The Effect Of Quercetin Administration On Exercise, Free Radical And Antioxidant Enzym Levels

Year 2014, Volume 2 (Special Issue 1), 775 - 788, 22.03.2016

Mehmet Göktepe Mehmet Günay

https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS148

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin administration on exercise, free radical and antioxidant enzym levels.

Material and Method: The research was conducted on 12 male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 gr. Rats were divided into two groups as control group(n=6) and test group(n=6). After the rats were quarantined for 10 days; each rat was heart bled on day 1 of the test, and bled again after they were made to exercise on day 2 of testing. Between day 3 and 12 of testing(for 10 days), each rat in test group was given 20 ml/kg of quercetin once daily, and each rat in control group was given 1ml/kg of 0.05% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) by gavage. On day 13, each rat was made to exercise and heart bled. On day 14, the animals were allowed to rest and on day 15, they were heart bled under anesthesia.

Two independent sample t test was used to analyze data. The changes before and after quercetin administration were studied, the lactat levels during exercise, antioxidant enzym levels (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) and malondialdehit (MDA) levels, the last product of lipid peroxidation, were investigated between control group and experimental group in comparation. No significant difference was detected between control group and experimental group on the 1st day during the rest and on the 2nd day during exercise. Between 3rd and 12th day of experiment, significant changes were observed according to the results in which the rats were administered with quercetin after the exercise. A significant decrease in MDA and lactat measures existed( P<0,05). A significant increase in the antioxidant enzym levels (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) was detected( P<0,05). On the 14th day, the animals were left to rest, and according to the results of blood test taken the next day, no significant difference was seen on MDA and lactat levels( P>0,05). When the antioxidant enzym levels (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) were tested, a significant increase was detected again( P<0,05).

It was detected that the Quercetin administration helps to increase performance by breaking lactat levels during the exercise; has protective effect against free radicals by decreasing MDA levels, the last product of lipid peroxidation, and strengthens the cell’ s antioxidant defense systems by being result in increasing antioxidant enzym levels (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST).

Keywords

-

Quercetin Uygulamasının Egzersiz, Serbest Radikal ve Antioksidan Enzim Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Quercetin uygulamasının egzersiz, serbest radikal ve antioksidan enzim düzeylerine etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma, 12 adet 300-350 gr. ağırlığında erkek Wistar rat üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ratlar kontrol grubu (n=6) ve deney grubu (n=6) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Hayvanlar 10 gün karantina altına alındıktan sonra, deneyin 1. günü her bir rattan kalplerinden kan alınmış, deneyin 2. günü ratlara egzersiz uygulaması yaptırarak yine kan alınmıştır. Deneyin 3-12. günleri arasında (10 gün boyunca) deney grubundaki her bir rata günde 1 kez 20 ml/kg quercetin maddesi, kontrol grubundaki her bir rata ise 1ml/kg %0.05 Dimetil Sülfoksit (DMSO) gavaj yoluyla verilmiştir. Deneyin 13. günü her bir rata egzersiz uygulaması yaptırılarak kalplerinden kanları alınmıştır. Deneyin 14. günü hayvanlar istirahate bırakılarak 15. gün anestezi altında kalplerinden kanları alınmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde iki bağımsız örnek t testi kullanılmıştır. Ratların quercetin maddesi verilmeden ve verildikten sonraki değişiklikleri incelenmiş, egzersizdeki laktat düzeyleri, antioksidan enzim düzeyleri (SOD,CAT,GPx,GST) ile lipit peroksidasyonunun son ürünü olan malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyleri kontrol grubu ile deney grubu arasında karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırılmıştır. Deneyin 1. günü istirahattte ve deneyin 2. günü egzersiz uygulamasında kontrol ve deney grupları arasında fazla bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Deneyin 312. günleri arasında 10 gün boyunca quercetin maddesi verildikten sonra egzersiz uygulanan ratların sonuçlarına göre anlamlı değişikliklerin meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. MDA ve laktat miktarlarında anlamlı bir azalma söz konusudur (P < 0,05). Antioksidan enzim düzeylerinde (SOD,CAT,GPx,GST) ise anlamlı bir artışın olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P < 0,05). Deneyin 14. günü hayvanlar istirahata bırakılıp, bir gün sonra alınan kan sonuçlarına göre MDA ve laktat düzeyleri incelendiğinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (P > 0,05). Antioksidan enzim düzeyleri (SOD,CAT,GPx,GST) incelendiğinde ise yine anlamlı bir artışın olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P < 0,05). Araştırmamızın sonucunda; Quercetin alımının, egzersizde laktat düzeyini frenleyerek performansı artırıcı etkisinin olduğu, Lipid peraksidasyonun son ürünü olan MDA miktarını azaltarak serbest radikallere karşı koruyucu etkisinin olduğu ve antioksidan enzim düzeylerinin (SOD,CAT,GPx,GST) artışına neden olarak hücrenin antioksidan savunma sistemlerini güçlendirdiği tespit edilmiştir

