A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT IN LIGHT OF THE EXAMPLES IN THE WORLD

Yıl 2021, , 115 - 132, 30.06.2021

Talat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.21492/inuhfd.840448

Öz

The concept of citizenship by investment can be defined as the citizenship granted by the invested state in return for direct or indirect investment or donation made by the foreigner in the country. The traditional practice of granting citizenship by investment seeks investors having certain qualifications such as entrepreneurship and employment creation, in addition to the investment they brought to the country. In the last 30 years, however, the practices of granting citizenship by investment have developed within the framework of investor programs disregarding the qualifications of the investor but prioritizing economic contribution. Investor programs, initially conducted by small island states in the Caribbean region, have over the time applied in a wide range of geographic areas including the United States, some of the EU countries and Turkey. However, these programs have sparked serious criticism nationally and internationally, under the headings of security, tax, voting rights, military service obligation and economic benefit. The main bases of these criticisms are, though, the commodification of citizenship and the granting of citizenship without establishing a genuine link.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Citizenship by Investment, Investor Program, Citizenship Bond

DÜNYADAKİ ÖRNEKLER IŞIĞINDA YATIRIM YOLUYLA VATANDAŞLIK UYGULAMASINA ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık kavramı yabancı kişinin ülkeye yaptığı doğrudan veya dolaylı yatırım veyahut bağış karşılığında, yatırım yapılan devlet tarafından verilen vatandaşlık olarak tanımlanabilir. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi konusunda geleneksel uygulama, ülkeye belli bir yatırım getirilmesine ilave olarak, yatırım yapan kişinin girişimcilik ve istihdam oluşturma gibi belli vasıflara haiz olmasını aramaktadır. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi uygulamaları son 30 yılda ise yatırımcının vasfını göz ardı eden, buna mukabil getirilen ekonomik katkıyı ön planda tutan yatırımcı programları çerçevesinde gelişmiştir. Başlangıçta Karayip bölgesinde yer alan küçük ada devletlerince yürütülen yatırımcı programları zamanla ABD, bazı AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere geniş bir coğrafyada uygulanır hale gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, getirilen ekonomik katkının tek kriter olarak arandığı programlar, güvenlik, vergi, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, askerlik yükümlülüğü ve ekonomik fayda başlıkları altında ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde ciddi eleştirilerin gündeme gelmesine neden olmuştur. Söz konusu eleştirilerin temelinde ise vatandaşlığın metalaştırılması ve aidiyet bağı tesis edilmeden vatandaşlığın verilmesi yatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yatırım Yoluyla Vatandaşlık, Yatırımcı Programı, Vatandaşlık Bağı

