles of Decision-Making of Turkish Football Referees
According to Their Classifications and Some Variables. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk
Üniversitesi, Konya.
- Vural M (2013). The Research of Decision-Making and Thinking Styles of Sports Managers
Working in the Central and Provincial Organizations. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk
University, Konya.
- Yılmaz Y, Yıldız S (2013). The Relation Between Self-Esteem in Decision-Making,
Decision-Making Styles and Problem Solving Skills. 1st International Conference on
Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Year 2017,
Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 112 - 123, 30.09.2017
Mahmut Gülle
,
M. Çağrı Çetin
Ramazan Şeker
İhsan Sarı
References
- Açik M (2012). An Examination of The Decision-Making Styles of Hearing-Impaired Sports
Club Managers in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (28): 8310-8319.
- Brown J, Mann, L (1991). Decision-Making Competence And Self-Esteem: A Comparison
of Parents And Adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 14 (4): 363-371.
- Cel A (1994). Hakemlik Psikolojisi. Futbol Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 1 (1): 21-23.
- Certel Z, Bahadır Z, Sönmez GT (2013). Investigation of Empathy and Self-Esteem in
Decision Making and Decision-Making Styles Among Those Who Played Team Sport. Nigde
University Journal of Physical Education And Sport Sciences, 7 (1):16-27.
- Chatoupis C (2007). Decision-Making in Physical Education: Theoretical Perspectives.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 14 (2): 195-204.
- Constable DH (1996). Sources of Stress in Hockey Referees. Master Thesis, Toronto:
University of Toronto.
- Çetin MÇ (2009). In Terms of Some Variables the Comparatively Analysis of DecisionMaking
Styles, Social Skill Levels, and Forms of Coping With Stress the Students of the
Physical Education and Sports School. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara.
- Çolakkadığlu O (2010). The Effect of Conflict Theory Based Decision-Making Skill Training
Group Applications on Decision Making Styles of Adolescents. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
Çukurova University, Ankara.
- Deniz ME (2004). Investigation of the Relation Between Decision-Making Self-Esteem,
Decision-Making Style and Problem Solving Skills of University Students. Eurasian Journal
of Educational Research, 15 (2): 23-35.
- Folkesson P, Nyberg C, Archer, T. Norlander, T (2002). Soccer Referees’ Experience of
Threat and Aggression: Effects of Age, Experience, and Life Orientation on Outcome of
Coping Strategy. Journal of Aggressive Behavior, 8 (4): 317- 327.
- Fontana FE (2007). The Effects of Exercise Intensity on Decision Making Performance of
Experienced and Inexperienced Soccer Players. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of
Pittsburg.
- Friedmann IA, Mann L (1993). Coping Patterns in Adolescent Decision Making: An IsraeliAustralian
Comparison . Journal of Adolescence, 16 (2): 187-199.
- Harris R (1998). Introduction to Decision-Making. Vanguard University of Southern
Colifornia. Colifornia.
- Hughes S (2001). New Mexico High School Sports Officials’ Perceptions of Athlete Coach
and Spectator Conduct. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. Albuquerque, The University of New
Mexico.
- Kaissidis RA. Anshel MH, Porter A (1997). Personal and Situational Factors that Predict
Coping Strategies for Acute Stress among Basketball Referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15
(4): 427- 436.
- Karasar N (2005). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara, Nobel Yayınları
- Kargün M, Albay F, Canikli A, Güllü M (2012). Investigation of Work Satisfaction and
Fatigue Levels of Turkish Football Referees. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches.
3 (2): 30-38.
- Koçak F, Özbek O (2010). Decision-Making Self-Esteem and Decision-Making Styles of
Turkish Tennis Referees. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport /
Science, Movement and Health,10 (2): 494-496.
- Koçel T (2001). İşletme Yöneticiliği. İstanbul: Beta Basım.
- Kuzgun Y (2000). Meslek Danışmanlığı. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kuzgun Y, Bacanlı F (2005). Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmada Kullanılan Ölçme Araçları
ve Programlar Dizisi. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Lane AM, Nevill AM, Nahid SA, Nigel B (2006). Soccer Referee Decision-Making: Shall I
Blow The Whistle?, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5 (2): 243–253.
- Mac MC (1999). Making Sense of Chaos: Decision-Making By High and Low Experienced
Rugby Referees. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, School of Human Kinetics University, Ottawa.
- Mann L, Beswick G, Allouache P, Ivey M (1989). Decision Workshops for the Improvement
of Decision-Making Skills and Confidence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 67 (8):
478-481.
- Mann L, Radford M, Burnett P, Ford S, Bond M, Leung K, Nakamura H, Vaughan G, Yang
KS (1998). Cross-Cultural Differences in Self-Reported Decision-Making Style and
Confidence. International Journal of Psychology, 33 (5): 325-335.
- Marco CD, Hartung P,. Nevman I, Parr P (2003). Validitiy of the Decisional Process
Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 (1): 1-19.
- Mitchell LK, Krumboltz YD (1984). Research on Decision-Making: Implications for Career
Decision-Making and Counseling. (Ed: R.W. Lent, S.D. Brown). Awiley-Inter Science
Publication, USA.
- Nevill AM, Balmer NJ, Mark WA (2002). The Influence of Crowd Noise and Experience
Upon Refereeing Decisions In Football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3 (4): 261 – 272.
- Nik A (1994). Sources of and Responses to Acute Stress in Sport as a Function of Selected
Personal Dispositions Situational Appraisals and Cultural Differences. Unpublished Ph.D
Thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.
- Özmaden MA (2004). Research Factor of the Promoting Soccer Aggressiveness According to
Spectaclers. Unpublished Ph. D Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara.
- Phillips SD, Pazienza NJ, Ferrin HH (1984). Decision-Making Styles and Problem-Solving
Apprasial. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31 (4): 497-502.
- Rainey D, Hardy L (1999). Assault on Rugby Union Referees: A Three Union Survey.
Journal of Sport Behavior, 22 (1): 105 - 113.
- Shiloh S, Koren S, Zakay D (2001). Individual Differences in Compensatory DecisionMaking
Style and Need for Closure as Correlates of Subjective Decision Complexity and
Difficulty. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (4): 699-710.
- Şirin EF, Bektaş F, Duman S (2011). The Relationship between Orienteering Athletes
Multiple Intelligence Domains and Their Decision-Making Style. World Applied Sciences
Journal, 14 (2), 228-234.
- Tekin M, Taşgın Ö (2009). Analysıs of Decision-Making and Thinking Styles of Kicboxing
Trainers. Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1), 11- 27.
- Tenenbaum G, Bar-Eli M (1993). Decision-Making in Sport: A Cognitive Perspective. In R.
N. Singer M, Murphy LK, Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, 171-
192. New York: Macmillan.
- Uzunoğlu ÖU (2008). Investigation Styles of Decision-Making of Turkish Football Referees
According to Their Classifications and Some Variables. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk
Üniversitesi, Konya.
- Vural M (2013). The Research of Decision-Making and Thinking Styles of Sports Managers
Working in the Central and Provincial Organizations. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Selçuk
University, Konya.
- Yılmaz Y, Yıldız S (2013). The Relation Between Self-Esteem in Decision-Making,
Decision-Making Styles and Problem Solving Skills. 1st International Conference on
Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.