Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 15 - 31, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.55020/iojpe.1661792

Abstract

References

  • Akinwale, J. O., Issa, A. R., & Omotunde, C. (2017). Assessment of ICT literacy needs and competency level of pre-service teachers in the University of Lagos. International Journal for Innovative Technology Integration in Education, 1(1), 9-14.
  • Aldemir, C., & Avşar, M. N. (2020). Pandemi döneminde dijital vatandaşlik uygulamaları [Digital citizenship applications in the pandemic era]. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics (EJRSE), 7(5), 148-169.
  • Blaj-Ward, L. & Winter, K., (2019). Engaging students as digital citizens. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(5), 879–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1607829
  • Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The Internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2019.100722
  • Bouilheres, F., Le, L.T.V.H., McDonald, S., Nkhoma, C., & Jandug-Montera, L. (2020). Defining student learning experience through blended learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3049–3069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10100-y
  • Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2021). In Pursuit of the Right Mix: Blended Learning for Augmenting, Enhancing, and Enriching Flexibility. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), i-vi.
  • Brandau, M., Dilley, T., Schaumleffel, C., & Himawan, L. (2021). Digital citizenship among Appalachian middle schoolers: the common sense digital citizenship curriculum, Health Education Journal, 81(2), 157-169, https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969211056429
  • Buchholz, B. A., DeHart, J., & Moorman, G. (2020). Digital citizenship during a global pandemic: moving beyond digital literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 64(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1076
  • Cambridge. (2022). Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english
  • Capuno, R., Suson, R., Suladay, D., Arnaiz, V., Villarin, I., & Jungoy, E. (2022). Digital citizenship in education and its implication. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues. 14(2), 426-437.
  • Casa-Todd, J. (2018). Reflections on digital citizenship. Teacher Librarian, 45(3), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i2.6952
  • Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory & Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
  • Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What ıt means to be a citizen in the ınternet age: development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
  • Dilek, H., & Gürel, D. (2024). 2024 taslak sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programının dijital vatandaşlık ve boyutları açısından incelenmesi. [Exploring the 2024 draft social studies curriculum in terms of digital citizenship and its dimensions] Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 163-184.
  • Dotterer, G., Hedges, A., & Parker, H. (2016). Fostering digital citizenship in the classroom. The Education Digest, 82(3), 58.
  • Eid, M., & Ward, S. (2009). Ethics, New Media and Social Networks. Global Media Journal, 2(1), 1-4.
  • Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in Education: A critical literature review and its implications. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 9(1), 112–125. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1182651
  • Gleason, B., & Von Gillern, S. (2018). Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education, Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 200-212
  • Godfrey, R. V. (2016). Digital citizenship: paving the way for family and consumer sciences. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 108(2). https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS108.2.18
  • Jost, N. S., Jossen, S. L., Rothen, N., & Martarelli, C. S. (2021). The advantage of distributed practice in a blended learning setting. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 3097–3113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10424-9
  • Görmez, E. (2017). İlkokul sosyal bilgiler programinin dijital vatandaşlık ve alt boyutları açısından yeterliliği [The competency of the primary school social studies curriculum in terms of the digital citizenship and its sub-dimensions]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 7(60), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7220
  • Holland, L. M. (2017). The perceptions of digital citizenship in middle school learning. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Carson-Newman University, Jefferson.
  • Hollandsworth, R., Dowdy, L., & Donovan, J. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. Tech Trends, 55(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0510-z
  • Hrastinski, S. (2019). What do we mean by blended learning? Tech Trends 63, 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
  • Hui, B., & Campbell, R. (2018). Discrepancy between learning and practicing digital citizenship. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9302-9
  • Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaş farkındalık ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Developing the digital citizen awareness scale]. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 13(2), 316-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije. 1266237
  • Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaşlık dersine yönelik ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi [Determination of the needs for digital citizenship course]. Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal (GUJGEF), 44(3), 2097-2135. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1428139
  • Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and implication for educational setting. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155-171. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26273877
  • Koç, N. E., & Koç, E. (2021). Pandemi dönemi’nde türkiye’de dijital vatandaşlik olgusu [Digital citizenship case in turkey during pandemic period]. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 1019-1035. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojdac/issue/62647/929579
  • Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2017). Digital citizenship in the curriculum. Educational Leadership, 75(3), 50-55.
  • Lauricella, A.R., Herdzina, J., & Robb, M. (2020). Early childhood educators’ teaching of digital citizenship competencies, Computers & Education, 158, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103989.
  • Martin, A. (2005). DigEuLit – a European framework for digital literacy: A progress report. Journal of e-Literacy, 2(2), 130–136.
  • Martin, F., Gezer, T., & Wang, C. (2019). Educators’ perceptions of student digital citizenship practices, Computers in the Schools, 36(4), 238-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2019.1674621
  • Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.783597
  • Mohammadyari, S., & Singh, H. (2015). Understanding the effect of e-learning on individual performance: The role of digital literacy. Computers & Education, 82, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.025
  • Monk, E. F., Guidry, K. R., Pusecker, K. L., & Ilvento, T. W. (2020). Blended learning in computing education: It is here but does it work?. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09920-4
  • Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016
  • Öngören, H. (2022). Türkiye’de internet kullanım eğilimi ve dijital vatandaşlık algısının insan hakları bağlamında incelenmesi [Investigation of Internet Usage Trend and Digital Citizenship Perception in Turkey in the Context of Human Rights]. TİHEK Academic Journal, 5(9), 47-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tihek/issue/72572/1117445
  • Öztürk M., (2021). Dijital vatandaşlık araştırmalarının incelenmesi: Kavramsal ve yöntemsel eğilimler [Examining digital citizenship studies: conceptual and methodological trends]. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 11(2), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2021.457
  • Pedersen, A. Y., Nørgaard, R. T., & Köppe, C. (2018). Patterns of inclusion: Fostering digital citizenship through hybrid education. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 225-236.
  • Preddy, L. (2016). The critical role of the school librarian in digital citizenship education. Knowledge Quest, 44(4), 4.
  • Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N.R. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 144, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701
  • Ribble, M. (2015). Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know (3rd ed.). Washington DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
  • Şahin, A., Asal Özkan, R., & Turan, B. N. (2022). İlkokul öğrencilerine yönelik dijital okuryazarlık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Development of the digital literacy scale for primary school students: a study of validity and reliability]. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 10(3), 619-630. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1109283
  • Saleem, T. A. (2018). Digital citizenship and its activation means in educational institutions. In International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 14(2), 39-53.
  • Schou, J., & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digital citizenship and neo-liberalization: governing digital citizens in Denmark. Citizenship Studies, 22(5), 507-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1477920
  • Şen, A. T. (2025). Dijital vatandaşlık: bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması [Digital citizenship: a scale adaptation study]. Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1447631
  • Sevigen, M., & Yılar, M. B. (2022). Türkiye’de eğitim alanında yazılan dijital vatandaşlık konulu lisansüstü tezlerdeki eğilimler [Trends in graduate theses on digital citizenship written in the field of education in Turkey]. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 6(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1108752
  • Smyth, S., Houghton, C., Cooney, A., & Casey, D. (2012). Students' experiences of blended learning across a range of postgraduate programmes. Nurse Education Today, 32(4), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.014
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DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION SUPPORTED BY BLENDED LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 15 - 31, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.55020/iojpe.1661792

