Akademisyenlerin Uluslararası Akademik Etkinliklerde Yabancı Dilde Yaşadığı İletişim Kaygıları

Year 2020, , 880 - 893, 31.08.2020

Turgay Han , Manolya Akyüz Halis Gözpınar

https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.533100

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'deki devlet üniversitelerinde çalışan anadili İngilizce olmayan Türk akademisyenlerin uluslararası bilimsel toplantılarda yaşadıkları yabancı dilde iletişim kaygısı kaynaklarının ve onların bu konudaki algılarının incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemi olarak Türkiye’deki iki üniversiteden 44 gönüllü akademisyen (20 kadın ve 24 erkek olmak üzere) seçilmiştir. Nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılan bu çalışmada veriler Yabancı Dil Kaygısı Ölçeği (Horwitz, et al., 1986) ve Kişisel İletişim Korkusu Bildirme Ölçeği (McCroskey, 1982) ile toplanmıştır. Nicel veriler kaygı ve iletişim korkusu ölçeklerinden toplanırken nitel veriler profil formu ve yüz yüze görüşmelerden elde edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları kadınların daha yüksek kaygı yaşamalarına rağmen, akademisyenlerin cinsiyet değişkenine göre iletişim ve yabancı dil kaygılarında anlamlı ölçüde bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir.

Keywords

İletişim kaygısı, Akademik Toplantılar, Yabancı Dil olarak İngilizce, İngilizce Konuşan Türkler.

