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İran Duvar Resimlerinde ABD Temsili: Hafıza, Propaganda, Dönüşüm

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 275 - 307
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1543697

Abstract

Bugün duvar resimleri İran sokaklarında rastlaması oldukça sıradan olan ancak bir o kadar da dikkat çekici bir ayrıntıdır. Rejimin başlıca savunularının vurgulandığı propaganda amaçlı posterler ve duvar resimleri özellikle 1978/79 devrim süreciyle birlikte İran sokaklarının ayrılmaz bir ögesi haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, İran İslam Devrimi’nin (Şubat 1979) peşi sıra cereyan eden ve 52 ABD’li diplomatın 444 gün süreyle alıkonulduğu (4 Kasım 1979- 21 Ocak 1981) ‘rehine krizi’nin ardından, ABD’nin eski Tahran Büyükelçilik binasını çevreleyen duvarlar da çeşitli duvar resimleriyle (mural paintings) donatılmıştır. Varlığını uzun yıllar ilk haliyle sürdüren bu resimler 2019 yılına gelindiğinde devrimin kırkıncı yılı münasebetiyle yeniden gözden geçirilerek değişikliğe uğratılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, mevcut değişiklik sonrasında elçilik binası duvarlarındaki resimlere yansımış olan ABD imajındaki farklılaşma eski ve yeni resimler odağında analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, eski duvar resimlerinde daha güçlü ve korku uyandıran bir ABD imajı betimlenirken yenilenen resimlerde ise güvenilmezliğini ve gaddarlığını sürdürmesine karşın İran’ın yenmeye muktedir olduğu bir ABD imajına yer verildiği gözlenmiştir. Duvar resimlerinde yer bulan kimi yeni görselleştirmeler yoluyla düşmana meydan okuyan İran imajının korunduğu ancak bu kez söz konusu kibirli düşmanın yenilmez olmadığının, bilakis defaatle hezimete uğratılmış ve uğratılabilir olduğunun da altının dikkatle çizildiği görülmektedir.

