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Avrupa Birliği’nde Ülkeler Arası Emeklilik İhracatı (Transferi)

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 70 - 98, 30.10.2019

Abstract

References

  • Aggarwal, R., & Goodell, J. W. (2013). Political-economy of pension plans: Impact of institutions, gender, and culture. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(6), 1860-1879.
  • Bellemare, C., 2007. A life-cycle model of outmigration and economic assimiliation of immigrants in Germany. Eur. Econ. Rev. 51, 553–576.
  • Blackburn, K., Cipriani, G.P., 2002. A model of longevity, fertility and growth. J. Econ. Dyn. Control 26 (2), 187–204.
  • Bloom, D.E., Börsch-Supan, A., McGee, P., Seike, A., et al., 2011. Population aging: facts, challenges, and responses. Benefits Compensation Int. 41 (1), 22.Boeri, T., Hanson, G. H., & McCormick, B. (2002). Immigration policy and the welfare system: A report for the Fondazione Rodolfo Debendetti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bongaarts, J. (2004). Population aging and the rising cost of public pen- sions. Population and Development Review, 30(1), 1–23.
  • Bonoli, G. (2003). Two worlds of pension reform in western Europe. Com- parative Politics, 35(4), 399–416.
  • Bonoli, G., & Shinkawa, T. (2005). Population ageing and the logics of pen- sion reform in western Europe, East Asia and North America. In G. Bonoli, & T. Shinkawa (Eds.), Ageing and pension reform around the world: Evidence from eleven countries (pp. 1–23). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Borjas, G., Bornars, S., 1991. Immigration and the family. J. Labor Econ. 9, 123–148.
  • Borjas, G., Bratsberg, B., 1996. Who leaves? The outmigration of the foreignborn. Rev. Econ. Stat. 78, 165–176. Borjas, G.J., 1994. The economics of immigration. J. Econ. Lit. XXXII (2), 1667–1717.
  • Boucekkine, R., Germain, M., Licandro, O., 1997. Replacement echoes in the vintage capital growth model. J. Econ. Theory 74 (2), 333–348.
  • Bouchet, M., Marchiori, L., Pierrard, O., 2017. Pension reform in a worst case scenario: public finance versus political feasibility. J. Pension Econ. Finance 16 (2), 173–204.
  • Börsch-Supan, A., Härtl, K., Ludwig, A., 2014. Aging in Europe: reforms, international diversification, and behavioral reactions. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (5), 224–229.
  • Börsch-Supan, A., Heiss, F., Ludwig, A., Winter, J., 2003. Pension reform, capital markets and the rate of return. German Econ. Rev. 4 (2), 151–181.
  • Brücker, H., 2002. Can international migration solve the problems of european labour markets? Econ. Survey Europe 109–135.
  • Chłoń-Domińczak, A., Strzelecki, P., & Łątkowski, W. (2017). Pension reforms or consequences of the economic crisis? Measuring the changes of pension incomes in selected EU countries using APC approach. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing.
  • Chojnicki, X., Docquier, F., & Ragot, L. (2011). Should the US have locked heaven’s door? Reassessing the benefits of postwar immigration. Jour- nal of Population Economics, 24(1), 317–359.
  • Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., Vaupel, J.W., 2009. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet 374 (9696), 1196–1208.
  • Coleman, D., & Rowthorn, R. (2004). The economic effects of immigration into the United Kingdom. Population and Development Review, 30(4), 579–624.Collier, W., Piracha, M., Randaz, T., 2011. Remittances and return migration. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6091.
  • Cox, D.R., 1972. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion). J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 34, 187–220.
  • Cuaresma, J.C., Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., 2014. Is the demographic dividend an education dividend? Demography 51 (1), 299–315.
  • Cummins, J. D., Rubio-Misas, M., & Vencappa, D. (2017). Competition, efficiency and soundness in European life insurance markets. Journal of Financial Stability, 28, 66-78.
  • Dang, T. T., Antolin, P., & Oxley, H. (2001). Fiscal implications of ageing: Projections of age-related spending (OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 305). Paris: OECD Publications Service.
  • Dumont, J.-C., Spielvogel, G., 2008. Return migration: a new perspective. International Migration Outlook. SOPEMI, OECD.
  • Dustmann, C., Frattini, T., & Lanzara, G. (2012). Educational achievement of second generation immigrants: An international comparison. Economic Policy, 27(69), 143–185.
  • Earles, K. (2013, May). The gendered consequences of the European Union's pensions policy. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 38, pp. 75-82). Pergamon.
  • Ehrlich, I., Lui, F.T., 1991. Intergenerational trade, longevity, and economic growth. J. Political Econ. 99 (5), 1029–1059.
  • Ekberg, J. (2011). Will future immigration to Sweden make it easier to finance the welfare system? European Journal of Population, 27(1), 103–124.
  • Eling, M., & Schaper, P. (2017). Under pressure: how the business environment affects productivity and efficiency of European life insurance companies. European Journal of Operational Research, 258(3), 1082-1094.
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2013, November). A critical analysis of the pension system in Turkey from a gender equality perspective. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 41, pp. 35-44). Pergamon.
  • European Commission, 2015. The 2015 Ageing Report – Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States. European Economy, 3/2015.Ferrera, M., & Jessoula, M. (2005). Reconfiguring Italian pensions: From policy stalemate to comprehensive reforms. In G. Bonoli, & T. Shinkawa (Eds.), Ageing and Pension Reform around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries (pp. 24–46). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Florişteanu, E. (2013). Repercussions of Economic and Social Factors on Pension Systems. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 627-633.
