Okul Yöneticilerinin Değişime Hazır Olma TutumlarınınOkulun Öğretim Düzeyi Yöneticilerin Deneyimi ve Okul Büyüklüğü Bağlamında İncelenmesi
Year 2010,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 155 - 176, 01.04.2010
Yaşar Kondakçı
Merve Zayim
Ömer Çalışkan
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı okul yöneticilerinin değişime hazır olma durumlarını okulun hizmet verdiği öğretim düzeyine yöneticilerin deneyim süresine ve okulun öğrenci sayısı cinsinden büyüklüğüne göre incelemektir Çalışmada kararlılık duygusal ve bilişsel hazır olma boyutlarını içeren bir kavramsal çerçeve kullanılmıştır Çalışmanın verisi kümeleme yöntemiyle toplam 31 okulda görev yapan 167 okul yöneticisinden toplanmıştır Çalışmanın verisinin toplanmasında yazarlar tarafından geliştirilen değişime hazır olma ölçeği kullanılmıştır Veri analizi sonuçları en fazla deneyime sahip grubun değişime hazır olmanın kararlılık boyutunda anlamlı bir fark yarattığını göstermiştir Bu sonuçlara göre okullarda katılımcı değişim uygulamalarının yapılması ve gerek öğretmenlerin gerekse yöneticilerin değişim süreçlerine daha aktif katılımlarının sağlanması değişime hazır olmalarına katkıda bulunacağı sonucuna varılmıştır
References
- Alas, R. (2007). The triangular model for dealing with organizational change. Journal of Change Management, 7(3-4), 255-271.
- Alkaya, A. ve Hepaktan, C. E. (2003). Organizational change. Yönetim ve Ekonomi,10(1), 31-58.
- Armenakis, A. A. ve Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293-315.
- Armenakis, A. A. ve Harris, S. G. (2002). Crafting a change message to create transformational readiness. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15, 169-183.
- Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G. ve Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 1-23.
- Arslan, H., Kuru, M. ve Satıcı, A. (2005). İlköğretim ve Ortaöğretim Okullarındaki Örgüt Kültürünün Karşılaştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 44(3), 449-472.
- Aslan, M., Beycioglu, K., ve Konan, N. (2008). Principals’ openness to change in Malatya, Turkey. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 12(8), 1-13.
- Austin, M. J. ve Claassen, J. (2008). Impact of organizational change on organizational culture: Implications for introducing evidence-based practice. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 5(1-2), 321-359.
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Beer, M. ve Nohria, N. (2000). Cracking the code of change. Harvard Business Review, 78, 133–141.
- Bernerth, J. (2004). Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human Resource Development Review, 3(1), 36-52.
- Bouckenooghe, D. (2009). What is crucial in developing a positive attitude toward change? The role of content, context, process and individual variables in understanding readiness for change. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ghent University.
- Bouckenooghe, D. ve Devos, G. (2007). Psychological change climate as a catalyst of readiness for change: A dominance analysis. Working Paper Series, Ghent University 2007/483.
- Bouckenooghe, D., Devos, G. ve Van Den Broeck, H. (2009). Organizational change questionnaire-Climate of change, process, and readiness: Development of a new instrument. The Journal of Psychology, 143(6), 559-599.
- Bridges, W. (1991). Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
- Burke, W. W. (2002). Organization change: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Çelik, V. (2004). Örgütsel hikayeler ve okul kültürünün analizi. XIII. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı, 6-9 Temmuz, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Malatya
- Clegg, C. ve Walsh, S. (2004). Change management: Time for change! European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 217-239.
- Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C.A., Shannon, H.S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum B., Rosenbloom, D. ve Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioral correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 377–392.
- Deal, T.E ve Peterson, K.D. (1991). The principal’s role in shaping school culture. Washington: U.S. Department of Education.
- Dopson, S. ve Neuman, J. E. (1998). Uncertainty contrariness and the double-find: Middle managers’ reactions to changing contracts’. British Journal of Management, 9(3), 53-70.
- Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. A. ve Gaby, S. H. (2000). Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53(3), 419-442.
- Fraenkel, J. R. ve Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (6. Basım). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Geisler, D. (2001). Bottom-feeders: people who reject change. Executive Excellence, 18(12), 19.
- Gilgeous, V. (1997). Operations and the Management of Change. London: Pitman Publishing.
- Gizir, S. (2008). Örgütsel değişim sürecinde örgüt kültürü ve örgütsel öğrenme. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 182-196.
- Harris, A. (2002). School Improvement: What’s in it for Schools? New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
- Herscovitch, L. ve Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-componet model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487.
- Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Hubert, S. F. ve Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: the systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232-255.
- Jimmieson, N. L., White, K. M., ve Peach, M. (2004). Employee readiness for change: Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Best Conference Paper.
- Kondakci, Y. (2005). Practice-based continuous change process: A longitudinal investigation of an organizational change process in a higher education organization. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ghent University.
- Kotter, J.P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston, MA: HBS Press.