Keywords

Flavonoidler, Quercetin, Egzersiz, Serbest Radikaller, Antioksidan Enzimler

References

• Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 1984; 105: 121-126.
• Adewole SO, Caxton-Martins EA, Ojewole JAO. Protective Effect of quercetin on the Morphology of Pancreatic β-Cells of Streptozotocin-Treated Diabetic Rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007; 4(1): 64–74.
• Akça F, Akalan C, Köz M, Ersöz G. Türk Elit Genç Kürekçilerde Oksijen Tüketimi ve Laktat Profilinin İncelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2010, VIII (2) 77-80
• Alía M, Mateos R, Ramos S, Lecumberri E, Bravo L, Goya L. Influence of quercetin and rutin on growth and antioxidant defense system of a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Eur J Nutr. 2006; 45(1): 19-28.
• Aydın A, Sayal A, Işımer A. Serbest Radikaller Ve Antioksidan Savunma Sistemi. Ankara: Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi Basımevi No: 20; 2001.
• Ayla S, Oktar H, Tanrıverdi G. et al. Doksorubisin nedenli sıçan hepatotoksisitesine nikotinamidin koruyucu etkisi. Anadolu Universitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 2009; 10(1): 229-238.
• Baldassarı J. Effects Of quercetin On Exercıse Potentıal And Exercıseınduced Cytokınes In The Horse. Masters of Science. New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey; 2011.
• Ben Abdallah F, Zribi N, Ammar-Keskes L. Antioxidative potential of quercetin against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in spermatozoa in vitro. Andrologia. 2011; 43(4): 261-5.
• Choe E, Min DB. Chemistry and reactions of reactive oxygen species in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 46: 1-22.
• Coşkun O, Kanter M, Korkmaz A, Oter S. quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and beta-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacol Res. 2005; 51(2): 117-23.
• Çiftçi O, Vardı N, Özdemir I. Effects of quercetin and chrysin on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2011; doi: 10.1002/tox.20707.
• Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Davis B. quercetin increases brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and exercise tolerance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009: 296(4): 1071-7.
• Deaton CM, Marlin DJ. Exercise-associated oxidative stress, Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2003; 2(3): 278-291.
• Duarte J, Pérez-Palencia R, Vargas F, Ocete MA, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Zarzuelo A, Tamargo J. Antihypertensive effects of the flavonoid quercetin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2001; 133(1): 117-24.
• Edremitlioğlu M, Andiç MF, Sayın DB, Korkut O, Kısa Ü. quercetin, a powerful antioxidant bioflavonoid, attenuates renal dysfunction in long-term experimental diabetes mellitus. Marmara Medical Journal. 2011; 24(2): 88-99.
• Ergüzel E.T. quercetin (3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahidroksiflavon)’in Bakır (II) ve Çinko (II) Komplekslerin Kararlılık Sabitlerinin Tayini. Yüksek Lisans. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi; 2006.
• Gai-ning D. Effect of quercetin on Free radical Metabolism in Muscle and Exercise Performance of Trained Rat. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2006; 23(2): R24-33.
• Gasparin FR, Spitzner FL, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Bracht A, Constantin J. Actions of quercetin on gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in rat liver. Xenobiotica; 2003 Sep;33(9): 903-11.
• Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione-S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1974; 249: 7130-7139.
• Ji LL. Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999; 222: 283-292.