References

  • Asgaripour, M. (2 Kasım 2019). [Fotoğraf]. Mehr News. https://bit.ly/46SfHAh
  • Axworthy, M. (2020). Devrimci İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin tarihi, (Çev. Ali Karatay), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 2013).
  • Beşiriye, H. (2009). İran’da siyasal ideoloji ve toplumsal kimlik. İçinde Hamid Ahmedi (Ed.), İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası (73-87). Küre Yayınları.
  • Bill, J. A. (1988). The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bmgp
  • Blanch, S. (2020). Murals as a play on space in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Index Journal, 2, 214-219. https://doi.org/10.38030/index-journal.2020.2.10
  • Caswell, R. (1981, Aralık 1) Economic sanctions and the Iran experience. Foreign Affairs, https://bit.ly/4fVg8xS
  • Chehabi, H.E. & Christia, F. (2008). The art of state persuasion: Iran’s post-revolutionary murals. Persica, 22, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2143/pers.22.0.2034398
  • Chelkowski, P. & Dabashi, H. (2018). Bir Devrimi Sahnelemek: İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Propaganda Sanatı, The Kitap.
  • Clark, T. (2017) Sanat ve propaganda, (Çev. Esin Hoşsucu). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 2013).
  • Cristia, F. (2019). Tehran paints over ıts anti-Amerikan murals, Foreign Policy, November 11, 2019, https://bit.ly/4dskwml
  • Davari, N. & Hatam, J. (2018) Safevi döneminde avrupa tarzı duvar resimleri: bir sanat tarihi okuması. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 121-169. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.427297
  • Djalili, M.R. & Kellner, T. (2011). İran’ın son iki yüzyıllık tarihi. Bilge Kültür Sanat.
  • Ehlibeyt Haber. (2021, Nisan 25) ““Tabes olayı” Beyaz Saray’ın çöküşünün göstergesidir” https://bit.ly/46VEkMp
  • Ehlibeyt Haber. (2021, Nisan 25) [Fotoğraf] https://bit.ly/46VEkMp
  • Fars News, Ayatollah Khamenei: Objection to Talks Aimed at Preventing US Influence in Iran, (2019, November 3) https://bit.ly/3XarWFj
  • Garthwaite, G.R. (2011) İran tarihi: Pers i̇mparatorluğu’ndan günümüze, İnkılap.
  • Grigor, T. (2014). Contemporary Iranian Art: From the Street to the Studio, Reaktion Book.
  • Gruber, C. J. (2008) The message is on the wall: mural arts ın post-revolutıonary Iran. Persica 22, 15-46. https://doi:10.2143/PERS.22.0.2034399
  • Halliday, F. (2001). Iran and the Middle East: Foreign Policy and Domestic Change, Middle East Report, 220, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1559410
  • Hamanei, Ayetullah Seyyid Ali (2018). İran gerçeği: Konuşmalardan derlemeler, (Çev. İsmail Bendiderya), Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Hubbers. (2019). [Fotoğraf]. Flickr. https://bit.ly/3SUG6Yu
  • Jahan News (2017). İmam Humeyni'nin Azerbaycan halkı için hüzünlü kitabı, http://bit.ly/40aIgYB
  • Jarman, N. (2005). Painting landscapes: the place of murals in the symbolic construction of urban space. İçinde Anthony Buckley (Ed.), Symbols in Northern Ireland, (81-98), The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.
  • Karimi, P. (2008). Imagining warfare imaging welfare: Tehran’s post İran-Irak war murals and their legacy. Persica, 22, 47-63. https://doi.org/10.2143/pers.22.0.2034400
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (2018). Sınır Kurguları: İran Ulusunun Şekillenmesi (1804-1946), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keddie, N. R., & Richard, Y. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkwwc
  • Kenare, A. (2018). [Fotoğraf]. Dallas News. https://bit.ly/4dMwAyG
  • Khomeini, R. (1981). Islam and revolution: writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini (Çev. H. Algar). Mizan Press.
  • Khomeini, I. R. (2008). Defense in the face of interference of the superpowers in the affairs of the region. In J. R. Khan (Ed.), Sahife-ye Imam: An anthology of Imam Khomeini's speeches, messages, interviews, decrees, religious permissions, and letters. 17, (375-376). Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. (Çev. M. Dehgani)) https://bit.ly/3X03lSq
  • Kinzer, S. (2014). Şah’ın bütün adamları: Bir Amerikan darbesi ve Ortadoğu’da terörün kökenleri. İletişim Yayınları. Larsson, F. (t.y.). Security in past tense: A study of loyalist and republican murals [Doctoral dissertation, Lund University].
  • Lashkari, A., & Kalantari, M. (2015). Pardeh khani: A dramatic form of storytelling in Iran. Asian Theatre Journal, 32(1), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1353/atj.2015.0015
  • Leader, (2017). Kutsal savunma savaşçıları ve sanatçılarını kabul eden İslam İnkılabı rehberi: İman ederek tüm zorluklara galebe çalabiliriz, https://bit.ly/46WyMBl
  • Moghadam, A., Kafshchian, S., & Rouyan, A. (2008). A survey in Tehran’s contemporary murals. Honar-ha-ye-ziba, (33), Spring.
  • National Museum of American Diplomacy (2018). [Resim] https://diplomacy.state.gov/the-great-seal/
  • Omnivagant. 2019. https://www.omnivagant.com/things-to-do-in-tehran/
  • Pillar, P. R. (2013). The role of villain: Iran and U.S. foreign policy. Political Science Quarterly, 128(2), 211- 231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23563304
  • Polk, W. R. (2009). Understanding Iran: Everything you need to know, from Persia to Islamic Republic, from Cyrus to Ahmedinejad, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ramazani, R. K. (2004). Ideology and Pragmatism in Iran’s Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal, 58(4), 549–559. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330062
  • Rauh, E. (2013). “Posters and History of the Iranian Revolution”, Graphicart News, https://bit.ly/470JpU0
  • Rolston, B. (2020). When everywhere is Karbala: Murals, martyrdom and propaganda in Iran. Memory Studies, 13(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017730870
  • Rubinstein, A. Z., & Smith, D. E. (1988). Anti-Americanism in the Third World. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 497, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716288497001004
  • Rolston, B. (2004). The War of the Walls: political murals in Northern Ireland. Museum International, 56(3), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00480.x
  • Rolston, B. (2020). When everywhere is Karbala: Murals, martyrdom and propaganda in Iran. Memory Studies, 13, 23-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017730870
  • Santino, J. (2001). Signs of war and peace: Social conflict and the uses of symbols in public in Northern Ireland, Palgrave MacMillan.

