The Relationship between Principals’ Humor Styles and Instructional Leadership Behaviors
Year 2012,
Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 24 - 42, 01.06.2012
Ergün Recepoğlu
Servet Özdemir
Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine whether there is a meaningful difference or not between humor styles of school principals and their leadership behaviors This is a descriptive research in the relational survey model The population of the study is teachers who work in the primary schools in Kastamonu province in 2009 2010 and 2010 2011 Education year 1046 teachers who work in the 70 primary schools were reached in the process of data collection As a data collection instrument ldquo;Humor Styles Survey rdquo; and ldquo;Instructional Leadership Behaviors Questionnaire rdquo; were used Results from this study indicated that appreciator humor style is the most perceived one and nonhumorous style is the least perceived one according to teachers rsquo; perceptions While principals rsquo; humor styles do not differ significantly according to teachers rsquo; gender years in profession years in current school branch and educational level; principals rsquo; humor styles differ significantly according to teachers rsquo; age The findings of the research point out a meaningful and a positive relationship between humor styles of school principals and their instructional leadership behaviors
References
- Avolio, B. J., Howell, J. M. & Sosik, J. J. (1999). A funny thing happened on the way to the bottom line: humor as a moderator of leadership style effects. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 219–228.
- Avşar, V. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının mizah tarzları ve cinsiyet rolleri ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Babad, E. Y. (1974). A multi-method approach to the assessment of humor: A critical look at humor tests. Journal of Personality, 42, 618–632.
- Balcı, A. (1993). Etkili okul; kuram, uygulama ve araştırma. Ankara: Yavuz Dağıtım.
- Barbour, G. (1998). Want to be a succesful manager? Now that’s a laughing matter. Public Management, 80(7), 6-9.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stodgill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Başaran, İ. E. (1998). Yönetimde insan ilişkileri, yönetsel davranış. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım (Basım: Aydan Web Tesisleri).
- Benham, K. (1993). The relationship of leadership style, change and use of humor in health care executives (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9324822)
- Bolinger, B. S. (2001). Humor and leadership: A gender-based investifation of correlation between the attribute of humor and effective leadership (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9324822)
- Boysan, A. (1990). Paldır güldür mizah söyleşileri (3. baskı). İstanbul: Bas.
- Caudron, S. (1992). Humor is healthy in the workplace. Personnel Journal, 71(6), 63–68.
- Clouse, R. W and Spurgeon, K. L. (1995). Corporate analysis of humor. Psychology - A Journal of Human Behaviour, 32(3-4), 1-24.
- Conger, J. A. (1989). The charismatic leader: Beyond the mystique of exceptional leadership. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Cross, M. (1989). Leadership perceptions: The role of humor. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9019774)
- Çelik, V. (2000). Eğitimsel liderlik. Ankara: Pegem.
- Decker, W. H. & Rotondo, D. M. (2001). Relationships among gender, type of humor and perceived leader effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4), 450–465.
- Duignan, P. A. & Macpherson, R. J. S. (1992). Educative Leadership: A practical theory for new administrators and managers. London: The Palmer Press.
- Duncan, W. J. (1982). Humor in management: Prospects for administrative practice and research. Duncan, W. J. (1984). Perceived humor and social network patterns in a sample of task-oriented groups: A reexamination of prior research. Human Relations, 27(11), 895–907.
- Durmuş, Y. (2000). Mizah duygusu ile başaçıkma stratejileri arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Dwyer, T. (1991). Humor, power and change in organizations. Human Relations, 44(1),1–19.
- Ellis, A. (1991). The relationship between nursing education administrator’s use of humor and their leadership effectiveness as perceived by faculty (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9218005)
- Eren, E. (1991). Yönetim ve organizasyon. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Yayını.
- Eren, E. (2003). Yönetim ve organizasyon: Çağdaş ve küresel yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
- Eroğlu, E. (2008). Muzaffer İzgü’nün çocuk kitaplarının mizah unsurları yönüyle incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Bolu.
- Farrell, L. (1998). You’ve got to be kidding: Humor as a fundamental management tool. Records Management Quarterly, 32(3), 3–8.
- Franklin, D. D. (2008) Do leaders use more humor (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3304476)
- Gruner, C. (1997). The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Hallinger, P. & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247.
- Hogan, R., Curphy, G. J. & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist, 49(6), 493–504.
- Hoy, W. K. & Miskel, C. G. (1991). Educational administration theory, research, and practice. MC Graw-Hill Inc.
- Hurren, B. L. (2001). The effects of principals’ humor on teacher’s job satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3042753)
- Karagöz, O. (2009). İlköğretim Türkçe öğretmenlerinin mizah tarzları ile tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Kahn, W. (1989). Toward a sense of organizational humor: Implications for organizational diagnosis and change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(1), 45–63.
