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AN INTERSECTION IN THE ECOLOGICAL PARADIGM: ECOLOGIST CINEMA

Year 2015, Volume 3 (Special Issue 1), 410 - 428, 31.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS308

Abstract

We have witnessed the rise of ecologist movements since the second half of 20. Century when
it is understood that the mankind has exploited and polluted the world he/ she lives on as far
as the world will be exterminated by the mankind. This rise has sometimes been concrete with
the acts of an organization that is environmental protector; has come into existence with the
basic thesis of green parties that contains ecologist policies or has been one of the basic
arguments of international politics. As a consequence of this, environmental awareness and
protectionist approach have been mentioned from national policy documents and green party
programs to international/ supranational agreements and acts of environmentalist activists in
the academic studies in a broad framework. Moreover, a lot of ecological based philosophical
trend like deep ecology, eco-socialism, eco-feminism, etc. has emerged in this process.
In the period in question, a sector has also adopted the environmental awareness as a subject;
but this sector’s activities haven’t been mentioned so much in academic studies. Mentioned
sector is cinema; in other words, it is American and European based film industry.
American based Holywood is the center that made the first production in this sense. Starting
from 1970’s, lots of films have been begun to play under the main topic of disaster movie.
European film industry has started to use this theme as of 2000’s yet. First produced films
were fictionalized via disaster scenarios which arise depending on a singular problem. In this
frame, lots of factors like an earthquake, flood, a disease that a virus appears suddenly creates
were thought as the initiator of disaster. The solutions found for singular problem are usually
the solutions found depending on the work of a person or a small group of professionals. In
time, we can see that the themes change into global ecological disasters which affect the
world in general, dystopias or ecotopias in some films (like avatar).
With reference to the basic thesis which is that the environmentalist approach in the sector of
cinema improves appropriately to basic ecological paradigms; this study aims to trace
ecological approach in this sector. Within the frame of this objective, films which have
important role in the history of the cinema (chosen films have 6 points and above in IMDB
lists) and reflect environmental awareness have been tried to be analyzed as part of common
themes in the study.
The source of environmental problems (of pollution), found solution and source of solution,
mass movements in the solution process, action manners and convenience of film’s release
date to the progress line of ecological movements constitute the fundamental points of
analysis.