- Kurşunoğlu, A. ve Tanrıöğen, A., (1999). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin örgütsel değişmeye ilişkin tutumları. IV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi sözlü bildiri. 10-12 Eylül 1997. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Eskişehir.
- Lau, C. ve Woodman, R. W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-554.
- Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1, 5-41.
- Lewis, L. K. (2000). Communicating change: Four cases of quality programs. The Journal of Business Communication, 37(2), 128-155.
- Mohrman, S. A., Tenkasi, R. V. ve Mohrman Jr., A. M. (2003). The role of networks in fundamental organizational change: A grounded analysis. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 39(3), 301-323.
- Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680-693.
- Özmen, F. Ve Sönmez, Y. (2007). Değişim sürecinde eğitim örgütlerinde değişim ajanlarının rolleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(2), 177-198.
- Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794.
- Pittman, R. B. ve Haughwout, P. (1987). Influence of high school size on dropout rate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(4), 337-343.
- Rashid, M. Z. A., Sambasivan, M. ve Rahman, A. A. (2004). The influence of organizational culture on attitudes toward organizational change. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 25(2), 161-179.
- Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., ve Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59.
- Salfı, N. A. ve Saeed, M. (2007). Relationship among school size, school culture and students’ achievement at secondary level in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(7), 606-620.
- Saylı, H. ve Tüfekçi, A. (2008). Başarılı bir örgütsel değişimin gerçekleştirilmesinde dönüştürücü liderliğin rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (30), 193-210.
- Schneider, B., Brief, A. P. ve Guzzo, R. A. (1996). Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change. Organizational Dynamics, 24(4), 7-19.
- Self, D. R. (2007). Organizational change – overcoming resistance by creating readiness. Development and Learning in Organizations, 21(5), 11-13.
- Self, D. R. ve Schraeder, M. (2009). Enhancing the success of organizational change: Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 30(2), 167-182.
- Şahin, S. (2010). An investigation of school culture with respect to some variables. İlköğretim Online, 9(2), 561-575.
- Terry, D. J. ve Jimmieson, N. L. (2003). A stress and coping approach to organizational change: Evidence from three field studies. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 92101.
- Todnem, R. (2007). Ready or not… Journal of Change Management, 7(1), 3-11.
- Töremen, F. (2002). Eğitim örgütlerinde değişimin engel ve nedenleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 185-202.
- Vakola, M. ve Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change: What is the role of employees’ stress and commitment. Employee Relations, 27(2), 160-174.
- Wanberg, C. R. ve Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142.
- Whelan-Berry, K. S., Gordon, J. R. ve Hinings, C. R. (2003). Strengthening organizational change processes: Recommendations and implications from a multilevel analysis. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 39(2), 186-207.
- Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a non-western setting. Personnel Review, 29(5), 567-592.
- Zimmerman, J. (2006). Why some teachers resist change and what principals can do about it. NASSP Bulletin, 90(3), 238-240.
Investigating School Administrators? Readiness to Change in Relation to Teaching Level of the School Experiences ofthe Administrators and the Size of the School
Year 2010,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 155 - 176, 01.04.2010
Yaşar Kondakçı
Merve Zayim
Ömer Çalışkan
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate school administrators? readiness to change in relation to teaching level of the school experiences of school administrators and the size of the school The intentional emotional and cognitive readiness conceptual framework was utilized in the study Using cluster sampling approach the data of the study were collected from 167 school administrators working in 31 different schools A self developed readiness to change scale was utilized in collecting the data Data analysis revealed that school administrators with the highest level of experience exhibited the difference in intentional readiness to change Considering these results it is concluded that conducting participative organizational change practices and giving the opportunity both to teachers and school administrators to actively participate in change processes will result higher readiness to change
References
- Alas, R. (2007). The triangular model for dealing with organizational change. Journal of Change Management, 7(3-4), 255-271.
- Alkaya, A. ve Hepaktan, C. E. (2003). Organizational change. Yönetim ve Ekonomi,10(1), 31-58.
- Armenakis, A. A. ve Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293-315.
- Armenakis, A. A. ve Harris, S. G. (2002). Crafting a change message to create transformational readiness. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15, 169-183.
- Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G. ve Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 1-23.
- Arslan, H., Kuru, M. ve Satıcı, A. (2005). İlköğretim ve Ortaöğretim Okullarındaki Örgüt Kültürünün Karşılaştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 44(3), 449-472.
- Aslan, M., Beycioglu, K., ve Konan, N. (2008). Principals’ openness to change in Malatya, Turkey. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 12(8), 1-13.
- Austin, M. J. ve Claassen, J. (2008). Impact of organizational change on organizational culture: Implications for introducing evidence-based practice. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 5(1-2), 321-359.
- Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Beer, M. ve Nohria, N. (2000). Cracking the code of change. Harvard Business Review, 78, 133–141.
- Bernerth, J. (2004). Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human Resource Development Review, 3(1), 36-52.
- Bouckenooghe, D. (2009). What is crucial in developing a positive attitude toward change? The role of content, context, process and individual variables in understanding readiness for change. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ghent University.