- Kent, S. H. (1993). An investigation of the relationship between humor style and effectiveness of elementary school principals as perceived by teachers in Georgia. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9416267).
- Koestler, A. (1997). Mizah yaratma eylemi (Çev. S. Kabakçıoğlu - Ö. Kabakçıoğlu) İstanbul: İris Yayıncılık.
- Koonce, W. J. (1997). The relationship between principals’humor styles and school climate in elementary schools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9731494)
- Küçükbayındır, Z. (2003). The effect of humour training on job satisfaction and organizational climate. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Lindop, B. (1969). Qualities of the leader. In O. T. Jarvis (Ed.) Elementary School Administration. WM. C. Brown Company Publishers.
- Martin, R. A. (2004). Sense of humor and physical health: Theoretical issues recent findings. and future directions. Humor: Intemational Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 1–19.
- Martin R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Mertz, D. J. C. (2000). Teachers’ perceptions of principals’ humor style: Its effect on teacher satisfaction and burnout. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9991715)
- Morreal, J. (1991). Humor and work. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 4(3-4), 259–373.
- Özdemir, S. ve Recepoğlu, E. (2010). Örgütsel sağlık ve mizah. V. Ulusal Eğitim Yönetimi Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 01-02 Mayıs 2010, Antalya.
- Özdemir, S. ve Sezgin, F. (2002). Etkili okullar ve öğretim liderliği. Kırgızistan- Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 3, 266- 282.
- Pakalın, M. Z. (1971). Osmanlı tarih deyimleri ve terimleri sözlüğü. C. II. İstanbul: MEB Yayınları.
- Par, A. H. (1990). Osmanlıca-Türkçe ansiklopedik sözlük. İstanbul: Serhat Kitap YayınDağıtım.
- Philbrick, K. T. (1989). The use of humor and effective leadership styles (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9021898)
- Phillips, K. A. (2000). The use of humor and effective leadership styles by elementary principals in central florida (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.9977824)
- Puderbaugh, A. (2006). The relationship between supervisor’s humor styles and subordinate job satisfaction. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3208068)
- Rahmani, L. (1994). Humor styles and managerial effectiveness. (Doctoral dissertation, University of LaVerne, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International. 55(5), 1161.
- Ruch, W. (1998). Sense of humor: A new look at an old concept. W. Ruch, (Ed). The Sense of Humor. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Safferstone, M. J. (1999). Did you hear the one about….? Leading with humor pay dividends. Academy of Management Executive, 13(4), 103-104.
- Sala, F. (2000). Relationship between executives’ spontaneous use of humor and effective leadership (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9965659)
- Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 6(1), 19-48.
- Smith, F. W. & Andrews, R. L. (1989). Instructional leadership: How principals make a difference. Virginia: Alexandria, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
- Southam, M. A. (2001). The use of humor by occupational therapists to promote adaptation in their adult clients with physical disabilities. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.304765430)
- Spurgeon, K. (1998). Humor versus burnout: An organizational anaylsis of principals and teachers. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9831984)
- Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York:Free Press.
- Sümer, M. (2008). Okulöncesi öğretmenliği öğrencilerinin stresle başa çıkma stilleri ve bazı değişkenlere göre mizah tarzlarının karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
- Şişman, M. (2004). Öğretim liderliği. (2.Baskı) Ankara: Pegem.
- Tümkaya, S. (2006a). Öğretim elemanlarının mizah tarzları ve mizahı yordayıcı değişkenler. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 23, 200–208.
- Tümkaya, S. (2006b). İş ortamı ve mizah yoluyla başa çıkmanın öğretim elemanlarındaki tükenmişlikle ilişkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 6(3), 889–910.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2009). Gülmece. Web: http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=veritbn&kelimesec=143826 adresinden 17.03.2012 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Vickers, P. C. (2004). The use of humor as a leadership tool by Florida public school principals (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3144895).
- Williams, R. A. & Clouse, R. W. (1991). Humor as a management technique: Its impact on school culture and climate. Report No. EA 023 388 (Nashville, TN, Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County Schools) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 337 866).
- Williams, R. A. (1994). The perceived value of administrator humor to school climate (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9429737)
- Yarwood, D. L. (1995). Humor and administration: A serious inquiry into unofficial organizational communication. Public Administration Review, 55(1), 81–90.
- Yerlikaya, N. (2007). Lise öğrencilerinin mizah tarzları ile stresle başaçıkma tarzları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
- Ziegler, V. F. (1982). A study of the relationship of principals’ self-report humor scores and their leadership styles as perceived by teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 8227571)
- Ziegler, V. & Boardman, G. (1986). Humor: the seventh sense in leadership. National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision, 2(2), 11–15.
