Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Gears in Motion Towards the Iranian Revolution

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 85 - 104, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1056041

Abstract

Modern Iran, once an important issue of rivalry between the Great Powers for influences, resources and trade routes, was formed through a sequence of small and larger revolutions. Its geopolitical position had raised the “Persian Question”, as Lord Curzon put it, with the Qājār Dynasty granting commercial and business privileges to England and Russia, as well as concessions of archeological excavations. The aim of the article is to follow the steps taken by the Iranian people against the colonial powers' exploitation, towards the Revolution; merchants and clerics at first, who gradually transformed the bustling markets into a political arena at the turn of the nineteenth century that Persia's entry into the world economy made social inequalities more apparent. We will see facts that surround the era, such as the Constitutional Revolution, a parliamentary victory in the Middle East, as well as the coup d'état by Pahlavi and the establishment of his dynasty. As nationalism was an integral part of this dynasty, reflecting the political-military context in which it originated, Pahlavi Dynasty set the interpretations of antiquity at the heart of their paternalistic ideology, banks were erected in the place of amphitheaters where the holy martyrdom of Karbalā used to revive and the ritual Shiite world was silenced. Iran not only was becoming secular but violent as well, while the continuation of concessions and the opulence of state officials and western businessmen gave the people the sense that there is a perpetuation of colonialism. The last uprising will lead to the Iranian Revolution, which will call into question the role of the West.

Supporting Institution

Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences

References

  • Abdi, K. (2001). Nationalism, politics, and the development of archaeology in Iran. American Journal of Archaeology, 105(01), 50-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/507326
  • Abrahamian, E. (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press.
  • Abrahamian, E. (2008). A history of modern Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Aghaie, K.S. (2004). The martyrs of Karbala Shi'i symbols and rituals in modern Iran. University of Washington Press.
  • Amanat, M. (2012). Set in stone: Homeless corpses and desecrated graves in modern Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(02), 257-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743812000049
  • Amirahmadi, H. (2012). The political economy of Iran under the Qājārs. I.B. Tauris.
  • Avery, P., Hambly, G.R.G., & Melville, C.P. (2008). The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Axworthy, M. (2013). Revolutionary Iran. A history of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press.
  • Balslev, S. (2019). Iranian masculinities: Gender and sexuality in late Qājār and early Pahlavi Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cole, J. (1999). Religious dissidence and urban leadership: Bahais in Qajar Shiraz and Tehran. Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 37, 123-142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299998
  • Donovan, M. (1997). National intelligence and the Iranian revolution. Intelligence and National Security, 12 (1), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432403
  • Floor, W. (1976). The merchants (tujjār) in Qājār Iran. Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 126 (1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/43381673
  • Foran, J. (1989). The concept of dependent development as a key to the political economy of Qājār Iran (1800-1925). Iranian Studies, 22(2/3), 5-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210868908701730 Iran: The Show of Shows. (1971, October 25). TIME.
  • Jenkins, J. (2016). Iran in the Nazi new order, 1933–1941. Iranian Studies, 49(5), 727-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2016.1217636
  • Keddie, N. (1966). Religion and rebellion in Iran. Frank Cass and Company.
  • Loftus, W. K. (1857). Travels and researches in Chaldaea and Susiana. James Nisbet and Company Publisher.
  • McBeth, B.S. (1985). British oil policy 1919-1939. Frank Cass and Company.
  • Okazaki, S. (1986). The great Persian famine of 1879-71. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 49(1), 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00042609
  • Price, M. (2005). Iran's diverse peoples. ABC-CLIO.
  • Rieffer-Flanagan, B. (2013). Evolving Iran an introduction to politics and problems in the Islamic Republic. Georgetown University Press.
  • Sykes, P. M. (1915). History of Persia. MacMillan and Company.
  • Wilber, D. (1981). Iran, past and present: From monarchy to Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press.
  • Wilber, D. (2006). Regime change in Iran: Overthrow of premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952 -August 1953. Spokesman.