  • Fried, H., Schmidt, S., & Yaisawarng, S. (1999). Incorporating the operating environment into a nonparametric measure of technical efficiency. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 12(3), 249–267.
  • Goldstein, J., Kluge, F., 2016. Demographic pressures on European unity. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42 (2), 299–304
  • Gott, C., & Johnston, K. (2002). The migrant population in the UK: Fiscal effects (RDS Occasional Paper No 77). London: Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office.
  • Gragnolati, M., Jorgensen, O. H., Rocha, R., & Fruttero, A. (2011). Growing old in an older Brazil: implications of population aging on growth, poverty, public finance and service delivery. The World Bank.
  • Hagemann, S., & Scherger, S. (2016). Increasing pension age—Inevitable or unfeasible? Analysing the ideas underlying experts' arguments in the UK and Germany. Journal of aging studies, 39, 54-65.
  • Hagen-Zanker, J., 2008. Why do people migrate? a review of the theoretical literature. Masstricht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper, MGSoG/2008/WP002.
  • Han, K. J. (2013). Saving public pensions: Labor migration effects on pension systems in European countries. The Social Science Journal, 50(2), 152-
  • Hanson, G. H. (2005). Why does immigration dived America? Public finance and political opposition to open borders. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Hooper, J. (2002, December 19). Schröder’s pro-immigration law overruled. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk
  • Professional Pensions, How the Thatcher governments changed occupational pensions in the 1980s, https://www.professionalpensions.com/professional-pensions/feature/2261768/how-thatchers-governments-changed-pensions, Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2019.
  • Jimeno, J., Rojas, J., Puente, S., 2008. Modelling the impact of aging on social security expenditures. Econ. Model. 25 (2), 201–224.
  • Josiah, J., Gough, O., Haslam, J., & Shah, N. (2014, March). Corporate reporting implication in migrating from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes: A focus on the UK. In Accounting forum (Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 18-37). Elsevier.
  • Kemnitz, A. (2003). Immigration, unemployment and pensions. Scandina- vian Journal of Economics, 105(1), 31–47.
  • Kirdar, M.G., 2009. Labor market outcomes, savings accumulation, and return migration. Labour Econ. 16, 418–428.
  • Kluge, F. A., Goldstein, J. R., & Vogt, T. C. (2018). Transfers in an aging European Union. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing.
  • Krieger, T. (2005). Public pensions and immigration: A public choice approach. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Kuhlenkasper, T., & Steinhardt, M. F. (2012). Who Leaves and When?–Selective Outmigration of Immigrants from Germany. Selective Outmigration of Immigrants from Germany (September 2012). SOEPpaper, (490).
  • Lee, R., & Miller, T. (2000). Immigration, social security, and broader fiscal impacts. American Economic Review, 90(2), 350–354.
  • Leroux, M. L., Maldonado, D., & Pestieau, P. (2019). The political economy of contributive pensions in developing countries. European Journal of Political Economy.
  • Malafronte, I., Porzio, C., & Starita, M. G. (2016). The nature and determinants of disclosure practices in the insurance industry: Evidence from European insurers. International Review of Financial Analysis, 45, 367-382.
  • Olivera, J. (2018). The distribution of pension wealth in Europe. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing. Volume 13, May 2019, Pages 30-42.
  • Piracha, M., Vadean, F., 2010. Return migration and occupational choice: evidence from albania. World Dev. 38, 1141–1155.
  • Razin, A., & Sadka, E. (1999). Migration and pension with inter- national capital mobility. Journal of Public Economics, 74(1), 141–150.
  • Razin, A., & Sadka, E. (2000). Unskilled migration: A burden or a boon for the welfare state? Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 102(3), 463–479.
  • Razin, A., Sadka, E., & Nam, C. W. (2005). The decline of the welfare state: Demography and globalization. Cambridge. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Schludi, M. (2005). The reform of Bismarckian pension systems: A comparison of pension politics in Austria, France, German, Italy, and Sweden. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Schulz, E., Leidl, R., König, H., 2004. The impact of ageing on hospital care and long-term care – the example of Germany. Health Policy 67 (1), 57–74.
  • Sinn, H. (2001). The value of children and immigrants in a pay-as-you-go pension system: A proposal for a partial transition to a funded system (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 6229). Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Soroka, S., Banting, K., & Johnston, R. (2006). Immigration and redistribu- tion in a global era. In P. Bardhan, S. Bowles, & M. Wallerstein (Eds.), Globalization and egalitarian redistribution (pp. 261–288). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Storesletten, K. (2003). Fiscal implications of immigration: A net present value calculation. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105(3), 487–506.
  • Tabata, K., 2015. Population aging and growth: the effect of pay-as-you-go pension re- form. FinanzArchiv 71 (3).
  • United Nations, (2013). National Transfer Accounts Manual: Measuring and Analysing the Generational Economy. http://www.ntaccounts.org/doc/repository/NTA manual 2013.pdf.
  • Vogel, E., Ludwig, A., Börsch-Supan, A., 2013. Aging and pension reform: extending the retirement age and human capital formation. National Bureau of Economic Research Technical report.
  • Wilson, C., Sobotka, T., Williamson, L., Boyle, P., 2013. Migration and intergenerational replacement in Europe. Popul. Dev. Rev. 39 (1), 131–157.
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Lee, R., 2003. Rising longevity, education, savings, and growth. J. Dev. Econ. 70 (1), 83–101.