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the impact of blended learning (BL) supported digital citizenship (DC) education on students' DC, digital literacy (DL), and information communication technologies (ICT) skills. In this context, the aim was to answer the question: How does BL-supported DC education impact primary school students' DC, DL, and ICT? This research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design, one of the quantitative research designs. The research study group consisted of 82 fourth-grade primary school students, divided into control and experimental groups. The research presented BL-supported DC education activities to the experimental group and DC education activities to the control group using the direct explanation method. DC education, as an intervention, was applied to the study group for 11 weeks. Data were collected through DC, DL, and ICT scales. The data obtained through the scales were analyzed with t-tests for dependent and independent samples. According to the results, the DC, DL, and ICT scores of the experimental group, which participated in the BL-supported education, among the two groups that received DC education, were higher than the control group who participated in the education given with plain instruction. BL students' digital skills were more affected. These results underscore the significance of BL-supported DC education.

Ethical Statement

Research permissions were obtained from two institutions. The first permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Yıldız Technical University Rectorate. The permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Yıldız Technical University with the letter dated 29.07.2023 and numbered 2023.7. The author declares that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  • Akinwale, J. O., Issa, A. R., & Omotunde, C. (2017). Assessment of ICT literacy needs and competency level of pre-service teachers in the University of Lagos. International Journal for Innovative Technology Integration in Education, 1(1), 9-14.
  • Aldemir, C., & Avşar, M. N. (2020). Pandemi döneminde dijital vatandaşlik uygulamaları [Digital citizenship applications in the pandemic era]. Eurasian Journal of Researches in Social and Economics (EJRSE), 7(5), 148-169.
  • Blaj-Ward, L. & Winter, K., (2019). Engaging students as digital citizens. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(5), 879–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1607829
  • Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. (2020). How does the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students? The Internet and Higher Education, 45, 100722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2019.100722
  • Bouilheres, F., Le, L.T.V.H., McDonald, S., Nkhoma, C., & Jandug-Montera, L. (2020). Defining student learning experience through blended learning. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3049–3069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10100-y
  • Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2021). In Pursuit of the Right Mix: Blended Learning for Augmenting, Enhancing, and Enriching Flexibility. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), i-vi.
  • Brandau, M., Dilley, T., Schaumleffel, C., & Himawan, L. (2021). Digital citizenship among Appalachian middle schoolers: the common sense digital citizenship curriculum, Health Education Journal, 81(2), 157-169, https://doi.org/10.1177/00178969211056429
  • Buchholz, B. A., DeHart, J., & Moorman, G. (2020). Digital citizenship during a global pandemic: moving beyond digital literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 64(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1076
  • Cambridge. (2022). Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english
  • Capuno, R., Suson, R., Suladay, D., Arnaiz, V., Villarin, I., & Jungoy, E. (2022). Digital citizenship in education and its implication. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues. 14(2), 426-437.
  • Casa-Todd, J. (2018). Reflections on digital citizenship. Teacher Librarian, 45(3), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v14i2.6952
  • Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory & Research in Social Education, 44(4), 565–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2016.1210549
  • Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What ıt means to be a citizen in the ınternet age: development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.01.002
  • Dilek, H., & Gürel, D. (2024). 2024 taslak sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programının dijital vatandaşlık ve boyutları açısından incelenmesi. [Exploring the 2024 draft social studies curriculum in terms of digital citizenship and its dimensions] Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 163-184.
  • Dotterer, G., Hedges, A., & Parker, H. (2016). Fostering digital citizenship in the classroom. The Education Digest, 82(3), 58.
  • Eid, M., & Ward, S. (2009). Ethics, New Media and Social Networks. Global Media Journal, 2(1), 1-4.
  • Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in Education: A critical literature review and its implications. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 9(1), 112–125. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1182651
  • Gleason, B., & Von Gillern, S. (2018). Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education, Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 200-212
  • Godfrey, R. V. (2016). Digital citizenship: paving the way for family and consumer sciences. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 108(2). https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS108.2.18
  • Jost, N. S., Jossen, S. L., Rothen, N., & Martarelli, C. S. (2021). The advantage of distributed practice in a blended learning setting. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 3097–3113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10424-9
  • Görmez, E. (2017). İlkokul sosyal bilgiler programinin dijital vatandaşlık ve alt boyutları açısından yeterliliği [The competency of the primary school social studies curriculum in terms of the digital citizenship and its sub-dimensions]. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 7(60), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7220
  • Holland, L. M. (2017). The perceptions of digital citizenship in middle school learning. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Carson-Newman University, Jefferson.
