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Dinin Ötesine Bakmak: Devrim Öncesi İran’da Ulema ve Siyaset

Year 2017, , 39 - 57, 30.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.365856

Abstract

Bu makale İran’da, 1950’lerden
1970’lerin sonuna kadar olan dönemde, ulemasiyaset ilişkisini incelemektedir.
Birbiri ile ilişkili iki soruya yoğunlaşmaktadır: 1. Sıklıkla iddia edildiği
gibi, İran tarihinde büyük siyasi kitle hareketleri ulema tarafından mı
yönlendirilmiştir? 2. İran devriminin temel harekete geçiricisi ulema mıdır?
Makale, İran tarihinin üç dönemini ele almaktadır 1951-53 Iran petrolünün
millileştirilmesi, 1963 Rıza Şah’ın Beyaz Devrimi ve son olarak 1977-1979 arası
devrimci dönem. Makalede ulema ve siyaset arasındaki ilişkide önceden
belirlenmiş çatışma veya uzlaşma alanları olmadığı, aksine bu ilişkinin
aktörlerin siyasi çıkarları tarafından belirlenen dinamik bir etkileşim süreci
sonucunda oluştuğu gösterilmektedir.

References

  • Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982. Abrahamian, Ervand. Radical Reformers: The Iranian Mujahedeen, New York: I. B. Tauris, 1989.
  • Abrahamian, Ervand. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, University of California Press: Berkeley, 1993.
  • Akyol, Taha. Osmanlı’da ve İran’da Mezhep ve Devlet. Milliyet Yayınları: İstanbul, 1999.
  • Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran: 1785-1906, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969
  • Algar, Hamid. "The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth-Century Iran", in: Scholars, Saints, and Sufis, ed. by Nikki R. Keddie, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972
  • Algar, Hamid. The roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, London: Open Press, 1983
  • Arjomand, Said Amir. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. Oxford University Press: New York, 1988.
  • Ayyubi Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World, London: Routledge, 1991.
  • Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of Left in Iran. I. B. Tauris Publishers: London and New York, 2000.
  • Burke, Edmund. & Lubeck, Paul. “Explaining Social Movements in Two Oil Exporting States: Divergent Outcomes in Nigeria and Iran” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, iss.4: 643-665.
  • Cottam, Richard W. Nationalism in Iran. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964.
  • Cottam, Richard W. “The Iranian Revolution” In Shi’ism and Social Protest ed. Nikki R. Keddie & Juan R. Cole Yale University Press: New York, 1986.
  • Daneshvar, Parviz. Revolution in Iran. St. Martin’s Press, Inc.: New York, 1996
  • Farhi, Farideh. “State Disintegration and Urban-Based Revolutionary Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Iran and Nicaragua”. Comparative Political Studies 21, no.2: 231-256, 1988.
  • Farhi, Farideh. “Class Struggles, the State and Revolution in Iran”. In Power and Stability in the Middle East ed. Berch Berberoglu Zed Books: London, UK, 1989.
  • Farsoun, Samih and Mashayekhi, Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic, New York: Routledge, 1992.
  • Fischer, Michael J. (1980), Iran from Religious Dispute to Revolution, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1980.
  • Katouzian, Homa. “Oil boycott and the political economy: Musaddiq and the strategy of non-oil economics.” In Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism and Oil. Eds. James A. Bill and WM. Roger Louis, 203-227. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1988.
  • Katozian, Homa. Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, London: I.B Tauris, 1999
  • Keddie, Nikki. R. Iran in the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution. New York University Press: New York, 1995.
  • Lapidus, Ira M. “The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, (6), 1975
  • Moaddel, Mansoor. Class, Politics and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution. Columbia University Press: New York, 1993.
  • Moazami, Behrooz, The Making of State, Religion and the Islamic Revolution in Iran (1796-1979) unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to the New School University, 2003.
  • Mottahadeh, Roy. Peygamberin Hırkası İran’da Din ve Politika, Bilgi ve Güç. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Mutman Mahmut. The Politics of Writing Islam. Voicing Difference. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014.
  • Parsa, Misagh. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. Rutgers University Press:New Brunswick and London, 1989.
  • Parsa, Misagh. States, ideologies, and social revolutions: a comparative analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism Western Conceptions of the Orient, Noida: Penguen Books, 2001.
  • Skocpol, Theda. “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution”, Theory and Society 11: 265-283, 1982.
  • Varol, Fatih, “The Politics of Ulama: Understanding the Role of the Ulama in Iran”, Milel ve Nihal, 13 (2), 2016