İran Devrimi’ne Doğru İşleyen Dişliler

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 85 - 104, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1056041

Abstract

Bir zamanlar Büyük Güçler arasında nüfuz, kaynak ve ticaret yolları için önemli bir rekabet konusu olan modern İran, bir dizi küçük ve büyük devrimler yoluyla şekillendi. Lord Curzon'un belirttiği gibi, Kaçar Hanedanlığı'nın İngiltere ve Rusya'ya iş ve ticari ayrıcalıklar ve ayrıca arkeolojik kazı imtiyazları vermesiyle ülkenin jeopolitik konumu, “Fars Sorununu” gündeme getirmişti. Makalenin amacı ilk başta İran'ın dünya ekonomisine girmesinin toplumsal eşitsizlikleri daha belirgin hale getirdiği on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başında hareketli pazarları yavaş yavaş siyasi bir arenaya dönüştüren tüccarlar ve din adamları olmak üzere; İran halkının sömürgeci güçlerin sömürüsüne karşı devrim yolunda attığı adımları takip etmektir. Ortadoğu'da bir parlamenter zafer olan Meşrutiyet Devrimi ile Pehlevi'nin darbesi ve hanedanının kuruluşu gibi dönemi çevreleyen gerçekleri göreceğiz. Milliyetçilik bu hanedanın ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu ve ortaya çıktığı siyasi-askeri bağlamı yansıttığı için, Pehlevi Hanedanlığı ataerkil ideolojilerinin merkezine tarihi yorumlarını yerleştirmiş ve Kerbela'nın kutsal şehitliğinin kullanıldığı amfi tiyatroların yerine bankalar dikilerek eskiden canlı olan Şii dünyası ve ritüelleri susturulmuştur. İran sadece sekülerleşmekle kalmıyor, aynı zamanda şiddet de uyguluyordu; imtiyazların devam etmesi ve devlet görevlileri ile batılı iş adamlarının zenginliği halka sömürgeciliğin devam ettiği hissini veriyordu. Son ayaklanma, Batı'nın rolünü sorgulayacak olan İran Devrimi'ne yol açacak.

References

  • Abdi, K. (2001). Nationalism, politics, and the development of archaeology in Iran. American Journal of Archaeology, 105(01), 50-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/507326
  • Abrahamian, E. (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press.
  • Abrahamian, E. (2008). A history of modern Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Aghaie, K.S. (2004). The martyrs of Karbala Shi'i symbols and rituals in modern Iran. University of Washington Press.
  • Amanat, M. (2012). Set in stone: Homeless corpses and desecrated graves in modern Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44(02), 257-283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743812000049
  • Amirahmadi, H. (2012). The political economy of Iran under the Qājārs. I.B. Tauris.
  • Avery, P., Hambly, G.R.G., & Melville, C.P. (2008). The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Axworthy, M. (2013). Revolutionary Iran. A history of the Islamic Republic. Oxford University Press.
  • Balslev, S. (2019). Iranian masculinities: Gender and sexuality in late Qājār and early Pahlavi Iran. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cole, J. (1999). Religious dissidence and urban leadership: Bahais in Qajar Shiraz and Tehran. Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 37, 123-142. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299998
  • Donovan, M. (1997). National intelligence and the Iranian revolution. Intelligence and National Security, 12 (1), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432403
  • Floor, W. (1976). The merchants (tujjār) in Qājār Iran. Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 126 (1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/43381673
  • Foran, J. (1989). The concept of dependent development as a key to the political economy of Qājār Iran (1800-1925). Iranian Studies, 22(2/3), 5-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210868908701730 Iran: The Show of Shows. (1971, October 25). TIME.
  • Jenkins, J. (2016). Iran in the Nazi new order, 1933–1941. Iranian Studies, 49(5), 727-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2016.1217636
  • Keddie, N. (1966). Religion and rebellion in Iran. Frank Cass and Company.
  • Loftus, W. K. (1857). Travels and researches in Chaldaea and Susiana. James Nisbet and Company Publisher.
  • McBeth, B.S. (1985). British oil policy 1919-1939. Frank Cass and Company.
  • Okazaki, S. (1986). The great Persian famine of 1879-71. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 49(1), 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00042609
  • Price, M. (2005). Iran's diverse peoples. ABC-CLIO.
  • Rieffer-Flanagan, B. (2013). Evolving Iran an introduction to politics and problems in the Islamic Republic. Georgetown University Press.
  • Sykes, P. M. (1915). History of Persia. MacMillan and Company.
  • Wilber, D. (1981). Iran, past and present: From monarchy to Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press.
  • Wilber, D. (2006). Regime change in Iran: Overthrow of premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952 -August 1953. Spokesman.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Kalliope Pavli 0000-0003-0438-9052

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Pavli, K. (2022). Gears in Motion Towards the Iranian Revolution. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1056041

29511 Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY NC) International License.
The Journal of Iranian Studies accepts the Open Access Journal Policy for expanding and flourishing of knowledge.