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Kadın Siyasetçilerin Seçim Kampanyalarındaki Mitler Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme: İran’daki Yerel Seçimler Örneği

Year 2023, , 353 - 397, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1343530

Abstract

Bu makale toplumsal cinsiyet meselelerini mitsel bir bakış açısıyla araştırmakta, mitleri göstergebilimsel bir bakış açısıyla incelemekte ve bunların siyasetteki toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır. Çalışmada İranlı kadın adayların belediye seçimleri sırasında kullandıkları kampanya posterlerinde yer alan efsanevi unsurlar incelenmiştir. Özellikle bu görsellerin siyasi reklamcılıktaki önemi, değeri ve etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Araştırma bulguları, kadınların siyaset alanında kayda değer ilerlemeler kaydetmesine rağmen ilerlemelerinin ve haklarının sıklıkla cinsiyet önyargıları nedeniyle gölgelendiğini göstermektedir. Her ne kadar kadınlar eğitim gibi alanlarda cinsiyet eşitsizliğine çözüm bulma konusunda önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmiş olsa da posterlerde hala estetik ve kadınlık öne çıkmaktadır. Bilimsel yeterliliğe sahip kadınlar, muhafazakar bir toplumun toplumsal normları ve düzenlemelerinden etkilenen yüz görünümüne öncelik vermeye devam etmektedir. Eski İran siyasi propagandası, asırlık mistik sembollerin gücünden yararlanmaya devam etmekte ve o dönemde kadınların önemli değerinin ve etkisinin bir kanıtı olarak hizmet etmektedir. Milliyetçilik gibi siyasi mitler, milliyetçiliğin cinsiyetten etkilenmediğini ve cinsiyet eşitliğinin, ister radikal ister liberal partiler tarafından yönetilsin, ulusal hareketlerde merkezi bir odak noktası olduğunu ileri sürmektedir.

References

  • Abdollahifard, P. (2020). Development of Feminism in Iran. Journal of Iranian Studies, 4(2), 351-384. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.826495
  • Asrkhabar.com. (2017, May 17). Various posters with visual effects of women candidates for city council. http://tinyurl.com/2vpjh4bd
  • Barthes, R. (1999). Elements of Semiology. (Mehmet Rifat & Sema Rifat, Trans. and Ed.). Kaf Publications. (Original work published at 1964).
  • Bauer, N. M. (2020). Running local: Gender stereotyping and female candidates in local ellections. Urban Affairs Review, 56, 123-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087418770807
  • Beauregard, K. (2014). Gender, political participation and electoral systems: A cross‐national analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 53, 617-634. DOI:10.1111/1475-6765.12047
  • Bennett, W. L. (1980). Myth, ritual, and political control. Journal of Communication, 30(4), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb02028.x
  • Bottici, C. (2007). A Philosophy of Political Myth. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bottici, C., & Challand, B. (2006). Rethinking political myth: The clash of civilizations as a self-fulfilling prophecy. European Journal of Social Theory, 9(3), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431006065715
  • Bottici, C., & Challand, B. (2010). The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848845
  • Cobb, W. W. (1998). The American foundation myth in Vietnam: Reigning paradigms and raining bombs. University Press of America.
  • Dana.ir. (2017, May 18). On the city level, women's banners in very large sizes are installed in the squares. http://tinyurl.com/2xy2nrx4
  • Dehghan, A., & Nezakati, F. (2013). A Semiotic analysis of outdoor political posters in Iran’s eighth parliamentary elections. Sociological Review, 20(1), 95-124. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsr.2013.56210
  • Eliade, M. (1991). The myth of the eternal return: or, cosmos and history. Princeton University Press.