Avrupa Birliği’nde Ülkeler Arası Emeklilik İhracatı (Transferi)

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 70 - 98, 30.10.2019

Abstract

States, including developed countries, have difficulty in implementing
pension systems. System reforms for a sustainable pension system, like
extending retirement age, reducing public pension rates, increasing private
pension and private health insurance shares, to reduce the burden on the
pension system, countries with elderly population, try to increase young
population by young immigrants, to provide a balance between the young
population and old population for a sustainable pension system.



In this study, the export and effects of pension (transfer) arising from
the free movement of labor among the member countries due to free movement
within the European Union and the effects of the educated young population
immigration to the developed countries due to the exacerbation of the situation
for the sending country is investigated with literature review. As a result, it
is concluded that immigrant countries should take the necessary precautions to
avoid migration of their educated young population and keep them in their home
countries.

References

  • Aggarwal, R., & Goodell, J. W. (2013). Political-economy of pension plans: Impact of institutions, gender, and culture. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(6), 1860-1879.
  • Bellemare, C., 2007. A life-cycle model of outmigration and economic assimiliation of immigrants in Germany. Eur. Econ. Rev. 51, 553–576.
  • Blackburn, K., Cipriani, G.P., 2002. A model of longevity, fertility and growth. J. Econ. Dyn. Control 26 (2), 187–204.
  • Bloom, D.E., Börsch-Supan, A., McGee, P., Seike, A., et al., 2011. Population aging: facts, challenges, and responses. Benefits Compensation Int. 41 (1), 22.Boeri, T., Hanson, G. H., & McCormick, B. (2002). Immigration policy and the welfare system: A report for the Fondazione Rodolfo Debendetti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bongaarts, J. (2004). Population aging and the rising cost of public pen- sions. Population and Development Review, 30(1), 1–23.
  • Bonoli, G. (2003). Two worlds of pension reform in western Europe. Com- parative Politics, 35(4), 399–416.
  • Bonoli, G., & Shinkawa, T. (2005). Population ageing and the logics of pen- sion reform in western Europe, East Asia and North America. In G. Bonoli, & T. Shinkawa (Eds.), Ageing and pension reform around the world: Evidence from eleven countries (pp. 1–23). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Borjas, G., Bornars, S., 1991. Immigration and the family. J. Labor Econ. 9, 123–148.
  • Borjas, G., Bratsberg, B., 1996. Who leaves? The outmigration of the foreignborn. Rev. Econ. Stat. 78, 165–176. Borjas, G.J., 1994. The economics of immigration. J. Econ. Lit. XXXII (2), 1667–1717.
  • Boucekkine, R., Germain, M., Licandro, O., 1997. Replacement echoes in the vintage capital growth model. J. Econ. Theory 74 (2), 333–348.
  • Bouchet, M., Marchiori, L., Pierrard, O., 2017. Pension reform in a worst case scenario: public finance versus political feasibility. J. Pension Econ. Finance 16 (2), 173–204.
  • Börsch-Supan, A., Härtl, K., Ludwig, A., 2014. Aging in Europe: reforms, international diversification, and behavioral reactions. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (5), 224–229.
  • Börsch-Supan, A., Heiss, F., Ludwig, A., Winter, J., 2003. Pension reform, capital markets and the rate of return. German Econ. Rev. 4 (2), 151–181.
  • Brücker, H., 2002. Can international migration solve the problems of european labour markets? Econ. Survey Europe 109–135.
  • Chłoń-Domińczak, A., Strzelecki, P., & Łątkowski, W. (2017). Pension reforms or consequences of the economic crisis? Measuring the changes of pension incomes in selected EU countries using APC approach. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing.
  • Chojnicki, X., Docquier, F., & Ragot, L. (2011). Should the US have locked heaven’s door? Reassessing the benefits of postwar immigration. Jour- nal of Population Economics, 24(1), 317–359.
  • Christensen, K., Doblhammer, G., Rau, R., Vaupel, J.W., 2009. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet 374 (9696), 1196–1208.
  • Coleman, D., & Rowthorn, R. (2004). The economic effects of immigration into the United Kingdom. Population and Development Review, 30(4), 579–624.Collier, W., Piracha, M., Randaz, T., 2011. Remittances and return migration. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6091.