Okul Müdürlerinin Mizah Tarzları ile Öğretim Liderliği Davranışları Arasındaki İlişki
Year 2012,
Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 24 - 42, 01.06.2012
Ergün Recepoğlu
Servet Özdemir
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı öğretmenlerin algılarına göre okul müdürlerinin mizah tarzları ile liderlik davranışları arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olup olmadığının tespit edilmesidir Bu araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelinde betimsel bir çalışmadır Araştırmanın evrenini Kastamonu ilinde 2009 2010 ve 2010 2011 eğitim öğretim yılında ilköğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenler oluşturmuştur Verilerinin toplanması sürecinde 70 ilköğretim okulunda görev yapan 1046 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır Araştırmada verilerinin toplanması amacıyla ldquo;Mizah Tarzları Anketi rdquo; ve ldquo;Okul Müdürlerinin Öğretim Liderliği Davranışları Anketi rdquo; kullanılmıştır Araştırma sonuçları öğretmenlerin algılarına göre onaylayıcı mizah tarzının en çok algılanan tarz; aktarıcı mizah tarzının ise en az algılanan tarz olduğunu göstermektedir Okul müdürlerinin mizah tarzları öğretmenlerin cinsiyetine kıdemine çalıştıkları okuldaki görev süresine branşına ve öğrenim durumuna göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermezken öğretmenlerin yaşlarına göre anlamlı farklılık göstermektedir Sonuçlar okul müdürlerinin mizah tarzları ile öğretim liderliği davranışları arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir ilişkiye işaret etmektedir
References
- Avolio, B. J., Howell, J. M. & Sosik, J. J. (1999). A funny thing happened on the way to the bottom line: humor as a moderator of leadership style effects. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 219–228.
- Avşar, V. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının mizah tarzları ve cinsiyet rolleri ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Babad, E. Y. (1974). A multi-method approach to the assessment of humor: A critical look at humor tests. Journal of Personality, 42, 618–632.
- Balcı, A. (1993). Etkili okul; kuram, uygulama ve araştırma. Ankara: Yavuz Dağıtım.
- Barbour, G. (1998). Want to be a succesful manager? Now that’s a laughing matter. Public Management, 80(7), 6-9.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stodgill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Başaran, İ. E. (1998). Yönetimde insan ilişkileri, yönetsel davranış. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım (Basım: Aydan Web Tesisleri).
- Benham, K. (1993). The relationship of leadership style, change and use of humor in health care executives (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9324822)
- Bolinger, B. S. (2001). Humor and leadership: A gender-based investifation of correlation between the attribute of humor and effective leadership (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9324822)
- Boysan, A. (1990). Paldır güldür mizah söyleşileri (3. baskı). İstanbul: Bas.
- Caudron, S. (1992). Humor is healthy in the workplace. Personnel Journal, 71(6), 63–68.
- Clouse, R. W and Spurgeon, K. L. (1995). Corporate analysis of humor. Psychology - A Journal of Human Behaviour, 32(3-4), 1-24.
- Conger, J. A. (1989). The charismatic leader: Beyond the mystique of exceptional leadership. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Cross, M. (1989). Leadership perceptions: The role of humor. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9019774)
- Çelik, V. (2000). Eğitimsel liderlik. Ankara: Pegem.
- Decker, W. H. & Rotondo, D. M. (2001). Relationships among gender, type of humor and perceived leader effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(4), 450–465.
- Duignan, P. A. & Macpherson, R. J. S. (1992). Educative Leadership: A practical theory for new administrators and managers. London: The Palmer Press.
- Duncan, W. J. (1982). Humor in management: Prospects for administrative practice and research. Duncan, W. J. (1984). Perceived humor and social network patterns in a sample of task-oriented groups: A reexamination of prior research. Human Relations, 27(11), 895–907.
- Durmuş, Y. (2000). Mizah duygusu ile başaçıkma stratejileri arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
- Dwyer, T. (1991). Humor, power and change in organizations. Human Relations, 44(1),1–19.
- Ellis, A. (1991). The relationship between nursing education administrator’s use of humor and their leadership effectiveness as perceived by faculty (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9218005)
- Eren, E. (1991). Yönetim ve organizasyon. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Yayını.
- Eren, E. (2003). Yönetim ve organizasyon: Çağdaş ve küresel yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
- Eroğlu, E. (2008). Muzaffer İzgü’nün çocuk kitaplarının mizah unsurları yönüyle incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Bolu.
- Farrell, L. (1998). You’ve got to be kidding: Humor as a fundamental management tool. Records Management Quarterly, 32(3), 3–8.
- Franklin, D. D. (2008) Do leaders use more humor (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3304476)
- Gruner, C. (1997). The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Hallinger, P. & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247.