  • Hollandsworth, R., Dowdy, L., & Donovan, J. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. Tech Trends, 55(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0510-z
  • Hrastinski, S. (2019). What do we mean by blended learning? Tech Trends 63, 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00375-5
  • Hui, B., & Campbell, R. (2018). Discrepancy between learning and practicing digital citizenship. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9302-9
  • Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaş farkındalık ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Developing the digital citizen awareness scale]. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 13(2), 316-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije. 1266237
  • Karakuyu, A., & Ocak, G. (2024). Dijital vatandaşlık dersine yönelik ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi [Determination of the needs for digital citizenship course]. Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal (GUJGEF), 44(3), 2097-2135. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.1428139
  • Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and implication for educational setting. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155-171. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26273877
  • Koç, N. E., & Koç, E. (2021). Pandemi dönemi’nde türkiye’de dijital vatandaşlik olgusu [Digital citizenship case in turkey during pandemic period]. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 1019-1035. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojdac/issue/62647/929579
  • Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2017). Digital citizenship in the curriculum. Educational Leadership, 75(3), 50-55.
  • Lauricella, A.R., Herdzina, J., & Robb, M. (2020). Early childhood educators’ teaching of digital citizenship competencies, Computers & Education, 158, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103989.
  • Martin, A. (2005). DigEuLit – a European framework for digital literacy: A progress report. Journal of e-Literacy, 2(2), 130–136.
  • Martin, F., Gezer, T., & Wang, C. (2019). Educators’ perceptions of student digital citizenship practices, Computers in the Schools, 36(4), 238-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2019.1674621
  • Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.783597
  • Mohammadyari, S., & Singh, H. (2015). Understanding the effect of e-learning on individual performance: The role of digital literacy. Computers & Education, 82, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.025
  • Monk, E. F., Guidry, K. R., Pusecker, K. L., & Ilvento, T. W. (2020). Blended learning in computing education: It is here but does it work?. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09920-4
  • Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016
  • Öngören, H. (2022). Türkiye’de internet kullanım eğilimi ve dijital vatandaşlık algısının insan hakları bağlamında incelenmesi [Investigation of Internet Usage Trend and Digital Citizenship Perception in Turkey in the Context of Human Rights]. TİHEK Academic Journal, 5(9), 47-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tihek/issue/72572/1117445
  • Öztürk M., (2021). Dijital vatandaşlık araştırmalarının incelenmesi: Kavramsal ve yöntemsel eğilimler [Examining digital citizenship studies: conceptual and methodological trends]. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 11(2), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2021.457
  • Pedersen, A. Y., Nørgaard, R. T., & Köppe, C. (2018). Patterns of inclusion: Fostering digital citizenship through hybrid education. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 225-236.
  • Preddy, L. (2016). The critical role of the school librarian in digital citizenship education. Knowledge Quest, 44(4), 4.
  • Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N.R. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 144, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701
  • Ribble, M. (2015). Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know (3rd ed.). Washington DC: International Society for Technology in Education.
  • Şahin, A., Asal Özkan, R., & Turan, B. N. (2022). İlkokul öğrencilerine yönelik dijital okuryazarlık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Development of the digital literacy scale for primary school students: a study of validity and reliability]. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 10(3), 619-630. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1109283
  • Saleem, T. A. (2018). Digital citizenship and its activation means in educational institutions. In International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 14(2), 39-53.
  • Schou, J., & Hjelholt, M. (2018). Digital citizenship and neo-liberalization: governing digital citizens in Denmark. Citizenship Studies, 22(5), 507-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1477920
  • Şen, A. T. (2025). Dijital vatandaşlık: bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması [Digital citizenship: a scale adaptation study]. Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1447631
  • Sevigen, M., & Yılar, M. B. (2022). Türkiye’de eğitim alanında yazılan dijital vatandaşlık konulu lisansüstü tezlerdeki eğilimler [Trends in graduate theses on digital citizenship written in the field of education in Turkey]. International Journal of New Approaches in Social Studies, 6(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1108752
  • Smyth, S., Houghton, C., Cooney, A., & Casey, D. (2012). Students' experiences of blended learning across a range of postgraduate programmes. Nurse Education Today, 32(4), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2011.05.014
  • Soriani, A. (2018). From media education to digital citizenship: origins, perspectives and policy ımplementations in the school systems across europe. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 13(3), 85-122.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Classroom Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Erol 0000-0002-1675-7070

Submission Date March 20, 2025
Acceptance Date June 2, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erol, M. (2025). DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION SUPPORTED BY BLENDED LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL. International Online Journal of Primary Education, 14(2), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.55020/iojpe.1661792

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