Kaynakça

• ADIM, Leila: Residence and Citizenship by Investment: An Updated Database on Immigrant Investor Programs, (Database) http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3474396, (Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2020).
• ADIM, Leila: Between Benefit and Abuse: Immigrant Investment Programs, 62 St. Louis U. L.J., 2017, s.121-136 (Investment).
• ANDRIOPOULOU Athanasia: The “ius pecuniae”: The Prize of Citizenship, BRIDGE Network – Working Paper 4, 2020.
• AYBAY, Rona/ÖZBEK, Nimet/ERSEN PERÇİN, Gizem: Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 2019.
• BAUBÖCK Rainer/WALLACE GOODMAN Sara: Naturalisation, EUDO Citizenship, Policy Brief No.2, s.7 https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/51625/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT__PB_2011_02.pdf?sequence=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2020).
• BAUBÖCK, Rainer: What Is Wrong with Selling Citizenship? It Corrupts Democracy!, Debating Transformations of National Citizenship. IMISCOE Research Series Bauböck R. (ed), Springer, 2018.
• BARAN ÇELİK, Neşe: “Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Türk Vatandaşlığının İstisnai Haller Kapsamında Kazanılması”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi 130, 2017, s.357-418.
• CHRISTIANS, Allison: “Buying in: Residence and Citizenship by Investment”, 62 St. Louis U. L.J. 51, 2017, s.51-72.
• DZANKIC, Jelena: The pros and cons of ius pecuniae: Investor Citizenship in Comparative Perspective. Florence: European University Institute Working Papers, RSCAS 2012/14, 2012 (Pros and Cons).
• DZANKIC, Jelena: Citizenship with a Price Tag: The Law and Ethics of Investor Citizenship Programmes, Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 65(4), 2014, s.387-404 (Price Tag).
• DZANKIC, Jelena: Investment-based Citizenship and Residence Programmes in the EU, EUI RSCAS, 2015/08, [GLOBALCIT], EUDO Citizenship Observatory, (Citizenship).
• DOĞAN, Vahit., Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 16. Bası (Tıpkı Basım), 2020.
• ERDEM, B. Bahadır: Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 7. Baskı, 2019.
• GÖLCÜKLÜ, İlyas: “Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Yatırım Yoluyla Türk Vatandaşlığının Kazanılması: Problemler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin 40(1), 2020, s.125-141.
• GÜNGÖR, Gülin: Tabiiyet Hukuku, 8. Bası, 2020.
• KAMBAS, Michele: After Outcry, Cyprus Suspends its Citizenship for Cash Programme, https://www.reuters.com/article/cyprus-citizenship-int-idUSKBN26Y17D (Erişim Tarihi: 8.11.2020).
• KRAKAT, Michael B: “Genuine Links Beyond State and Market Control: The Sale of Citizenship by Investment in International and Supranational Legal Perspective”, Bond Law Review, Vol. 30(1), 2018, s.145-184.
• NOMER, Engin: Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 27. Bası, 2020.
• ÖZKAN Işıl: “Vatandaşlık Satılabilir Birşey midir?”, Uluslararası Sanat Kültür ve İletişim Dergisi, 1(1), 2018, s.53-78.
• SHACHAR, Ayelet: “Beyond Open and Closed Borders: the Grand Transformation of Citizenship”, Jurisprudence, 11(1), 2020, s.1-27.
• SHACHAR, Ayelet: Citizenship for Sale?, Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, Shachar A./Bauböck R.,/Bloemraad I., Vink M. (edt.), Oxford University Press, 2017, (Citizenship for Sale).
• SHACHAR, Ayelet/HIRSCHL Ran: “On Citizenship, States, and Markets”, The Journal of Political Philosophy: 22(2) 2014, s.231-257.
• SCHERRER, Amandine/THIRION, Elodie: Citizenship by Investment (CBI) and Residency by Investment (RBI) Schemes in the EU State of Play, Issues and Impacts, European Parliamentary Research Service, 2018.
• SOLIMANO, Andrés, Investment Migration, Economic Development and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Investment Migration Council, and International Centre for Globalisation and Development, 2020.
• STILLER, Martin: Pathways to Citizenship for Foreigners in Austria, International Organization for Migration, 2020.
• SUMPTION, Madeleine/HOOPER, Kate: Selling Visas and Citizenship: Policy Questions from the Global Boom in Investor Immigration. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2014.
• SURAK, Kristin: Global Citizenship 2.0 The Growth of Citizenship by Investment Programs, Investment Migration Working Papers IMC-RP2016/3, 2016, (Citizenship).
• SURAK, Kristin: Millionaire Mobility and the Sale of Citizenship, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2020, Ahead of Print, s.1-24 (Mobility),
• ŞİT KÖŞGEROĞLU, Banu: “İstisnai Yoldan Vatandaşlığın Kazanılmasına İlişkin Genel Esaslar ve Son Değişiklikler Çerçevesinde Türk Vatandaşlığının İstisnai Yoldan Kazanılması”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 2017, s.169-198.
• TURAN, Turgut/TANRIBİLİR, Feriha Bilge:Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 4. Bası, 2017.
• XU, Xin/EL-ASHRAM, Ahmed/GOLD, Judith: Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs, IMF Working Paper, Western Hemisphere Department, 2015.
• European Commission: Press release, Investor citizenship schemes: European Commission opens infringements against Cyprus and Malta for “selling” EU citizenship, 20 October 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1925 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2020. İnternet kaynaklarının erişim tarihi kaynakçada belirtilmez, atıfta belirtilir.
• European Commission: Commission Staff Working Document, Accompanying the Document Report From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes in the European Union, {COM(2019) 12 final}, (Document).
• European Parliament Resolution of 16 January 2014 on EU citizenship for sale (2013/2995(RSP)), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-7-2014-0038_EN.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2020).
• Government of Canada, Department of Finance, The Road to Balance: Creating Jobs And Opportunities, 2014), s.81, https://www.budget.gc.ca/2014/docs/plan/pdf/budget2014-eng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 1.11.2020).
• Henley&Partners: Austria Citizenship-by-Investment Factsheet, https://www.henleyglobal.com/citizenship-austria/(Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2020).
• Henley&Partners: Investment Migration Programs 2020, The Definitive Comparison of the Leading Global Residence and Citizenship Programs, 5th ed., 2020.
• United States Citizenship and Investment Services: https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5/about-the-eb-5-visa-classification (Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2020).
• United States Citizenship and Investment Services: https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5/eb-5-investors, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2020).
• United States Citizenship and Investment Services, https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-d-chapter-3 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2020).
• https://www.aljazeera.com/
• https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/
• https://www.theguardian.com/uk
• https://travel.state.gov/