U.S. Representation in Iranian Murals: Memory, Propaganda, Transformation

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 275 - 307
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1543697

Abstract

Today, murals are a prominent and striking feature of the streets in Iran. Since the revolutionary process of 1978/79, propaganda posters and murals highlighting the regime's main narratives have become integral to the urban landscape. Following the hostage crisis that occurred after the Islamic Revolution (February 1979), during which 52 U.S. diplomats were held for 444 days (November 4, 1979 - January 21, 1981), the walls surrounding the former U.S. Embassy building in Tehran were also adorned with various murals. These murals remained unchanged for many years but were reviewed and modified in 2019 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the revolution. This study analyzes the differentiation of the image of the U.S. as reflected in the paintings on the walls of the embassy building before and after these modifications, focusing on both the old and new murals. The findings indicate that while the old murals depicted a more powerful and fearful image of the U.S., the new murals portray Iran as capable of defeating the U.S., even in the face of perceived unreliability and aggression from its adversary. In summary, the image of Iran as a challenger to its enemy is preserved through some of the new visualizations in the murals, emphasizing that the enemy is not invincible; on the contrary, it has been defeated multiple times.

References

  • Asgaripour, M. (2 Kasım 2019). [Fotoğraf]. Mehr News. https://bit.ly/46SfHAh
  • Axworthy, M. (2020). Devrimci İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin tarihi, (Çev. Ali Karatay), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 2013).
  • Beşiriye, H. (2009). İran’da siyasal ideoloji ve toplumsal kimlik. İçinde Hamid Ahmedi (Ed.), İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası (73-87). Küre Yayınları.
  • Bill, J. A. (1988). The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bmgp
  • Blanch, S. (2020). Murals as a play on space in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Index Journal, 2, 214-219. https://doi.org/10.38030/index-journal.2020.2.10
  • Caswell, R. (1981, Aralık 1) Economic sanctions and the Iran experience. Foreign Affairs, https://bit.ly/4fVg8xS
  • Chehabi, H.E. & Christia, F. (2008). The art of state persuasion: Iran’s post-revolutionary murals. Persica, 22, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2143/pers.22.0.2034398
  • Chelkowski, P. & Dabashi, H. (2018). Bir Devrimi Sahnelemek: İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Propaganda Sanatı, The Kitap.
  • Clark, T. (2017) Sanat ve propaganda, (Çev. Esin Hoşsucu). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 2013).
  • Cristia, F. (2019). Tehran paints over ıts anti-Amerikan murals, Foreign Policy, November 11, 2019, https://bit.ly/4dskwml
  • Davari, N. & Hatam, J. (2018) Safevi döneminde avrupa tarzı duvar resimleri: bir sanat tarihi okuması. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 121-169. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.427297
  • Djalili, M.R. & Kellner, T. (2011). İran’ın son iki yüzyıllık tarihi. Bilge Kültür Sanat.
  • Ehlibeyt Haber. (2021, Nisan 25) ““Tabes olayı” Beyaz Saray’ın çöküşünün göstergesidir” https://bit.ly/46VEkMp
  • Ehlibeyt Haber. (2021, Nisan 25) [Fotoğraf] https://bit.ly/46VEkMp
  • Fars News, Ayatollah Khamenei: Objection to Talks Aimed at Preventing US Influence in Iran, (2019, November 3) https://bit.ly/3XarWFj
  • Garthwaite, G.R. (2011) İran tarihi: Pers i̇mparatorluğu’ndan günümüze, İnkılap.
  • Grigor, T. (2014). Contemporary Iranian Art: From the Street to the Studio, Reaktion Book.
  • Gruber, C. J. (2008) The message is on the wall: mural arts ın post-revolutıonary Iran. Persica 22, 15-46. https://doi:10.2143/PERS.22.0.2034399
  • Halliday, F. (2001). Iran and the Middle East: Foreign Policy and Domestic Change, Middle East Report, 220, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1559410
  • Hamanei, Ayetullah Seyyid Ali (2018). İran gerçeği: Konuşmalardan derlemeler, (Çev. İsmail Bendiderya), Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Hubbers. (2019). [Fotoğraf]. Flickr. https://bit.ly/3SUG6Yu
  • Jahan News (2017). İmam Humeyni'nin Azerbaycan halkı için hüzünlü kitabı, http://bit.ly/40aIgYB