Beyond Religion: Ulama and Politics in Pre-revolutionary Iran

Year 2017, , 39 - 57, 30.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.365856

Abstract

The primary aim of this paper is to
investigate the relations between the ulama and politics in Iranian history
throughout the period between the 1950s to late 1970s. It will focus on two
interrelated questions: 1. Were the ulama always led the mass opposition movements
in Iranian history, as they often claimed or were credited to be? 2. Did the
Iranian Revolution occurred mainly thanks to the ulama`s efforts? By analyzing
the relations between the ulama and politics in three consecutive periods in
modern history of Iran, which are 1951-1953 period of oil nationalization, 1963
the White Revolution and finally the revolutionary struggles of 1977-1979, the
paper shows that there was not a predetermined area of conflict or cooperation
between these two domains, but a dynamic interaction shaped by the very
political interests of the actors.

References

  • Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982. Abrahamian, Ervand. Radical Reformers: The Iranian Mujahedeen, New York: I. B. Tauris, 1989.
  • Abrahamian, Ervand. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, University of California Press: Berkeley, 1993.
  • Akyol, Taha. Osmanlı’da ve İran’da Mezhep ve Devlet. Milliyet Yayınları: İstanbul, 1999.
  • Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran: 1785-1906, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969
  • Algar, Hamid. "The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth-Century Iran", in: Scholars, Saints, and Sufis, ed. by Nikki R. Keddie, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972
  • Algar, Hamid. The roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, London: Open Press, 1983
  • Arjomand, Said Amir. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. Oxford University Press: New York, 1988.
  • Ayyubi Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World, London: Routledge, 1991.
  • Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of Left in Iran. I. B. Tauris Publishers: London and New York, 2000.
  • Burke, Edmund. & Lubeck, Paul. “Explaining Social Movements in Two Oil Exporting States: Divergent Outcomes in Nigeria and Iran” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29, iss.4: 643-665.
  • Cottam, Richard W. Nationalism in Iran. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1964.
  • Cottam, Richard W. “The Iranian Revolution” In Shi’ism and Social Protest ed. Nikki R. Keddie & Juan R. Cole Yale University Press: New York, 1986.
  • Daneshvar, Parviz. Revolution in Iran. St. Martin’s Press, Inc.: New York, 1996
  • Farhi, Farideh. “State Disintegration and Urban-Based Revolutionary Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Iran and Nicaragua”. Comparative Political Studies 21, no.2: 231-256, 1988.
  • Farhi, Farideh. “Class Struggles, the State and Revolution in Iran”. In Power and Stability in the Middle East ed. Berch Berberoglu Zed Books: London, UK, 1989.
  • Farsoun, Samih and Mashayekhi, Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic, New York: Routledge, 1992.
  • Fischer, Michael J. (1980), Iran from Religious Dispute to Revolution, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1980.
  • Katouzian, Homa. “Oil boycott and the political economy: Musaddiq and the strategy of non-oil economics.” In Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism and Oil. Eds. James A. Bill and WM. Roger Louis, 203-227. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1988.
  • Katozian, Homa. Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, London: I.B Tauris, 1999
  • Keddie, Nikki. R. Iran in the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution. New York University Press: New York, 1995.
  • Lapidus, Ira M. “The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, (6), 1975
  • Moaddel, Mansoor. Class, Politics and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution. Columbia University Press: New York, 1993.
  • Moazami, Behrooz, The Making of State, Religion and the Islamic Revolution in Iran (1796-1979) unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to the New School University, 2003.
  • Mottahadeh, Roy. Peygamberin Hırkası İran’da Din ve Politika, Bilgi ve Güç. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Mutman Mahmut. The Politics of Writing Islam. Voicing Difference. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014.
  • Parsa, Misagh. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. Rutgers University Press:New Brunswick and London, 1989.
  • Parsa, Misagh. States, ideologies, and social revolutions: a comparative analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism Western Conceptions of the Orient, Noida: Penguen Books, 2001.
  • Skocpol, Theda. “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution”, Theory and Society 11: 265-283, 1982.
  • Varol, Fatih, “The Politics of Ulama: Understanding the Role of the Ulama in Iran”, Milel ve Nihal, 13 (2), 2016
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Agah Hazır

Publication Date December 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Hazır, A. (2017). Beyond Religion: Ulama and Politics in Pre-revolutionary Iran. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.365856

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İran Çalışmaları Dergisi bilginin yayılması ve zenginleşmesi için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.