References

  • FİLM KAYNAKÇASI
  • (Film kaynakçasında yer alan filmlerin IMDB üzerindeki sayfalarına 07.05.2015 tarihinde erişilmiştir)
  • (1) Silent Running, (1972). USA, Dir. Douglas Trumbull, (Rating: 6,8/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067756/
  • (2) Soylent Green, (1973). USA, Dir. Richard Fleischer, (Rating: 7,1/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070723/
  • (3) The China Syndrome, (1979). USA, Dir. James Bridges, (Rating: 7,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078966/
  • (4) The Day After, (1983). USA, Dir. Nicholas Meyer, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085404/
  • (5) The Crazies, (1973). USA, Dir. George A. Romero, (Rating: 6,1/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069895/
  • (6) The Crazies, (2010). USA, Dir. Breck Eisner, (Rating: 6,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455407/
  • (7) 28 Days Later, (2002). UK, Dir. Danny Boyle, (Rating: 7,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0289043/
  • (8) 28 Weeks Later, (2002). UK and Spain, Dir. Juan Carlos Fresnadillo, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463854/
  • (9) Blade Runner, (1982). USA, Dir. Ridley Scott, (Rating: 8,2/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083658/
  • (10) Children of Men, (2006). USA and UK, Dir. Alfonso Cuarón, (Rating: 7,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0206634/
  • (11) Oblivion, (2013). USA, Dir. Joseph Kosinski, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1483013/
  • (12) Elysium, (2013). USA, Dir. Neill Blomkamp, (Rating: 6,7/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1535108/
  • (13) The Day After Tomorrow, (2004). USA, Dir. Roland Emmerich, (Rating: 6,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319262/
  • (14) Erin Brockovich, (2000). USA, Dir. Steven Soderbergh, (Rating: 7,3/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0195685/
  • (15) Michael Clayton, (2007). USA, Dir. Tomy Gilroy, (Rating: 7,3/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0465538/
  • (16) A Civil Action, (1998). USA, Dir. Steven Zaillian, (Rating: 6,5/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120633/
  • (17) The Day The Earth Stood Still, (2008). USA, Dir. Scott Derrickson, (Rating: 5,5/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970416/
  • (18) Invasion, (2007). USA-Australia, Dir. Oliver Hirschbiegel, James McTeigue, (Rating: 5,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427392/
  • (19) Promised Land, (2012). USA-UAE, Dir. Gus Van Sant, (Rating: 6,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2091473/
  • (20) East, (2013). USA-UK, Dir. Zal Batmanglij, (Rating: 6,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869716/
  • (21) Night Moves, (2013). USA, Dir. Kelly Reichardt, (Rating: 6,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2043933/
  • (22) Avatar, (2009). USA-UK, Dir. James Cameron, (Rating: 7,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0499549/
  • (23) Wall-E, (2008). USA, Dir. Andrew Stanton, (Rating: 8,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910970/
  • AKADEMİK KAYNAKÇA
  • Bergthaller, H. (2012). A Sense Of No-Place Avatar And The Pitfalls of Ecocentric Identification, European Journal of English Studies, 16 (2), 151–162.
  • Burg, R.V. (2012). Decades Away or The Day After Tomorrow?: Rhetoric, Film, and the Global Warming Debate, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 29 (1), 7-26
  • DOI: 10.1080/15295036.2011.637221
  • Callenbach, E. (1994). Ekotopya, Osman Akınhay (Çev.), İstanbul:Ayrıntı
  • Charity, T. (2013). Elysium, Sight and Soun, 23 (10), 72.
  • Delapa, T. (2014). New Film 'Night Moves' Delivers Dangerous Paranoia About Environmentalists, http://www.alternet.org/culture/new-film-night-moves-delivers-dangerous-paranoia-about-environmentalists (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2015)
  • Doll, S. & Faller, G. (1986). Blade Runner and Genre: Film Noir and Science Fiction, Literature Film Quarterly, 14 (2), 89-100.
  • Foss, K. A., & Littlejohn, S. W. (1984). The Day After: Rhetorical Vision in an Ironic Frame. Massachusetts. ERIC.
  • Keleş, R., Hamamcı, C., & Çoban, A. (2012). Çevre Politikası. Ankara: İmge.
  • Leiserowitz, A.A. (2004). Before and After The Day After Tomorrow: A U.S. Study of Climate change Risk Perception, Environment, 46 (9), 22-37.
  • Lipschutz, R.D. (2005). Soylent Green … is … Peoople’: Labour, Bodies and Capital in the Global Political Economy, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 34(2), 573-576,
  • DOI: 10.1177/03058298060340021401
  • McMullen, W.J. (1995). The China Syndrome: Corruption to the core, Literature Film Quarterly, 23 (1), 55-62.
  • Miller, H. K. (2013). Oblivion, Sight and Soun, 23 (6), 104-105.
  • Nashawaty.C., A Brief History of the Cinematic Apocalypse http://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/27/brief-history-cinematic-apocalypse (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2015)
  • Newbury, M. (2012). Fast Zombie/Slow Zombie: Food Writing, Horror Movies,and Agribusiness Apocalypse, American Literary History, 24 (1), 87-114.
  • Overpeck, D. (2012). ‘Remember! it's Only a Movie!’ Expectations and Receptions of The Day After (1983), Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 32 (2), 267-292.
  • DOI: 10.1080/01439685.2012.669882
  • Önder, T. (2003). Yeşil Siyaset, Mümtaz’er TÜRKÖNE (Ed), Siyaset içinde Ankara:Lotus
  • Shaw, T. (2013). "Rotten to the Core": Exposing America's Energy-Media Complex in The China Syndrome, Cinema Journal, 52 (2), 93—113.
  • Şahin, Ü. (2012). Yeşil Düşünce, Orçun İmga,, Hakan Olgun (Ed), Yeşil ve Siyaset içinde (11-60). Ankara:Lotus
  • Wagner, C.G. (2014). Why Apocalypse Is Popular, 48 (2), 11-12.

EKOLOJİK PARADİGMADA BİR KAVŞAK: ÇEVRECİ SİNEMA

Year 2015, Volume 3 (Special Issue 1), 410 - 428, 31.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS308