  • Cox, D.R., 1972. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion). J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 34, 187–220.
  • Cuaresma, J.C., Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., 2014. Is the demographic dividend an education dividend? Demography 51 (1), 299–315.
  • Cummins, J. D., Rubio-Misas, M., & Vencappa, D. (2017). Competition, efficiency and soundness in European life insurance markets. Journal of Financial Stability, 28, 66-78.
  • Dang, T. T., Antolin, P., & Oxley, H. (2001). Fiscal implications of ageing: Projections of age-related spending (OECD Economics Department Working Paper No. 305). Paris: OECD Publications Service.
  • Dumont, J.-C., Spielvogel, G., 2008. Return migration: a new perspective. International Migration Outlook. SOPEMI, OECD.
  • Dustmann, C., Frattini, T., & Lanzara, G. (2012). Educational achievement of second generation immigrants: An international comparison. Economic Policy, 27(69), 143–185.
  • Earles, K. (2013, May). The gendered consequences of the European Union's pensions policy. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 38, pp. 75-82). Pergamon.
  • Ehrlich, I., Lui, F.T., 1991. Intergenerational trade, longevity, and economic growth. J. Political Econ. 99 (5), 1029–1059.
  • Ekberg, J. (2011). Will future immigration to Sweden make it easier to finance the welfare system? European Journal of Population, 27(1), 103–124.
  • Eling, M., & Schaper, P. (2017). Under pressure: how the business environment affects productivity and efficiency of European life insurance companies. European Journal of Operational Research, 258(3), 1082-1094.
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2013, November). A critical analysis of the pension system in Turkey from a gender equality perspective. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 41, pp. 35-44). Pergamon.
  • European Commission, 2015. The 2015 Ageing Report – Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States. European Economy, 3/2015.Ferrera, M., & Jessoula, M. (2005). Reconfiguring Italian pensions: From policy stalemate to comprehensive reforms. In G. Bonoli, & T. Shinkawa (Eds.), Ageing and Pension Reform around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries (pp. 24–46). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Florişteanu, E. (2013). Repercussions of Economic and Social Factors on Pension Systems. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 627-633.
  • Fried, H., Schmidt, S., & Yaisawarng, S. (1999). Incorporating the operating environment into a nonparametric measure of technical efficiency. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 12(3), 249–267.
  • Goldstein, J., Kluge, F., 2016. Demographic pressures on European unity. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42 (2), 299–304
  • Gott, C., & Johnston, K. (2002). The migrant population in the UK: Fiscal effects (RDS Occasional Paper No 77). London: Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office.
  • Gragnolati, M., Jorgensen, O. H., Rocha, R., & Fruttero, A. (2011). Growing old in an older Brazil: implications of population aging on growth, poverty, public finance and service delivery. The World Bank.
  • Hagemann, S., & Scherger, S. (2016). Increasing pension age—Inevitable or unfeasible? Analysing the ideas underlying experts' arguments in the UK and Germany. Journal of aging studies, 39, 54-65.
  • Hagen-Zanker, J., 2008. Why do people migrate? a review of the theoretical literature. Masstricht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper, MGSoG/2008/WP002.
  • Han, K. J. (2013). Saving public pensions: Labor migration effects on pension systems in European countries. The Social Science Journal, 50(2), 152-
  • Hanson, G. H. (2005). Why does immigration dived America? Public finance and political opposition to open borders. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Hooper, J. (2002, December 19). Schröder’s pro-immigration law overruled. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk
  • Professional Pensions, How the Thatcher governments changed occupational pensions in the 1980s, https://www.professionalpensions.com/professional-pensions/feature/2261768/how-thatchers-governments-changed-pensions, Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2019.
  • Jimeno, J., Rojas, J., Puente, S., 2008. Modelling the impact of aging on social security expenditures. Econ. Model. 25 (2), 201–224.
