İran Dış Politikasında Söylem ile Eylem Uyumsuzluğu: Çeçenistan ve Dağlık Karabağ Örnekleri

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 13 - 40, 30.06.2019

Rıdvan Kalaycı

https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.526151

Cited By: 2

Abstract

İran
dış politikası, birçok dinamik tarafından etkilense de, genel çerçevesi 1979
İslam Devrimi’yle birlikte Humeyni tarafından çizilmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanları ya
da Dini Lider değişse de, Şii mezhebine dayanan siyasal düzen anlayışı
varlığını korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Humeyni sonrasında uygulanan dış
politikanın, Devrimin ardından dolaşıma sokulan söylem ile örtüşüp örtüşmediği siyasal
kültür-dış politika ilişkisi bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Buradaki temel
argüman, Devrimle birlikte inşa edilen Şii İslamcı siyasal düzenin temel
paradigmalarının aynı kaldığı, ancak sistemsel ve siyasal değişikliklerden
dolayı İranlı karar vericilerin, ulusal çıkarları ideolojik ya da kültürel
çıkarlardan daha fazla dikkate aldığıdır. Bu iddiayı somutlaştırmak adına,
Humeyni’nin ardından iktidara gelen Rafsancani ve Hatemi dönemlerinde cereyan
eden Çeçenistan ve Dağlık Karabağ savaşları sırasındaki İran’ın uyguladığı
politikalar analiz edilecektir.

Keywords

İslam Devrimi, Şiilik, İran, Dış Politika, Çeçenistan, Dağlık Karabağ, Dağlık Karabağ

Inconsistency between Discourse and Action in Iran’s Foreign Policy: Examples of Chechenia and Nagorno Karabakh

Abstract

Although Iran’s foreign policy is influenced by numerous
factors, its general framework was set by Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic
Revolution. Even though the Presidents or the Religious Leader have changed,
the conception of the political order based on the Shia remains. In this study,
in the light of political culture-foreign policy relations it is discussed
whether the foreign policy applied after Khomeini coincided with the discourse
that was put into circulation after the Revolution. The main argument here is
that the main paradigms of the Shia Islamist political order built with the
Revolution remained the same, but because of systemic and political changes,
the Iranian decision-makers considered national interests more than ideological
or cultural interests. In order to embody this claim, the policies of Iran
during the Chechen and Nagorno-Karabakh wars that took place during the Rafsanjani
and Khatami rulership will be elaborated.