Abstract

İnsanoğlunun üzerinde yaşadığı dünyayı yok olmaya götürecek kadar sömürdüğü ve kirlettiğinin anlaşıldığı 20. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından beri çevreci hareketlerin yükselişine tanık olduk. Bu yükseliş kimi zaman çevre korumacı bir örgütün eylemleriyle somutlaştı, kimi zaman çevreci politikaları içeren yeşil partilerin temel tezlerinde vücut buldu, kimi zaman da uluslararası politikanın temel argümanlarından biri oldu. Bunun bir sonucu olarak çevre duyarlılığı ve korumacı yaklaşım, ulusal politika metinlerinden, uluslararası/ulusaşırı sözleşmelere, yeşil parti programlarından çevreci aktivistlerin eylemlerine kadar geniş bir çerçevede akademik yayınların konusu oldu. Hatta derin ekoloji, eko-sosyalizm, ekofeminizm vb gibi pek çok ekolojik temelli felsefi akım bu süreçte ortaya çıktı. Söz konusu dönemde bir sektör daha çevre duyarlılığını kendisine tema olarak edindi ama bu sektörün faaliyetleri akademik çalışmalara çok da konu edilmedi. Bahsedilen sektör sinema sektörü başka bir deyişle Amerika ve Avrupa merkezli film endüstrisidir. Amerika merkezli Holywood bu anlamda ilk üretimi yapan merkezdir. 1970’li yıllardan başlayarak disaster movie (felaket filmleri) ana başlığı altında pek çok film vizyona sokulmuştur. Avrupa film endüstrisi ise ancak 2000’li yıllardan itibaren bu temayı kullanmaya başlamıştır. İlk üretilen filmler tekil bir soruna bağlı ortaya çıkan felaket senaryoları üzerinden kurgulanmıştır. Bu çerçevede bir deprem, sel baskını, aniden ortaya çıkan bir virüsün ortaya çıkardığı hastalık gibi pek çok faktör felaketin tetikleyicisi olarak düşünülmüştür. Tekil soruna bulunan çözümler de genellikle bir kişinin ya da küçük bir uzman grubun çalışmasına bağlı olarak bulunan çözümlerdir. Zaman içinde temaların dünyanın genelini sarsan küresel ekolojik felaketlere, distopyalara ya da bazı filmlerde ekotopyalara (avatar gibi) doğru kaydığını görürüz. Bu çalışma sinema sektöründeki çevreci yaklaşımın temel ekolojik paradigmalara uygun olarak geliştiği temel tezinden hareketle, ekolojik yaklaşımın bu sektörde izini sürme amacındadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde çalışmada sinema tarihinde önemli yeri olan (seçilen filmler IMDB listelerinde 6 ve daha üzeri puana sahip filmlerdir) çevre duyarlılığını yansıtan filmler ortak temalar çerçevesinde analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çevresel sorunların (kirliliğin) kaynağı, bulunan çözüm ve çözümün kaynağı, çözüm sürecindeki kitlesel hareketler, eylem biçimleri ile filmin çıkış tarihinin ekolojik hareketlerin gelişim çizgisine uygunluğu temel analiz noktalarını oluşturmaktadır