  • Josiah, J., Gough, O., Haslam, J., & Shah, N. (2014, March). Corporate reporting implication in migrating from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes: A focus on the UK. In Accounting forum (Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 18-37). Elsevier.
  • Kemnitz, A. (2003). Immigration, unemployment and pensions. Scandina- vian Journal of Economics, 105(1), 31–47.
  • Kirdar, M.G., 2009. Labor market outcomes, savings accumulation, and return migration. Labour Econ. 16, 418–428.
  • Kluge, F. A., Goldstein, J. R., & Vogt, T. C. (2018). Transfers in an aging European Union. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing.
  • Krieger, T. (2005). Public pensions and immigration: A public choice approach. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Kuhlenkasper, T., & Steinhardt, M. F. (2012). Who Leaves and When?–Selective Outmigration of Immigrants from Germany. Selective Outmigration of Immigrants from Germany (September 2012). SOEPpaper, (490).
  • Lee, R., & Miller, T. (2000). Immigration, social security, and broader fiscal impacts. American Economic Review, 90(2), 350–354.
  • Leroux, M. L., Maldonado, D., & Pestieau, P. (2019). The political economy of contributive pensions in developing countries. European Journal of Political Economy.
  • Malafronte, I., Porzio, C., & Starita, M. G. (2016). The nature and determinants of disclosure practices in the insurance industry: Evidence from European insurers. International Review of Financial Analysis, 45, 367-382.
  • Olivera, J. (2018). The distribution of pension wealth in Europe. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing. Volume 13, May 2019, Pages 30-42.
  • Piracha, M., Vadean, F., 2010. Return migration and occupational choice: evidence from albania. World Dev. 38, 1141–1155.
  • Razin, A., & Sadka, E. (1999). Migration and pension with inter- national capital mobility. Journal of Public Economics, 74(1), 141–150.
  • Razin, A., & Sadka, E. (2000). Unskilled migration: A burden or a boon for the welfare state? Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 102(3), 463–479.
  • Razin, A., Sadka, E., & Nam, C. W. (2005). The decline of the welfare state: Demography and globalization. Cambridge. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Schludi, M. (2005). The reform of Bismarckian pension systems: A comparison of pension politics in Austria, France, German, Italy, and Sweden. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Schulz, E., Leidl, R., König, H., 2004. The impact of ageing on hospital care and long-term care – the example of Germany. Health Policy 67 (1), 57–74.
  • Sinn, H. (2001). The value of children and immigrants in a pay-as-you-go pension system: A proposal for a partial transition to a funded system (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 6229). Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Soroka, S., Banting, K., & Johnston, R. (2006). Immigration and redistribu- tion in a global era. In P. Bardhan, S. Bowles, & M. Wallerstein (Eds.), Globalization and egalitarian redistribution (pp. 261–288). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Storesletten, K. (2003). Fiscal implications of immigration: A net present value calculation. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105(3), 487–506.
  • Tabata, K., 2015. Population aging and growth: the effect of pay-as-you-go pension re- form. FinanzArchiv 71 (3).
  • United Nations, (2013). National Transfer Accounts Manual: Measuring and Analysing the Generational Economy. http://www.ntaccounts.org/doc/repository/NTA manual 2013.pdf.
  • Vogel, E., Ludwig, A., Börsch-Supan, A., 2013. Aging and pension reform: extending the retirement age and human capital formation. National Bureau of Economic Research Technical report.
  • Wilson, C., Sobotka, T., Williamson, L., Boyle, P., 2013. Migration and intergenerational replacement in Europe. Popul. Dev. Rev. 39 (1), 131–157.
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Lee, R., 2003. Rising longevity, education, savings, and growth. J. Dev. Econ. 70 (1), 83–101.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yurdagül Meral

Publication Date October 30, 2019
Submission Date July 3, 2019
Acceptance Date October 21, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Meral, Y. (2019). Avrupa Birliği’nde Ülkeler Arası Emeklilik İhracatı (Transferi). InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 2(1), 70-98.