  • Jarman, N. (2005). Painting landscapes: the place of murals in the symbolic construction of urban space. İçinde Anthony Buckley (Ed.), Symbols in Northern Ireland, (81-98), The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.
  • Karimi, P. (2008). Imagining warfare imaging welfare: Tehran’s post İran-Irak war murals and their legacy. Persica, 22, 47-63. https://doi.org/10.2143/pers.22.0.2034400
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. (2018). Sınır Kurguları: İran Ulusunun Şekillenmesi (1804-1946), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keddie, N. R., & Richard, Y. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkwwc
  • Kenare, A. (2018). [Fotoğraf]. Dallas News. https://bit.ly/4dMwAyG
  • Khomeini, R. (1981). Islam and revolution: writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini (Çev. H. Algar). Mizan Press.
  • Khomeini, I. R. (2008). Defense in the face of interference of the superpowers in the affairs of the region. In J. R. Khan (Ed.), Sahife-ye Imam: An anthology of Imam Khomeini's speeches, messages, interviews, decrees, religious permissions, and letters. 17, (375-376). Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. (Çev. M. Dehgani)) https://bit.ly/3X03lSq
  • Kinzer, S. (2014). Şah’ın bütün adamları: Bir Amerikan darbesi ve Ortadoğu’da terörün kökenleri. İletişim Yayınları. Larsson, F. (t.y.). Security in past tense: A study of loyalist and republican murals [Doctoral dissertation, Lund University].
  • Lashkari, A., & Kalantari, M. (2015). Pardeh khani: A dramatic form of storytelling in Iran. Asian Theatre Journal, 32(1), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1353/atj.2015.0015
  • Leader, (2017). Kutsal savunma savaşçıları ve sanatçılarını kabul eden İslam İnkılabı rehberi: İman ederek tüm zorluklara galebe çalabiliriz, https://bit.ly/46WyMBl
  • Moghadam, A., Kafshchian, S., & Rouyan, A. (2008). A survey in Tehran’s contemporary murals. Honar-ha-ye-ziba, (33), Spring.
  • National Museum of American Diplomacy (2018). [Resim] https://diplomacy.state.gov/the-great-seal/
  • Omnivagant. 2019. https://www.omnivagant.com/things-to-do-in-tehran/
  • Pillar, P. R. (2013). The role of villain: Iran and U.S. foreign policy. Political Science Quarterly, 128(2), 211- 231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23563304
  • Polk, W. R. (2009). Understanding Iran: Everything you need to know, from Persia to Islamic Republic, from Cyrus to Ahmedinejad, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ramazani, R. K. (2004). Ideology and Pragmatism in Iran’s Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal, 58(4), 549–559. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4330062
  • Rauh, E. (2013). “Posters and History of the Iranian Revolution”, Graphicart News, https://bit.ly/470JpU0
  • Rolston, B. (2020). When everywhere is Karbala: Murals, martyrdom and propaganda in Iran. Memory Studies, 13(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017730870
  • Rubinstein, A. Z., & Smith, D. E. (1988). Anti-Americanism in the Third World. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 497, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716288497001004
  • Rolston, B. (2004). The War of the Walls: political murals in Northern Ireland. Museum International, 56(3), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00480.x
  • Rolston, B. (2020). When everywhere is Karbala: Murals, martyrdom and propaganda in Iran. Memory Studies, 13, 23-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017730870
  • Santino, J. (2001). Signs of war and peace: Social conflict and the uses of symbols in public in Northern Ireland, Palgrave MacMillan.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Middle East Studies, International Relations (Other), Contemporary History of Iran
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

İlknur Cihangir Demirbaş 0000-0002-3284-8212

Early Pub Date December 23, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date September 4, 2024
Acceptance Date October 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Cihangir Demirbaş, İ. (2024). İran Duvar Resimlerinde ABD Temsili: Hafıza, Propaganda, Dönüşüm. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 275-307. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1543697

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