Siber Zorba Olan ve Olmayan Ergenlerin Yordanmasında Siber Mağduriyet, Akran Zorbalığı ve Karanlık Üçlünün Rolü

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 420 - 448, 13.05.2023

Rüstem Göktürk Haylı Yrd. Doç. Dr.yüksel Çırak

https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.1224522

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı ergenlerdeki siber mağduriyet, akran zorbalığı ve karanlık üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin ergenlerin siber zorba olup olmadığını ne düzeyde yordadığını belirlemektir. Bu araştırma kesitsel desende gerçekleştirilmiş betimsel bir nicel araştırma olup keşfedici korelasyonel modelde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında İnönü Üniversitesi’ndeki 9 fakülte ve 1 meslek yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören toplam 952 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık/Mağduriyet Envanteri 2, Akran Zorbalığı Ölçeği, Kısaltılmış Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği Türkçe Formu ve kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri yüzde-frekans analizi ve lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda örneklemdeki ergenlerin %47’sinin siber zorbalık sürecine zorba, mağdur veya zorba/mağdur (hem zorba hem de mağdur) olarak dahil olduğu; %53’ünün siber zorbalığa dahil olmadığı saptanmıştır. Ergenlerin %30’unun siber zorba, %40’ının siber mağdur, %7’sinin sadece siber zorba, %17’sinin sadece siber mağdur, %23’ünün ise zorba/mağdur olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen lojistik regresyon modelinde siber zorbalık ile araştırmada ele alınan yordayıcı değişkenler arasında ilişki olduğu, modelin uyum iyiliğinin yeterli düzeyde olduğu ve siber zorbalıktaki varyansın %22.3’ünü açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen modelin siber zorba olan ve olmayan ergenleri %78.7 oranında doğru sınıflandırdığı bulunmuş; modeldeki yordayıcı değişkenlerden siber mağduriyet, akran zorbalığı, Makyavelizm ve psikopatinin siber zorba olan ve olmayan ergenlerin yordanmasına anlamlı katkılar sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Siber zorbalık, akran zorbalığı, karanlık üçlü

The Role of Cyber Victimization, Peer Bullying and the Dark Triad in Predicting Cyberbully and Non-Cyberbully Adolescents

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine to what extent adolescents' cyber victimization, peer bullying, dark triad personality traits, risk behavior and prosocial behaviors predict cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents . This research is a descriptive quantitative research conducted in cross-sectional design and exploratory correlational model. A total of 952 students studying at 9 faculties and 1 vocational school at İnönü University in the 2021-2022 academic year participated in the research. Revised Cyberbullying/Victimization Inventory 2, Peer Bullying Scale, Short Dark Triad Scale Turkish Form and personal information form were used as data collection tools in the study. The data of the study were analyzed by percent-frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that 47% of the adolescents in the sample were involved in the cyberbullying process as a bully, victim or bully/victim (both bully and victim); 53% of them were not involved in cyberbullying. It was determined that 30% of the adolescents are cyberbullies, 40% are cyber victims, 7% are only cyberbullies, 17% are only cyber victims, and 23% are bullies/victims. In the logistic regression model obtained, it was determined that there was a relationship between cyberbullying and the predictive variables in the study. It was determined that the goodness of fit of the model was sufficient and the model explained 22.5% of the variance in cyberbullying. It was determined that the model accurately classified cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents at the rate of 78.7%, and cyber victimization, peer bullying, Machiavellianism and psychopathy made significant contributions to the prediction of cyberbully and non-cyberbully adolescents.