- Bouckenooghe, D. ve Devos, G. (2007). Psychological change climate as a catalyst of readiness for change: A dominance analysis. Working Paper Series, Ghent University 2007/483.
- Bouckenooghe, D., Devos, G. ve Van Den Broeck, H. (2009). Organizational change questionnaire-Climate of change, process, and readiness: Development of a new instrument. The Journal of Psychology, 143(6), 559-599.
- Bridges, W. (1991). Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
- Burke, W. W. (2002). Organization change: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Çelik, V. (2004). Örgütsel hikayeler ve okul kültürünün analizi. XIII. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı, 6-9 Temmuz, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Malatya
- Clegg, C. ve Walsh, S. (2004). Change management: Time for change! European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 217-239.
- Cunningham, C. E., Woodward, C.A., Shannon, H.S., MacIntosh, J., Lendrum B., Rosenbloom, D. ve Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioral correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 377–392.
- Deal, T.E ve Peterson, K.D. (1991). The principal’s role in shaping school culture. Washington: U.S. Department of Education.
- Dopson, S. ve Neuman, J. E. (1998). Uncertainty contrariness and the double-find: Middle managers’ reactions to changing contracts’. British Journal of Management, 9(3), 53-70.
- Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. A. ve Gaby, S. H. (2000). Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53(3), 419-442.
- Fraenkel, J. R. ve Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (6. Basım). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Geisler, D. (2001). Bottom-feeders: people who reject change. Executive Excellence, 18(12), 19.
- Gilgeous, V. (1997). Operations and the Management of Change. London: Pitman Publishing.
- Gizir, S. (2008). Örgütsel değişim sürecinde örgüt kültürü ve örgütsel öğrenme. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 182-196.
- Harris, A. (2002). School Improvement: What’s in it for Schools? New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
- Herscovitch, L. ve Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-componet model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487.
- Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Hubert, S. F. ve Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: the systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232-255.
- Jimmieson, N. L., White, K. M., ve Peach, M. (2004). Employee readiness for change: Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Best Conference Paper.
- Kondakci, Y. (2005). Practice-based continuous change process: A longitudinal investigation of an organizational change process in a higher education organization. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ghent University.
- Kotter, J.P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston, MA: HBS Press.
- Kurşunoğlu, A. ve Tanrıöğen, A., (1999). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin örgütsel değişmeye ilişkin tutumları. IV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi sözlü bildiri. 10-12 Eylül 1997. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Eskişehir.
- Lau, C. ve Woodman, R. W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-554.
- Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1, 5-41.
- Lewis, L. K. (2000). Communicating change: Four cases of quality programs. The Journal of Business Communication, 37(2), 128-155.
- Mohrman, S. A., Tenkasi, R. V. ve Mohrman Jr., A. M. (2003). The role of networks in fundamental organizational change: A grounded analysis. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 39(3), 301-323.
- Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680-693.
- Özmen, F. Ve Sönmez, Y. (2007). Değişim sürecinde eğitim örgütlerinde değişim ajanlarının rolleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(2), 177-198.
- Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794.
- Pittman, R. B. ve Haughwout, P. (1987). Influence of high school size on dropout rate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(4), 337-343.
- Rashid, M. Z. A., Sambasivan, M. ve Rahman, A. A. (2004). The influence of organizational culture on attitudes toward organizational change. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 25(2), 161-179.
- Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., ve Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59.
- Salfı, N. A. ve Saeed, M. (2007). Relationship among school size, school culture and students’ achievement at secondary level in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(7), 606-620.
- Saylı, H. ve Tüfekçi, A. (2008). Başarılı bir örgütsel değişimin gerçekleştirilmesinde dönüştürücü liderliğin rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (30), 193-210.
- Schneider, B., Brief, A. P. ve Guzzo, R. A. (1996). Creating a climate and culture for sustainable organizational change. Organizational Dynamics, 24(4), 7-19.
- Self, D. R. (2007). Organizational change – overcoming resistance by creating readiness. Development and Learning in Organizations, 21(5), 11-13.
- Self, D. R. ve Schraeder, M. (2009). Enhancing the success of organizational change: Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 30(2), 167-182.
- Şahin, S. (2010). An investigation of school culture with respect to some variables. İlköğretim Online, 9(2), 561-575.
- Terry, D. J. ve Jimmieson, N. L. (2003). A stress and coping approach to organizational change: Evidence from three field studies. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 92101.
- Todnem, R. (2007). Ready or not… Journal of Change Management, 7(1), 3-11.
- Töremen, F. (2002). Eğitim örgütlerinde değişimin engel ve nedenleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 185-202.
- Vakola, M. ve Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change: What is the role of employees’ stress and commitment. Employee Relations, 27(2), 160-174.
- Wanberg, C. R. ve Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142.
- Whelan-Berry, K. S., Gordon, J. R. ve Hinings, C. R. (2003). Strengthening organizational change processes: Recommendations and implications from a multilevel analysis. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 39(2), 186-207.
- Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a non-western setting. Personnel Review, 29(5), 567-592.
- Zimmerman, J. (2006). Why some teachers resist change and what principals can do about it. NASSP Bulletin, 90(3), 238-240.