Keywords

Islamic Revolution, Shia, Iran, Foreign Policy, Chechenia, Nagorno Karabakh

References

• Referans1) AHIN, Tahereh, “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Devlet Yapısı”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt. 43, Sayı. 2, (2010), s. 81-100.
• Referans2) AKHAVI, Shahrough, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran, Albany State University of New York Press, ch. 5. 1980.
• Referans3) ALGAR, Hamid, İslam Devrimi’nin Kökleri, çev., M. Çetin Demirhan, İşaret Yayınları, Ankara, 1988.
• Referans4) ALGAR, Hamid (Ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981.
• Referans5) AMUZEGAR, Jahangir, The Dynamic of the Iranian Revolution, The Pahlavis’ Triumph and Tragedy, New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
• Referans6) ASLANLI, Araz, “Karabağ Sorunu ve İran”, Tebriz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, http://tebaren.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/%C4%B0ran-ve-Karaba%C4%9F-Sorunu.pdf, 21 Aralık 2018.
• Referans7) CABBARLI, Hatem, “Ermenistan’ın İran Politikası”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluslararası Avrasya Strateji Dergisi Cilt, 10, Sayı. 10.
• Referans8) CLAWSON, Patrick, “The Khatami Paradox”, Patrick Clawson et. al. , (Eds.) Iran Under Khatamı A Political, Economic, And Military Assessment, The Washington Instıtute For Neear East Policy, (1998), s. 1-13.
• Referans9) CORNELL, Svante E., The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies, Uppsala University, 1993.
• Referans10) ÇAĞAPTAY, Soner, ve Alexander Murinson, Good Relations between Azerbaijan and Israel: A Model for Other Muslim States in Eurasia? Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Press, 2005.
• Referans11) ÇİTLİOĞLU, Ercan, İran’ı Anlamak, Başkent Üniversitesi, 2015.
• Referans12) DARWICH, May, “The Ontological (In)security of Similarity: Wahhabism Versus Islamsm in Saudi Foreign Policy”, Institute of Middle EastStudies, GIGA Work Papers, No. 263, (2014), s. 1-26.
• Referans13) FARSOUN, Samih K. and MASHAYEKHI Mehrdad, “Introduction: Iran's Political Culture”, Samih K. Farsoun and Mehrdad Mashayekhi (Ed.), Iran, Political Culture in the Islamic Republic, Routledge, New York, 1993.
• Referans14) FERRERO, Mario, The Rise and Demise of Theocracy: Theory and Some Evidence, “Religion and Democracy” in the annual conference of the Association for Public Economic Theory, Galway, (2009), June 17-20.
• Referans15) FREEDMAN, Robert O., “Russian-Iranian Relations in the 1990s”, Rubin Center Research in International Affairs, Volume. 4, No.2, June (2000).
• Referans16) GÖLPINARLI, Abdülbaki, Tarih Boyunca İslam Mezhepleri ve Şiilik, Der Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997.
• Referans17) GRESH, Geoffrey, “Coddling the Caucasus: Iran’s Strategic Relationship with Azerbaijan and Armenia”, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol 1-Winter (2006).
• Referans18) HIRO, Dilip, “The Azerbaijan Question”, The Nation, 14 September (1992).
• Referans19) HUMEYNİ, İmam, İslamda Devlet, İstanbul: Objektif Yayınları, 1991.
• Referans20) ISLAM, Thowhidul, “The Nuclearization of Iran and the Policy of Russia”, Asian and African Studies, Volume. 22, Nu. 2, (2013).
• Referans21) JAHANBAKHSH, Forough, Islam, Democracy And Religıous Modernism İn Iran (1953-1997): From Bàzargan To Soroush, PhD Thesis, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Temmuz, 1997.
• Referans22) KECHICHIAN, Joseph A. ve Theodore W. Karasik, ”The Crisis in Azerbaijan: How Clans Influence the Politics of an emerging Republics”, Middle East Policy, Summer, (1996), s.64-65
• Referans23) KOZHANOV, Nikolay, Understanding The Revitalization Of Russian-Iranian Relations”, Carnegie Moscow Center, May,2015.
• Referans24) KRAUTHAMMER, Charles, “The Unipolar Movement Revisited”, The National Interest, Vol. 3, Winter, (2002), s. 25-26.
• Referans25) MALEK, Martin, “Russia, Iran and the Conflict in Chechnya, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, Nu. 1, Winter (2008), s. 25-34.
• Referans26) MONMİQUET, Claude ve William Racimora, “The Armenia-Iran Relationship, Strategic Implication for Security in the South Caucasus Region”, European Strategic Intelligence & Security Center, (17 January 2013).