- Hogan, R., Curphy, G. J. & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist, 49(6), 493–504.
- Hoy, W. K. & Miskel, C. G. (1991). Educational administration theory, research, and practice. MC Graw-Hill Inc.
- Hurren, B. L. (2001). The effects of principals’ humor on teacher’s job satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3042753)
- Karagöz, O. (2009). İlköğretim Türkçe öğretmenlerinin mizah tarzları ile tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Kahn, W. (1989). Toward a sense of organizational humor: Implications for organizational diagnosis and change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(1), 45–63.
- Kent, S. H. (1993). An investigation of the relationship between humor style and effectiveness of elementary school principals as perceived by teachers in Georgia. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9416267).
- Koestler, A. (1997). Mizah yaratma eylemi (Çev. S. Kabakçıoğlu - Ö. Kabakçıoğlu) İstanbul: İris Yayıncılık.
- Koonce, W. J. (1997). The relationship between principals’humor styles and school climate in elementary schools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9731494)
- Küçükbayındır, Z. (2003). The effect of humour training on job satisfaction and organizational climate. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Lindop, B. (1969). Qualities of the leader. In O. T. Jarvis (Ed.) Elementary School Administration. WM. C. Brown Company Publishers.
- Martin, R. A. (2004). Sense of humor and physical health: Theoretical issues recent findings. and future directions. Humor: Intemational Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 1–19.
- Martin R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Mertz, D. J. C. (2000). Teachers’ perceptions of principals’ humor style: Its effect on teacher satisfaction and burnout. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9991715)
- Morreal, J. (1991). Humor and work. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 4(3-4), 259–373.
- Özdemir, S. ve Recepoğlu, E. (2010). Örgütsel sağlık ve mizah. V. Ulusal Eğitim Yönetimi Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 01-02 Mayıs 2010, Antalya.
- Özdemir, S. ve Sezgin, F. (2002). Etkili okullar ve öğretim liderliği. Kırgızistan- Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 3, 266- 282.
- Pakalın, M. Z. (1971). Osmanlı tarih deyimleri ve terimleri sözlüğü. C. II. İstanbul: MEB Yayınları.
- Par, A. H. (1990). Osmanlıca-Türkçe ansiklopedik sözlük. İstanbul: Serhat Kitap YayınDağıtım.
- Philbrick, K. T. (1989). The use of humor and effective leadership styles (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9021898)
- Phillips, K. A. (2000). The use of humor and effective leadership styles by elementary principals in central florida (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.9977824)
- Puderbaugh, A. (2006). The relationship between supervisor’s humor styles and subordinate job satisfaction. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3208068)
- Rahmani, L. (1994). Humor styles and managerial effectiveness. (Doctoral dissertation, University of LaVerne, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International. 55(5), 1161.
- Ruch, W. (1998). Sense of humor: A new look at an old concept. W. Ruch, (Ed). The Sense of Humor. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Safferstone, M. J. (1999). Did you hear the one about….? Leading with humor pay dividends. Academy of Management Executive, 13(4), 103-104.
- Sala, F. (2000). Relationship between executives’ spontaneous use of humor and effective leadership (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9965659)
- Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 6(1), 19-48.
- Smith, F. W. & Andrews, R. L. (1989). Instructional leadership: How principals make a difference. Virginia: Alexandria, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
- Southam, M. A. (2001). The use of humor by occupational therapists to promote adaptation in their adult clients with physical disabilities. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No.304765430)
- Spurgeon, K. (1998). Humor versus burnout: An organizational anaylsis of principals and teachers. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9831984)
- Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York:Free Press.
- Sümer, M. (2008). Okulöncesi öğretmenliği öğrencilerinin stresle başa çıkma stilleri ve bazı değişkenlere göre mizah tarzlarının karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
- Şişman, M. (2004). Öğretim liderliği. (2.Baskı) Ankara: Pegem.
- Tümkaya, S. (2006a). Öğretim elemanlarının mizah tarzları ve mizahı yordayıcı değişkenler. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 23, 200–208.
- Tümkaya, S. (2006b). İş ortamı ve mizah yoluyla başa çıkmanın öğretim elemanlarındaki tükenmişlikle ilişkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 6(3), 889–910.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2009). Gülmece. Web: http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=veritbn&kelimesec=143826 adresinden 17.03.2012 tarihinde alınmıştır.
- Vickers, P. C. (2004). The use of humor as a leadership tool by Florida public school principals (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3144895).
- Williams, R. A. & Clouse, R. W. (1991). Humor as a management technique: Its impact on school culture and climate. Report No. EA 023 388 (Nashville, TN, Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County Schools) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 337 866).
- Williams, R. A. (1994). The perceived value of administrator humor to school climate (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9429737)
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