Keywords

Cyberbullying, peer bullying, dark triad

References

• Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
• Ali, F. & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2010). Investigating theory of mind deficits in nonclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.027
• Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
• Ang, R. P. & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41, 387–397. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
• Ang, R. P., Tan, K. A. & Mansor, A. T. (2010). Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator of narcissistic exploitativeness and cyberbullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2619–2634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510388286
• Arıcak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167–184.
• Arslan, N. (2017). Peer bullying among high school students: Turkish Version of Bullying Scale. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. Special Issue for INTE 2017, 853–857.
• Aslanbay, M. (2006). A compulsive consumption: Internet use addiction tendency. The case of Turkish high school students. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Azami, M. S. & Taremian, F. (2021). Risk factors associated with cyberbullying, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying-victimization in Iran's high school students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6261
• Balakrishnan, V., Khan, S., Fernandez, T., & Arabnia, H. R. (2019). Cyberbullying detection on twitter using Big Five and Dark Triad features. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 252-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.024
• Barlett, C. P. & Gentile, D. A. (2012). Attacking others online: The formation of cyberbullying in late adolescence. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028113
• Barlow, A., Qualter, P. & Stylianou, M. (2010). Relationships between Machiavellianism, emotional intelligence and theory of mind in children. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(1), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.021
• Beale, A. V. & Hall, K. R. (2007). Cyberbullying: What school administrators (and parents) can do. The Cleaning House: A Journal of Education Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 81(1), 8–12. http://doi.org/10.3200/TCHS.81.1.8-12
• Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behaviour. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265–277. http://doi.org/10.2190/8YQM-B04H-PG4D-BLLH
• Berson, I. & Berson, M. (2003). Digital literacy for effective citizenship. Social Education, 67(3), 164–167.
• Bingöl, N. ve Tanrıkulu, T. (2014). Siber zorba ve mağdur olma ile algılanan sosyal destek düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 43, 261-277.
• Blair, C. A., Hoffman, B. J. & Helland, K. R. (2008). Narcissism in organizations: A multisource appraisal reflects different perspectives. Human Performance, 21, 254–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959280802137705
• Brown, W. M., Hazraty, S. & Palasinski, M. (2019). Examining the Dark Tetrad and its links to cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 22(8), 552-557. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0172
• Buckingham, D. (2002) The Electronic Generation? Children and New Media. In L. A Lievrouw & S. Livingstone (Eds.), The Handbook of New Media (pp. 77-89). London: Sage.
• Buffardi, L. E. & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303-1314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320061
• Burnukara, P. ve Uçanok, Z. (2012). Okul ortamı ve sanal ortamda meydana gelen akran zorbalığı ne ölçüde örtüşüyor? Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 27(69), 81-96.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 13. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
• Chadwick, S. (2014). Impacts of Cyberbullying, Building Social and Emotional Resilience in Schools. First Edition. Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04031-8
• Chisholm, J. F. (2014). Review of the status of cyberbullying and cyberbullying prevention. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25(1), 77–87.
• Christie, R. & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
• Çalışkan-Pala, S., Ünsal, A., Öztürk-Emiral, G., Demirtaş Z., Akbulut-Zencirci, S., Tozun, M. & Arslantaş, D. (2021). Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84(1), 104-112. http://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2022). Adolescence. Encyclopedia Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/science/adolescence 10 Haziran 2022’de alınmıştır.
• David-Ferdon, C. & Hertz, M. F. (2007). Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: An emerging public health problem. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 1-5. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.020
• Dehue, F., Bolman, C. & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217-223. http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0008
• Del Gaizo, A. L. & Falkenbach, D. M. (2008). Primary and secondary psychopathic-traits and their relationship to perception and experience of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.019
• Dilmaç, B. (2009). Sanal zorbalığı yordayan psikolojik ihtiyaçlar: Lisans öğrencileri için bir ön çalışma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 9(3), 1291-1325.
• Dodge, K. A. & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1146
• Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., Brown, M. M. & Gottman, J. M. (1986). Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51(2), i–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165906 Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO). (2022). Adolescent health in the South-East Asia Region. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/adolescent-health 10 Haziran 2022’de alınmıştır.
• Elbozan-Cumurcu, B. ve Kaya, B. (2004). Trikotilomani, cilt yolma bozukluğu ve patolojik internet kullanımı olan bir olgu. Klinik Psikiyatri 7, 127-131.
• Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109-125. http://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260
• Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42.
• Eroğlu, Y. ve Güler, N. (2015). Koşullu öz-değer, riskli internet davranışları ve siber zorbalık/mağduriyet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 5(3), 118-129. http://doi.org/10.19126/suje.56594
• Facer, K. & Furlong R. (2001). Beyond the myth ofthe "cyberkid": young people at the margins of the information revolution. Journal of Youth Studies 4(4), 451-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260120101905
• Facer, K., Sutherland, R., Furlong, R. & Furlong, J. (2001). What's the point of using computers? The development of young people's computer expertise in the home. New Media & Society, 3(2), 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444801003002004
• Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Second Edition. London, UK: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 8th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Goodboy, A. K. & Martin, M. M. (2015). The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the Dark Triad. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 1-4. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.052
• Hajlo, N., Ghasem-Nejad, M. A., Jangi, S. & Ansar-Hossain, S. (2015). Relationship between the dark triad personality and cyber bullying in student internet users. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 19(1), 24–31. http://doi.org/10.22110/jkums.v19i1.2241
• Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. First Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
• Hare, R. D. & Neumann, C. S. (2009). Psychopathy: Assessment and forensic implications. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905401202
• Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2005). Research summary: Cyberbullying victimization. Preliminary findings from an online survey of Internet-using adolescents. https://cyberbullying.org/cyberbullying_victimization.pdf 6 Ocak 2022’de alınmıştır.
• Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization, Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129-156. http://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816
• Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. California: Corwin Press.
• Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 711–722. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9902-4
• Hosmer, D. W. & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley.
• Jones, D. N. & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28-41. http://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
• Juvonen, J. & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496-505. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
• Kemp, S. (2022). Digital 2022: Another year of bumper growth. We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/ 6 Haziran 2022’de alınmıştır.
• Kocatürk, M. ve Türk-Kurtça, T. (2021). Akran zorbalığı ve mağduriyeti, siber zorbalık, ahlaki uzaklaşma ve empatik ilgi arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(79), 1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.834590
• Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 22-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017
• Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P. & Agatston, P. W. (2008) Cyber Bullying: Bullying in The Digital Age. First Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A. & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519. http://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312445244
• Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., Bethell, E. J. & Ross, R. (2013). Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the Dark Triad and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 572-576. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.009
• Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27, 157-170. http://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306064547
• Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1245
• Livingstone, S. (2003). Children's use of the internet: Reflections on the emerging research agenda. New Media & Society 5(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002001
• Mahmut, M. K., Homewood, J. & Stevenson, R. J. (2008). The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are they similar to criminal psychopaths?. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 679-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.002
• Mertler, C. A., Vannatta, R. A. & LaVenia, K. N. (2021). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. 7th Edition. New York: Routledge.
• Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T. & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032
• Mishna, F., McLuckie, A. & Saini, M. (2009a). Real world dangers in an online reality: A qualitative study examining online relationships and cyber abuse. Social Work Research, 33(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/33.2.107
• Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S. (2009b). Ongoing and online: Children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 1222–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.004
• Morf, C. C. & Rhodewalt, F. (1993). Narcissism and self-evaluation maintenance: Explorations in object relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196001
• Morf, C. C. & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model, Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
• Morgan, G. A., Vaske, J. J., Gliner, J. A., & Harmon, R. J. (2003). Logistic regression and discriminant analysis use and interpretation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 994–997. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046896.27264.0F
• Nocera, T. & Dahlen, E. (2020). Dark triad personality traits in cyber aggression among college students. Violence and Victims, 35(4), 524-538. https://doi.org/10.1891/VV-D-18-00058
• Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We can Do. First Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K. & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.019
• Öztürk, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık ve mağduriyet yaşantılarında karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ve dürtüselliğin etkisi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans Tezi. Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Öztürk, Ö., Odabaşıoğlu, G., Eraslan, D., Genç, Y. ve Kalyoncu, Ö. A. (2007). İnternet bağımlılığı: Kliniği ve tedavisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 8, 36-41.
• Pabian, S., De Backer, C. J. S. & Vandebosch, H. (2015). Dark Triad personality traits and adolescent cyber-aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 41–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.015
• Padır, M. A., Eroğlu, Y. ve Çalışkan, M. (2015). Ergenlerde öznel mutluluk ile siber zorbalık ve mağduriyet arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 2(1), 32-51.
• Palfrey, J. & Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. New York: Basic Books.
• Patton, D. U., Hong, J. S., Ranney, M., Patel, S., Kelley, C., Eschmann, R. & Washington, T. (2014). Social media as a vector for youth violence: A review of the literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 548-553. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.043
• Paulhus, D. L. & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
• Peker, A., Eroğlu, Y. ve Ada, Ş. (2012). Ergenlerde siber zorbalığın ve mağduriyetin yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 185-206.
• Perren, S., Corcoran, L., McGuckin, C., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., Völlink, T., Garcia, D., Sevcikova, A. & Tsatsou, P. (2012). Tackling cyberbullying: Review of empirical evidence regarding successful responses by students, parents, and schools. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 283-293. http://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.244
• Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B. D. & Miller, E. (2017). Depressed adolescents' positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 5-15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.002
• Raskauskas, J. & Stoltz, A. D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 564. http://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564
• Runions, K., Shapka, J. D., Dooley, J. & Modecki, K. (2013). Cyber-aggression and victimization and social information processing: Integrating the medium and the message. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034503
• Safaria, T., Lubabin, F., Purwandari, E., Ratnaningsih, E. Z., Khairani, M., Saputra, N. E., Rahmawati, E. I., Esita, Z., Nazriani, D., Miftahuddin, M. & Mariyati, L. I. (2020). The role of dark triad personality on cyberbullying: Is it still a problem?. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(2), 4256-4260.
• Schade, E. C., Voracek, M. & Tran, U. S. (2021). The nexus of the dark triad personality traits with cyberbullying, empathy, and emotional intelligence: A structural-equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(659282), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659282
• Sefton-Green, J. & Buckingham, D. (1998). Digilal Visions: Children's "Creative" Uses of Multimedia Technologies. In J. Sefton-Green (Ed.) Digital Diversions (pp. 62-83). London: UCL Press.
• Shaw, T., Dooley, J. J., Cross, D., Zubrick, S. R. & Waters, S. (2013). The Forms of Bullying Scale (FBS): Validity and reliability estimates for a measure of bullying victimization and perpetration in adolescence. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1045-1057. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032955
• Slonje, R., Smith, P. K. & Frisén, A. (2012). Processes of cyberbullying, and feelings of remorse by bullies: A pilot study. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 244-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643670
• Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
• Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M., Ristkari, T. & Helenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 720-728. http://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79
• Staude-Müller, F., Bliesener, T. & Novak, N. (2009). Cyberbullying und opfererfahrungen von kindern und jugendlichen im Web 2.0. Kinder-und Jugenschuts in Wissenschaft und Praxis, 54(2), 42-47.
• Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F. & Perren, S. (2013). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(1), 52-67. http://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2136
• Subrahmanyam, K., Garcia, E. C., Harsono, L. S., Li, J. S. & Lipana, L. (2009). In their words: Connecting online weblogs to developmental processes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 219–245. http://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X345979
• Şahin, M., Aydın, B. & Sarı, S. V. (2012). Cyber bullying, cyber victimization and psychological symptoms: A study in adolescents. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 41(1), 53-59.
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok Değişkenli İstatistiklerin Kullanımı (Çev. Ed. M. Baloğlu). Altıncı Basımdan Çeviri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Tamborski, M. & Brown, R. P. (2011). The measurement of trait narcissism in social-personality research. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 133–140). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Tarpley, T. (2001). Children, the Internet, and Other New Technologies. In D. G. Singer & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Children and the Media (pp. 547-556). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Taştekin, E. ve Bayhan, P. (2018). Ergenler arasındaki siber zorbalığın ve mağduriyetin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 5(2), 21-45.
• Tatlıdil, H. (1996). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz. İkinci Baskı. Ankara: Cem Web Ofset.
• Topcu, Ç., Erdur-Baker, Ö. & Çapa-Aydın, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 643-648. http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0161
• Topcu, Ç. & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2012). Affective and cognitive empathy as mediators of gender differences in cyber and traditional bullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 550-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312446882
• Topcu, Ç. & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2018). RCBI-II: The second revision of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1395705
• Ünlü, S., Tuna, Y., Özbaş-Anbarlı, Z. ve Tosunay, D. (2019). Ergenlerde empati ve siber zorbalık-siber mağduriyet ilişkisi: Eskişehir’de özel okul öğrencilerine yönelik bir araştırma. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 38-58.
• Valentine, G. & Holloway S. L. (2002). Cyberkids? Exploring children's identities and social networks in on-line and off-line worlds. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(2), 302-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00292
• Van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F. & Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the Big Five, Dark Triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063
• Varghese, M. E. & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20, 7–21. http://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12055
• Williams, K. M. & Paulhus, D. L. (2004). Factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy scale (SRP-II) in non-forensic samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.004
• Whittaker, E. & Kowalski, R. M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 11-29. http://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.949377
• Wong, D. S., Chan, H. C. O., & Cheng, C. H. (2014). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents in Hong Kong. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 133–140. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.11.006
• Wright, M. F., Huang, Z., Wachs, S., Aoyama, I., Kamble, S., Soudi, S., Li, Z., Lei, L. & Shu, C. (2020) Associations between cyberbullying perpetration and the dark triad of personality traits: the moderating effect of country of origin and gender. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 30(3), 242-256. http://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2020.1788979
• Yaman, E., Eroğlu, Y. ve Peker, A. (2011). Başaçıkma Stratejileriyle Okul Zorbalığı ve Siber Zorbalık. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
• Ybarra, M. L. & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
• Ybarra, M. L. & Mitchell, K. J. (2007). Prevalence and frequency of internet harassment instigation: Implications for adolescent health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(2), 189-195. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.005