  • Esmaeili, S. (2021). The motives and obstacles in Iranian women's participation in political life of the country. J. Pol. & L., 14, 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p87
  • Farazmand, A. (1995). Religion and politics in contemporary Iran. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 3(3), 227-257. https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/3/3/article-p227_3.xml?language=en
  • Gahar.ir. (2017, May 15). Different posters of women candidates for city councils using visual effects. http://tinyurl.com/2uwtm77j
  • Gentile, E. (2006). Politics as Religion. (G. Staunton, Trans). Princeton University Press. (Original work published at 2006).
  • Hinnells, J. R. (1973). Persian Mythology. Hamlyn.
  • Homaykhabar.ir. (2017, May 16). Election posters. http://tinyurl.com/sdmnx23m
  • Jacobsen, C. G. (1993). Myths, politics and the not-so-new world order. Journal of Peace Research, 30(3), 241-250. https://www.jstor.org/stable/424804
  • Johnson-Cartee, K. S., & Copeland, G. A. (1997). The manipulation of the American voter: Political campaign commercials. Praeger.
  • Kenworthy, L., & Malami, M. (1999). Gender inequality in political representation: A worldwide comparative analysis. Social Forces, 78, 235-268. https://doi.org/10.2307/3005796
  • Kıbrıs, G. (2019). Political myths as tools for nationalist propaganda. Journal of Abant Cultural Studies, 4(7), 1-15. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/706126
  • Levis-Strauss, C. (1978). Myth and meaning: Cracking the code of culture. University of Toronto Press.
  • Malinowski, B. (2013). Myth in primitive psychology. (H. Portakal, Trans). Oteki Publications. (Original work published at 1926).
  • McClurg, S. D. (2003). Social networks and political participation: The role of social interaction in explaining political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56, 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600407
  • Medium.com. (2016, March 15). Mp elect Somayye Mahmoodi. http://tinyurl.com/48ckm84a
  • Meysam.org. (2016 October 21). Attention to branding behind faces. https://meysam.org/branding-in-the-face-enchanting /
  • Mobarakehna.ir. (2016, February 19). The first news debate of the candidates for the Islamic council elections. http://tinyurl.com/yf6sfb9w
  • Mullins, W. A. (1972). On the concept of ideology in political science. American Political Science Review, 66(2), 498-510. https://doi.org/10.2307/1957794
  • Nimmo, D., & Combs, J. (1980). Subliminal politics: Myth and mythmakers in America. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall.
  • Nody.ir. (2021, October 20). Names of candidates for the Islamic council elections. http://tinyurl.com/4w5rk2tz
  • Ram, H., & Friedman, G. S. (1996). The political significance of myth: The case of Iran and Kenya in a comparative perspective. Cultural Dynamics, 8(1), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/092137409600800104
  • Renan, E. (1882). What is A Nation? http://ucparis.fr/fâiles/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf
  • Schöpflin, G. (2000). Nations, Identity, Power, the New Politics of Europe. Hurst.
  • Sid.ir. (2017, July 12). Several posters featuring graphical effects of female city council candidates. https://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/4015313975303.pdf
  • Smith, A. D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Blackwell.
  • Tudor, H. (1972). The Political Myth: Key Concepts in Political Science. London: Red Globe Press, Praeger Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01048-6
  • Wang, Z., & Sun, L. (2017). Social class and voter turnout in China. Political Research Quarterly, 70, 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916688109
  • Welch, D. (2005). Propaganda and the German cinema. (H. Afshar, Trans). Markaz Publication. (Original work published at 1983).