• Ji LL. Leeuwenburgh C, Leichtweis S, Gore M, Fiebig R, Hollander J, et al. Oxidative stress and aging: role of exercise and its influences on antioxidant systems. Ann Ny Acad Sci. 1998; 854:102-117.
• Kocabaş N. Homosisteinin İndüklediği Oksidatif Stres Üzerinde quercetinin Koruyucu Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans. Afyonkarahisar: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi; 2008.
• Konig D, Wagner KH, Elmadfa L, Berg A. Exercise And Oxidative Stress: Significance, of antioxidants with reference to inflammatory muscular and systemic stress. Exerc. Immunol Rev. 2001; 7: 108–133.
• Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1974; 47: 469-474.
• Meisler A, Anderson ME, Glutathione. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1983; 52, 711-60.
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid rection. Analytical Biochemistry. 1979; 95: 351-358.
• Schirmer RH, Krauth-Siegel RL, Schulz GE. Glutathione Reducase, New York, John Wiley and Sons Press. 1989.
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantative and qualitative characterization of glutathione peroxidase. Journal Laboratory Medicine. 1987; 70: 158-165.
• Palmer FM, Nieman DC, Henson DA, Mcanulty SR, Mcanulty L, Swick, NS. et al. İnfluence of vitamin c supplementation on oxidative and salivary ıga changes following an ultramarathon. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003; 89: 100-107.
• Pandey AK, Hazari PP, Patnaik R, Mishra AK. The role of ASIC1a in neuroprotection elicited by quercetin in focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2011; 1383: 289-99.
• Phachonpai W, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Tong-Un T, Preechagoon D. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin encapsulated liposomes: a novel therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2010; 7(4); 480-485.
• Pikulski M, Brodbelt JS. Differentiation of flavonoid glycoside ısomers by using metal complexation and electrospray ıonization mass spectrometry. J am soc mass spectrom. 2003; 14(12): 1437-53.
• Singh S, Singh SK, Kumar M, Chandra K, Singh R. Ameliorative Potential of quercetin Against Paracetamol-induced Oxidative Stress in Mice Blood. Toxicol Int. 2011; 18(2): 140-5.
• Smith JEW, Pirner M, Zachwieja Jeffrey JFACSM. quercetin Lowers Blood Lactate Response During Progressively Intense Exercise. Medicine Science in Sports Exercis. 2011; 43(5): 430.
• Sriraksa N, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Tiamkao S, Brown K, Chaisiwamongkol K. Cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 823206.
• Su-juan C, Hai-ying L, Zheng-ying X. Effect of quercetin on hemoglobin and blood biochemical indexes in rats following exhausted exercise. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2007; 11 (37); 7468-7469.
• Urso ML, Clarkson PM. Oxidative stress, exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology. 2003; 189 (1-2): 41-54.
• Yao F, Zhang R, Fu R, He W. Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on hyperuricemia and renal injury in rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2011; 40(2): 175-7.
• Young JF, Nielsen SE, Haraldsdóttir J, Daneshvar B, Lauridsen ST, Knuthsen P, Crozier A, Sandström B, Dragsted LO. Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of antioxidative status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69(1): 87-94.
• Zhang YM. Protective effect of quercetin on aroclor 1254-induced oxidative damage in cultured chicken spermatogonial cells. Toxicol Sci. 2005; 88(2): 545-50.
• Zhao L, Wu J, Yang J, Wei J, Gao W, Guo C. Dietary quercetin supplementation increases serum antioxidant capacity and alters hepatic gene expression profile in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011; 236(6): 701-6.
• Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998; 17(3): 216-34.