References

• Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, andCope’sconstruct of foreignlanguageanxiety: Thevase of students of Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 78 (11), 155-68.Andrade, Melvin., Williams, Kenneth. (2009). Foreing Language Learning Anxiety in Japanese EFL Universty Classes: Physical, Emotional, Expressive and Verbal Reactions. Sophia Junior College Faculty J ournal, 29,1-24.Approaches, 4th Editions. London: sage publicationsAwan, R., Azher, M., Anwar, M. N., & Naz, A. (2010). An Investigation of Foreign Language ClassroomAnxietyandItsRelationshipwithStudents’ Achievement. Journal of CollegeTeachingand Learning, 7, 33-40. Aydın, B. (1999). A study of sources of foreignlanguageanxiety in speakingandWritingclassess.Unpublisheddoctoralthesis. Anadolu University, Eskişehir.Aydın, S. (2008). An investigation on thelanguageanxietyandfear of negativeevaluationamongTurkish EFL Learners. Asian EFL Journal, TeachingArticles, 30 (1), 421—444.Aydın, S. (2012). Theeffects of young EFL learners’ perceptions of tests on test anxiety. Education 3—13: International Journal of Primary, ElementaryandEarlyYearsEducation, 40(2), 189-204.Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Berger, R. &Shechter, Y. (1996). Guidelines for choosing an "intervention package" for working with adolescent girls in distress. Adolescence, 31(123), 709-719.Binti Rafeka M., Bt Ramlia N. H. L., Bt Iksana H., Haritha N. M., , Bt Che Abasb A. I. (2014). Gender and Language, Communication Apprehension in Second Language Learning, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 123 90 – 96Bragg, John R. Jr., "Communication Apprehension Among Community College Students: A Phenomenology" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3236. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3236Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The Unwillingness-To-Communicate Scale: Development and Validation. Communication Monographs, 43(1), 60-69. DOI: 10.1080/03637757609375916Burgoon, J.K. (1976). The unwillingness-to-communicate scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43, 60-69.Burroughs, N. F., & Marie, V. (1995, February) Speaking in English scares me: A cross-cultural comparison of native and non-native language use on communication orientations in Micronesia. Paper presented to the Intercultural Communication Interest Group of the Western States Communication Association, Portland, OR.Byrne, P. R. (1987). Foreign language communication apprehension of Germans learning English: An East-West comparison. Unpublished master’s thesis. Texas Tech University: Lubbock, TX.communicative competence among maritime students in the Philippines. Reflect. English Lang. Teach. 6(2):39-58.Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Daly, J. A., Caughlin, J. P., & Stafford, L. 1997 Correlates and consequences of socialcommunicative anxiety In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf, & D. M. Ayres (Eds.), Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence, and Communication Apprehension, (2ed.,). Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press. Pp. 21-71.evaluation. The Journal of Psychology,128 (4), 447-453Fayer, J.M., McCroskey,J.C. &Richmond, V.P. (1984). Communication apprehension in Puerto Rico and the United States. Communication, 13, 49-66Ferris, D. &Tagg, T. (1996). Academic Oral CommunicationNeeds of EAP Learners: WhatSubject-MatterInstructorsactuallyrequire. TESOL Quarterly, 30(1), Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language Learning and Perfectionism: Anxious and Non-Anxious Learners’ Reactions to Their Own Oral Performance. Modern Language Journal, 86, 562-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00161Ho, M. (2011). Academicdiscoursesocializationthroughsmall-groupdiscussions. System, 39, 437-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.10.015 Horwitz, E. K. (1996). Even teachers get the blues: Recognizing and alleviating non-native teache Foreign Language Annals, 29, 365-372.Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxietyandachievement. AnnualReview of AppliedLinguistics, 21, 112-126Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132.Horwitz, E. K.., & Young, D.J. (1991). Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice HallHorwitz, M. B., Horwitz, E. K., & Cope, J. (1991). Foreign language classroom anxiety. In E. K. Horwitz & D. J. Young (Eds.), Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications (pp. 27-39). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Horwitz, M. B., Horwitz, E. K., &Cope, J. (1991). Foreignlanguageclassroomanxiety. In E. K. Horwitz& D. J. Young (Eds.), Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications (pp. 27-39). EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Keaten, J., Kelly, L., & Pribyl, C.B. (1997). Communication apprehension in Japan: Grade school through secondary school. The International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 319-343Kilic, M. (2007). The sources and relations of foreign language listening anxiety with respect to text type and learner variables: A case study at Gaziantep University. A master thesis. Retrieved from http://www.belgeler.com/blg/1g7dKondo, D. S. (1994). Strategies for reducing public speaking anxiety in Japan. Communication Reports, 7, 20-26.Kondo, D., & Ling, Y. (2004). Strategies for coping with language anxiety. ELT Journal, 58(3).Korpela, L. (2011). Why don't students talk? Causes of foreign language communication apprehension in English classes: a comparison of high apprehensive and low apprehensive upper secondary students. Unpublished M.A. thesis. University of Helsinki: Department of Teacher Education.Leki, I. (1999). Techniques for reducing second language writing anxiety. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in foreign language and second language learning (pp. 64-88). New York: McGrawHill. Lucas, J. (1984). Communication apprehension in the ESL classroom: Getting our students to talk. Foreign Language Annals, 17, 593-598.MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language Anxiety: A Review of Literaturefor Language Teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), AffectInForeign Language and Second Language Learning (pp. 24 – 43). New York: McGrawHillCompaniesMacIntyre, P. D. &Gardner, R. C. (1991). Investigatinglanguageclassanxietyusingthefocusedessaytechnique. Modern Language Journal, 75, 296-304.Manninen, S. (1984). Communication Apprehension. A study of the factors contributing to anxiety experienced by Finnish speakers of English. Unpublished M.A. thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Department of Languages.McCroskey, J. C. (1982). An introductiontorhetoricalcommunication (4th Ed). EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.McCroskey, J. C. (2001). An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication. 8th Edition. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.McCroskey, J. C. Classroom consequences of communication apprehension. Communication Education, 26,27-33. (1977a).McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1984). Communication apprehension and small group communication. In R. S. Cathcart, & L. A. Samovar (Eds.), Small group communication, Fourth Ed. (pp. 342-356). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown. Fifth edition, 1988; Sixth edition, 1992.McCroskey, J. C., &:McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5. 108-113McCroskey, J. C.. & Richmond. V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate. In J. C. McCroskey &J. A. Daly (Eds.). Personalityand interpersonalcommunication.Newbury Park. CA: SagMcCroskey, J. E. (1982). Communicationcompetenceandperformance: A researchandpedagogicalperspective. CommunicationEducation, 31, 1-8.McCroskey, J.C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In J. Daly & J.C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding communication: shyness, reticence and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.McCroskey. J.C., & Andersen, J.F. (1976). Therelationshipbetweencommunicationapprehensionandacademicachievementamongcollegestudents. Human CommunicationResearch, , 3, 73-81.McDowell, E. E., & Yotsuyanagi, N. (1996). An exploratory study of communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and sense of humor between college students from the United States and Japan. (Eric ED 396 349)Meeraa, K. P., Sebastian, R. M., & Bindu, A.Vc. (2014). Prospective Teachers Level of Communication Apprehension. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 17(2), 243-251Merç, A. (2011). Sources of foreignlanguagestudentteacheranxiety: A qualitativeinquiry.Turkish Online Journal of QualitativeInquiry, 2(4), 80-94.Monfries, M. M., & Kafer, N. F. (1994). Private self-consciousness and fear of negative evaluation. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128(4), 447-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1994.9712751Monfries, M. M., & Kafer, N. F.(1994). Private self-consciousness and fear of negative Muhamed M., Saad M., N., Krishnasamy, H. And Chek W., Allam N. (2011) Classroom oral communication apprehension among Libyan students at Universiti Utara Malaysia. In: 4th Biennial International Conference on the Teaching and Learning of English in Asia (TLEiA4) 2011, 10th to 12th November 2011, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia.Nayeem N., Khan S., & Mehta S. K., (2015). Communication Apprehension And Its Effect On Pharmacy Undergraduates. World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4(12): 951-957Neuliep, J. W., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The Development of Intercultural and Interethnic Communication Apprehension Scales. Communication Research Reports, 14, 145-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824099709388656Noor A. M., Rafek M., Megat Khalid P. Z. and Mohammad R. (2015). Communication Apprehension in Language Learning: is it Serious? International Journal of Arts & Sciences, CD-ROM. ISSN: 1944-6934 : 08(02):311–320Nuto, E. (2003). Emmää puhu ellei oo pakko: Subjective Experiences of Communication Apprehension in English. University of Jyväskylä. Master’s Thesis.Ohata, K. (2005). Language anxiety from the teacher's perspective: interviews with seven experienced ESL/EFL teachers. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 133-155.Oxford, R. (1999). “AnxietyandThe Language Learner: New Insights”. In A. Jane (Ed.), Affect in Language Learning (pp. 58 –67). Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Paakkanen, A. and Pirinen, O. (1990). Oral communication apprehension in the English class: a study of upper secondary school pupils. Unpublished M.A thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Department of Languages.Pappamihiel N. E., (2002). English as a second language students and English Language Anxiety: Issues in the Mainstream Classroom Research in the Teaching of English, 36 (3) (2002), pp. 327-356Philips G.M. (1968). Reticence: Pathology of the normal speaker. Speech Monographs, 35, 39-49. Phillips, E. M. (1992). Theeffects of languageanxiety on students’ oral test performanceandattitudes. Modern Language Journal, 76, 14 – 26. Phillips, G.M. 1997. Reticence: A perspective on social withdrawal (pp. 129-150). In J.A. Daly, J.C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf, & D.M. Ayres (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (2nd ed.). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.PRCA-24 (2016).  http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/prca24.htm adresinden 22.05.2016 tarihinde indirilmiştir. Price, M.L. (1991). TheSubjectiveExperience of Foreign Language Anxiety: InterviewsWithHighlyAnxiousStudents, In E. K. HorwitzAnd D.J. Young (Eds.), Language Anxiety: FromTheoryandResearchtoClassroomImplications (pp. 101 – 108). EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.Rafeka, M. B., Ramlia, N.H.L., Iksana, H.,Haritha, N.M., Abasb, A.I.C. (2014). Gender and Language, Communication Apprehension in Second Language Learning , Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 123, 90 – 96 Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1985). Communication: Apprehension, Avoidance, and Effectiveness. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.Rojo-Laurilla MA (2007). English for maritime purposes: Communication apprehension and Ryan, R. L., &Deci, E. M. (2002). Overview of self-determinationtheory: An organismic-dialecticalperspective. E. L. Deci& R. M. Ryan içinde, Handbook of self-determinationresearch (pp. 3-33). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Sallinen-Kuparinen, A., McCroskey, J.C. and Richmond, V.P. (1991). Willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, introversion and self-reported communication competence: Finnish and American comparisons. Communication Research Reports, 8, 55-64.Scovel, T. (1978). Theeffect of affect on foreignlanguagelearning: A review of theanxietyresearch. Language Learning, 28(1), 129-142.Scovel, T. (2001). Learning New Languages: A guidetosecondlanguageacquisition. Massachsetts: Heinle&Heinle.Subaşı, G. (2010). Whatarethe main sources of Turkish EFL students’ anxiety   in oral practice? Turkish Online Journal of QualitativeInquiry, 1(2), 29-49.Wahab, N.A., Shaipah, N., Saad, N., Natrah, Ahmad, Hanim, J. (2004).  Gender and culture: The effect on oral communication apprehension among university students. Paper presented at ASEAN Symposium on Educational Management and Leadership (ASEMAL4), 13 - 15 Disember 2004, Grand Plaza Parkroyal, Penang.Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027806Weiner, I.B, & Craighead, W.E. (2010).The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology New Jersey: John Wiley & SonsWicks-Nelson, R. & Israel, A. C (2006). Behavior Disorders of Childhood 6th Edition. New Jersey: Person Education, Inc.Woodrow, L.J. (2001). Towards a Model of Adaptive Language Leaming: A Pilot Study(ERIC Documents, ED456645).Woodrow, L.J. (2006). Anxiety and Speaking English as a Second Language. Regional Language CentreJournal, 37, 308-328. Young, D.J. (1991). Creating a low-anxietyclassroomenvironment: Whatdoeslanguageanxietyresearchsuggest? Modern Language Journal, 75 (4), 26-39. Young, D.J. (1994). New Directions in Language AnxietyResearch. In C. Klee (ed.), Faces in a crowd: Theindividuallearner in multisectioncourses. Boston: Heinle&Heinle.Zheng, Y. (2008). Anxiety and Second/Foreign Language Learning. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 1(1), 1-12.