A Semiotic Analysis on the Myths in the Election Campaign of Female Politicians: The Case of Local Elections in Iran

Year 2023, , 353 - 397, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1343530

Abstract

This paper explores gender issues through a mythical lens, studying myths from a semiotic standpoint and their impact on gender roles in politics. The legendary elements included in campaign posters for Iranian female candidates during municipal elections are investigated in this study. It specifically explores the importance, worth, and impact of these visuals in political advertising. The research findings indicate that although women have achieved notable progress in the realm of politics, their advancements and entitlements are frequently obscured by gender biases. Although women have made significant strides in addressing gender inequality in areas such as education, posters still prominently feature aesthetics and femininity. Women with scientific credentials continue to prioritize face appearance, influenced by the societal norms and regulations of a conservative society. Ancient Iranian political propaganda continues to harness the potency of age-old mystical symbols, serving as a testament to the significant value and influence of women in that era. Political myths, such as nationalism, assert that nationalism is not influenced by gender and that gender equality is a central focus in national movements, regardless of whether they are led by radical or liberal parties.

References

  • Abdollahifard, P. (2020). Development of Feminism in Iran. Journal of Iranian Studies, 4(2), 351-384. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.826495
  • Asrkhabar.com. (2017, May 17). Various posters with visual effects of women candidates for city council. http://tinyurl.com/2vpjh4bd
  • Barthes, R. (1999). Elements of Semiology. (Mehmet Rifat & Sema Rifat, Trans. and Ed.). Kaf Publications. (Original work published at 1964).
  • Bauer, N. M. (2020). Running local: Gender stereotyping and female candidates in local ellections. Urban Affairs Review, 56, 123-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087418770807
  • Beauregard, K. (2014). Gender, political participation and electoral systems: A cross‐national analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 53, 617-634. DOI:10.1111/1475-6765.12047
  • Bennett, W. L. (1980). Myth, ritual, and political control. Journal of Communication, 30(4), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb02028.x
  • Bottici, C. (2007). A Philosophy of Political Myth. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bottici, C., & Challand, B. (2006). Rethinking political myth: The clash of civilizations as a self-fulfilling prophecy. European Journal of Social Theory, 9(3), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431006065715
  • Bottici, C., & Challand, B. (2010). The Myth of the Clash of Civilizations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848845
  • Cobb, W. W. (1998). The American foundation myth in Vietnam: Reigning paradigms and raining bombs. University Press of America.
  • Dana.ir. (2017, May 18). On the city level, women's banners in very large sizes are installed in the squares. http://tinyurl.com/2xy2nrx4
  • Dehghan, A., & Nezakati, F. (2013). A Semiotic analysis of outdoor political posters in Iran’s eighth parliamentary elections. Sociological Review, 20(1), 95-124. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsr.2013.56210
  • Eliade, M. (1991). The myth of the eternal return: or, cosmos and history. Princeton University Press.
  • Esmaeili, S. (2021). The motives and obstacles in Iranian women's participation in political life of the country. J. Pol. & L., 14, 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p87
  • Farazmand, A. (1995). Religion and politics in contemporary Iran. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 3(3), 227-257. https://brill.com/view/journals/ijgr/3/3/article-p227_3.xml?language=en
  • Gahar.ir. (2017, May 15). Different posters of women candidates for city councils using visual effects. http://tinyurl.com/2uwtm77j
  • Gentile, E. (2006). Politics as Religion. (G. Staunton, Trans). Princeton University Press. (Original work published at 2006).
  • Hinnells, J. R. (1973). Persian Mythology. Hamlyn.
  • Homaykhabar.ir. (2017, May 16). Election posters. http://tinyurl.com/sdmnx23m
  • Jacobsen, C. G. (1993). Myths, politics and the not-so-new world order. Journal of Peace Research, 30(3), 241-250. https://www.jstor.org/stable/424804
  • Johnson-Cartee, K. S., & Copeland, G. A. (1997). The manipulation of the American voter: Political campaign commercials. Praeger.
  • Kenworthy, L., & Malami, M. (1999). Gender inequality in political representation: A worldwide comparative analysis. Social Forces, 78, 235-268. https://doi.org/10.2307/3005796
  • Kıbrıs, G. (2019). Political myths as tools for nationalist propaganda. Journal of Abant Cultural Studies, 4(7), 1-15. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/706126
  • Levis-Strauss, C. (1978). Myth and meaning: Cracking the code of culture. University of Toronto Press.
  • Malinowski, B. (2013). Myth in primitive psychology. (H. Portakal, Trans). Oteki Publications. (Original work published at 1926).
  • McClurg, S. D. (2003). Social networks and political participation: The role of social interaction in explaining political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56, 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600407
  • Medium.com. (2016, March 15). Mp elect Somayye Mahmoodi. http://tinyurl.com/48ckm84a
  • Meysam.org. (2016 October 21). Attention to branding behind faces. https://meysam.org/branding-in-the-face-enchanting /
  • Mobarakehna.ir. (2016, February 19). The first news debate of the candidates for the Islamic council elections. http://tinyurl.com/yf6sfb9w
  • Mullins, W. A. (1972). On the concept of ideology in political science. American Political Science Review, 66(2), 498-510. https://doi.org/10.2307/1957794
  • Nimmo, D., & Combs, J. (1980). Subliminal politics: Myth and mythmakers in America. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall.
  • Nody.ir. (2021, October 20). Names of candidates for the Islamic council elections. http://tinyurl.com/4w5rk2tz
  • Ram, H., & Friedman, G. S. (1996). The political significance of myth: The case of Iran and Kenya in a comparative perspective. Cultural Dynamics, 8(1), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/092137409600800104
  • Renan, E. (1882). What is A Nation? http://ucparis.fr/fâiles/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf
  • Schöpflin, G. (2000). Nations, Identity, Power, the New Politics of Europe. Hurst.
  • Sid.ir. (2017, July 12). Several posters featuring graphical effects of female city council candidates. https://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/4015313975303.pdf
  • Smith, A. D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Blackwell.
  • Tudor, H. (1972). The Political Myth: Key Concepts in Political Science. London: Red Globe Press, Praeger Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01048-6
  • Wang, Z., & Sun, L. (2017). Social class and voter turnout in China. Political Research Quarterly, 70, 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916688109
  • Welch, D. (2005). Propaganda and the German cinema. (H. Afshar, Trans). Markaz Publication. (Original work published at 1983).
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Persian Language, Literature and Culture, Contemporary History of Iran
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Pune Karımı 0000-0002-4928-2155

Raci Taşcıoğlu 0000-0003-2917-295X

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Karımı, P., & Taşcıoğlu, R. (2023). A Semiotic Analysis on the Myths in the Election Campaign of Female Politicians: The Case of Local Elections in Iran. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 353-397. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1343530

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY NC) International License.
İran Çalışmaları Dergisi bilginin yayılması ve zenginleşmesi için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.