References

  • FİLM KAYNAKÇASI
  • (Film kaynakçasında yer alan filmlerin IMDB üzerindeki sayfalarına 07.05.2015 tarihinde erişilmiştir)
  • (1) Silent Running, (1972). USA, Dir. Douglas Trumbull, (Rating: 6,8/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067756/
  • (2) Soylent Green, (1973). USA, Dir. Richard Fleischer, (Rating: 7,1/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070723/
  • (3) The China Syndrome, (1979). USA, Dir. James Bridges, (Rating: 7,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078966/
  • (4) The Day After, (1983). USA, Dir. Nicholas Meyer, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085404/
  • (5) The Crazies, (1973). USA, Dir. George A. Romero, (Rating: 6,1/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069895/
  • (6) The Crazies, (2010). USA, Dir. Breck Eisner, (Rating: 6,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455407/
  • (7) 28 Days Later, (2002). UK, Dir. Danny Boyle, (Rating: 7,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0289043/
  • (8) 28 Weeks Later, (2002). UK and Spain, Dir. Juan Carlos Fresnadillo, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463854/
  • (9) Blade Runner, (1982). USA, Dir. Ridley Scott, (Rating: 8,2/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083658/
  • (10) Children of Men, (2006). USA and UK, Dir. Alfonso Cuarón, (Rating: 7,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0206634/
  • (11) Oblivion, (2013). USA, Dir. Joseph Kosinski, (Rating: 7,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1483013/
  • (12) Elysium, (2013). USA, Dir. Neill Blomkamp, (Rating: 6,7/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1535108/
  • (13) The Day After Tomorrow, (2004). USA, Dir. Roland Emmerich, (Rating: 6,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319262/
  • (14) Erin Brockovich, (2000). USA, Dir. Steven Soderbergh, (Rating: 7,3/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0195685/
  • (15) Michael Clayton, (2007). USA, Dir. Tomy Gilroy, (Rating: 7,3/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0465538/
  • (16) A Civil Action, (1998). USA, Dir. Steven Zaillian, (Rating: 6,5/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120633/
  • (17) The Day The Earth Stood Still, (2008). USA, Dir. Scott Derrickson, (Rating: 5,5/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0970416/
  • (18) Invasion, (2007). USA-Australia, Dir. Oliver Hirschbiegel, James McTeigue, (Rating: 5,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427392/
  • (19) Promised Land, (2012). USA-UAE, Dir. Gus Van Sant, (Rating: 6,6/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2091473/
  • (20) East, (2013). USA-UK, Dir. Zal Batmanglij, (Rating: 6,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869716/
  • (21) Night Moves, (2013). USA, Dir. Kelly Reichardt, (Rating: 6,0/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2043933/
  • (22) Avatar, (2009). USA-UK, Dir. James Cameron, (Rating: 7,9/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0499549/
  • (23) Wall-E, (2008). USA, Dir. Andrew Stanton, (Rating: 8,4/10).
  • http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910970/
  • AKADEMİK KAYNAKÇA
  • Bergthaller, H. (2012). A Sense Of No-Place Avatar And The Pitfalls of Ecocentric Identification, European Journal of English Studies, 16 (2), 151–162.
  • Burg, R.V. (2012). Decades Away or The Day After Tomorrow?: Rhetoric, Film, and the Global Warming Debate, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 29 (1), 7-26
  • DOI: 10.1080/15295036.2011.637221
  • Callenbach, E. (1994). Ekotopya, Osman Akınhay (Çev.), İstanbul:Ayrıntı
  • Charity, T. (2013). Elysium, Sight and Soun, 23 (10), 72.
  • Delapa, T. (2014). New Film 'Night Moves' Delivers Dangerous Paranoia About Environmentalists, http://www.alternet.org/culture/new-film-night-moves-delivers-dangerous-paranoia-about-environmentalists (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2015)
  • Doll, S. & Faller, G. (1986). Blade Runner and Genre: Film Noir and Science Fiction, Literature Film Quarterly, 14 (2), 89-100.
  • Foss, K. A., & Littlejohn, S. W. (1984). The Day After: Rhetorical Vision in an Ironic Frame. Massachusetts. ERIC.
  • Keleş, R., Hamamcı, C., & Çoban, A. (2012). Çevre Politikası. Ankara: İmge.
  • Leiserowitz, A.A. (2004). Before and After The Day After Tomorrow: A U.S. Study of Climate change Risk Perception, Environment, 46 (9), 22-37.
  • Lipschutz, R.D. (2005). Soylent Green … is … Peoople’: Labour, Bodies and Capital in the Global Political Economy, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 34(2), 573-576,
  • DOI: 10.1177/03058298060340021401
  • McMullen, W.J. (1995). The China Syndrome: Corruption to the core, Literature Film Quarterly, 23 (1), 55-62.
  • Miller, H. K. (2013). Oblivion, Sight and Soun, 23 (6), 104-105.
  • Nashawaty.C., A Brief History of the Cinematic Apocalypse http://www.ew.com/article/2014/06/27/brief-history-cinematic-apocalypse (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2015)
  • Newbury, M. (2012). Fast Zombie/Slow Zombie: Food Writing, Horror Movies,and Agribusiness Apocalypse, American Literary History, 24 (1), 87-114.
  • Overpeck, D. (2012). ‘Remember! it's Only a Movie!’ Expectations and Receptions of The Day After (1983), Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 32 (2), 267-292.
  • DOI: 10.1080/01439685.2012.669882
  • Önder, T. (2003). Yeşil Siyaset, Mümtaz’er TÜRKÖNE (Ed), Siyaset içinde Ankara:Lotus
  • Shaw, T. (2013). "Rotten to the Core": Exposing America's Energy-Media Complex in The China Syndrome, Cinema Journal, 52 (2), 93—113.
  • Şahin, Ü. (2012). Yeşil Düşünce, Orçun İmga,, Hakan Olgun (Ed), Yeşil ve Siyaset içinde (11-60). Ankara:Lotus
  • Wagner, C.G. (2014). Why Apocalypse Is Popular, 48 (2), 11-12.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Refik Yaslıkaya

Publication Date July 31, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume 3 (Special Issue 1)

Cite

APA Yaslıkaya, R. (2015). AN INTERSECTION IN THE ECOLOGICAL PARADIGM: ECOLOGIST CINEMA. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 3(Special Issue 3), 410-428. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS308
IntJSCS is published by International Science Culture and Sport Association (ISCSA).