• Referans27) ONAT, Hasan, “İran İslam Devrimi ve Şiilik”, Mezhep Araştırmaları, Cilt.2, (Güz 2013), s. 236
• Referans28) ONAT, Hasan, “Şiilik ve Günümüz Şiiliğinde Bazı Yeni Yaklaşımlar”, İslami Araştırmalar, Cilt.3, Sayı. 3, (Temmuz 1989), s. 122-138.
• Referans29) RAMAKRISHNAN, Ak, ‎The Making of A Revolution I: Religious PoIitical Discourse, Chapter 3, 2010.
• Referans30) SAATCHI, Autoosa Elizabeth Kojoori, The Culture of Revolution: Revolutionary Transformation in Iran, University of Nevada, 2010.
• Referans31) SAMİİ, A. William, “Iran and Chechenya: Realpolitik at Work”, Middle EAst Policy Council, Volume. 8, No. 1, (Spring 2001).
• Referans32) SANAL, Enes, “Demokrasi Kavramı Açısından Devlet ve Din İlişkileri”, Başkent Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara, (2014) s. 1-8.
• Referans33) SHAFFER, Brenda, “Iran’s Role in the South Caucasus and Caspian Region: Diverging Views of the U.S. and Europe, Eugene Whitlock (Ed.) Iran and Its Neighbors: Diverging Views on a Strategic Region. ran and Its Neighbors: Diverging Views on a Strategic Region, Berlin: SWP, (July 2003).
• Referans34) SHAFFER Brenda, “The Islamic Republic of Iran: Is It Really?”, Brenda Shaffer (Ed.), The Limits of Culture, Islam and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: The MIT Press, (2005).
• Referans35) SİNKAYA, Bayram, “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Siyasal Yapı ve Yönetim”, Turel Yılmaz ve Mehmet Şahin (Ed.), Ortadoğu Siyasetinde İran, Ankara: Barış Kitabevi, (2011).
• Referans36) SULEYMANOV, Emil, ve Ondrej Ditrych. “Iran and Azerbaijan: A Contested Neighborhood”, Middle East Policy, Cilt 14, Sayı 2, (2007), s. 101–116.
• Referans37) TABRIZ, Asghar Alam, Aydınların, Dini Liderler ve Esnafın İran’ın Yakın Dönem Toplumsal Hareketlerindeki ve Devrimlerindeki Rollerinin İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004.
• Referans38) TAFLIOĞLU, M. Serkan, İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Egemenlik ve Meşrûiyet Kaynağı “Velâyet-İ Fakih” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 68, No. 3, (2013), s. 97-100.
• Referans39) TAFLIOĞLU, M.Serkan, Şah Nasil Mat Oldu, Kripto Yayınları, 2010.
• Referans40) THERME, Clement, “Tehran and the Chechen Question. Caucaz.com”, 26 September 2006, http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu_imprim.php?id=262 (accessed 13 November 2006).
• Referans41) WASTNIDGE Edward , “The modalities of Iranian soft power: from cultural diplomacy to soft war”, Politics, Vol. 35, No. 3-4, (2015), s. 364-377.
• Referans42) WOLFSON, Ze’ev, Armenian “Traces” in the Proliferation of Russian Weapons in Iran, ACPR Policy Paper No. 143, (2009), s. 1-17.
• Referans43) YAHYAPOUR, Mohammad Sadegh ve Mosayeb GharehBeygi, “Hegemonic Challenges of Iran and Russia in the Transcaucasia Region”, Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 9, No. 5, (2016).
• Referans44) YEĞİN Abdullah, “Devrim’in 35. Yılında İran Dış Politikası”, SETA Perspektif, Sayı. 32, (2014).
• Referans45) ZARIFIAN, Julien, “Iran and Its Two Neighbours Armenia and Azerbaijan: Resuming Relationships under America's Suspicious Eyes”, Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2009), s. 383-399.
• Referans46) “Iran Cuts Electricity to Nakhichevan”, OMRI Daily Digest, (30 May 1995)
• Referans47) “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Anayasal Sistem ve Siyasi Partiler, Orsam Rapor no. 112, (Mart 2012), s. 6.
• Referans48) “Iran Report”, RFE/RL, Volume. 3, No. 12, (20 March 2000).
• Referans49) “Iran Report”, RFE/RL, Volume 2, No. 39, (4 October 1999),
• Referans50) “Iran Report”, RFE/RL, Volume. 3, No 28, (24 July 2000).
• Referans51) “Iran Report”, RFE/RL, Volume. 3, No. 6, (7 February 2000).
• Referans52) “The Seventh Islamic Summit Conference (Session of Fraternity and Revival). Casablanca, Kingdom Of Morocco”, 11-13 Rajab 1415h (13-15 December, 1994), http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/is/7/7th-is-summit.htm#FINAL%20COMMUNIQUE (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ocak 2019)