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INCENTIVE ROOTS OF MANAGERIAL (EXCESSIVE) RISK TAKING AND AN ASSESMENT OF POLICY RESPONSES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 07.04.2016

Öz


There are many incentive factors affecting managers’ risk appetite. This study reviews the incentive literature and analyses arguments highlighting the impact of implicit and explicit incentives on managerial risk taking and the results of empirical studies on the issue. The paper also assesses main policy responses against excessive risk taking and concludes that current policies centered on fixing contractual schemes are not adequate to fix these incentive problems.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, R., & Ferreira, D. 2007. A Theory of Friendly Boards. Journal of Finance, 62: 217-250.
  • Agrawal, Anup, & Mandelker, G. 1987. Managerial Incentives and Corporate Investment and Financing Decisions. Journal of Finance, 42: 823-837.
  • Avery, C., & Chevalier, J. 1999. Herding Over the Career. Economics Letters, 53: 327-333.
  • Bebchuk, L., & Spamann, H. 2010. Regulating Bankers' Pay. Georgetown Law Journal, 98: 247-287.
  • Blinder, A. 2009. Crazy Compensation and the Crisis. The Wall Street Journal, May 28: A15.
  • Boyson, N. 2003. Why Do Experienced Hedge Fund Managers Have Lower Returns? Working Paper.
  • Boyson, N. 2010. Implicit Incentives and Reputational Herding By Hedge Fund Managers. Journal of Empirical Finance, 17: 283-299.
  • Bushman, R., Dai, Z., & Wang, X. 201.0 Risk and Ceo Turnover. Journal of Financial Economics, 96: 381-398.
  • Carpenter, J. 2000. Does Option Compensation Increase Managerial Risk Appetite? The Journal of Finance, 55: 2311-2331.
  • Cheng, I., Hong, H., & Scheinkman, J. 2010. Yesterday's Heroes: Compensation and Creative Risk-Taking. Working Paper.
  • Chevalier, J., & Ellison, G. 1997. Risk Taking By Mutual Funds As A Response To Incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 105: 1167-1200.
  • Citci, S., & Inci, E. (forthcoming) The Masquerade Ball of Ceos and Mask of Excessive Risk Taking. Economic Modelling.
  • Coles, J., Daniel, N., and Naveen, L. 2006. Managerial Incentives and Risk-Taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 79: 431-468.
  • Coughlan, A., & Schmidt, R. 1985. Executive Compensation, Management Turnover, and Firm Performance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7: 43-66.
  • Dasgupta, A., & Prat, A. 2006. Financial Equilibrium with Career Concerns. Theoretical Economics, 1: 67-93.
  • Defond, M., & Park, C. 1999. The Effect of Competition on Ceo Turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 27: 35-36.
  • Diane, D., & Tkac, T. 2002. The Determinants of the Flow of Funds of Managed Portfolios: Mutual Funds Vs. Pension Funds. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 37: 523-557.
  • Falato, A., Li, D., & Milbourn, T. 2011. To Each According to His Ability? Ceo Pay and the Market for Ceos, Working Paper.
  • Fama, E. 1980. Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88: 288-307.
  • Froot, K., Perold A., & Stein, J. 1992. Shareholder Trading Practices and Corporate Investment Horizons. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 5: 42-58.
  • Frydman, C., & Jenter, D. 2010. Ceo Compensation. Working Paper.
  • Gibbons, R., & Murphy, K. 1990. Relative Performance Evaluation for Chief Executive Officers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43: 30-51.
  • Graham, J. R., Harvey, C., & Rajgopal, S. 2005. The Economic Implications of Corporate Financial Reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40: 3-73.
  • Graham, J. 1999. Herding Among Investment Newsletters: Theory and Evidence: Journal of Finance, 54: 237-268.
  • Guay, W.R.1999. The Sensitivity of Ceo Wealth To Equity Risk: an Analysis of the Magnitude and Determinants. Journal of Financial Economics, 53: 43-71.
  • Hall, B. & Murphy, K. 2002. Stock Options for Undiversified Executives,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33: 3-42.
  • Hermalin, B., & Weisbach, M. 1998. Endogenously Chosen Boards of Directors and Their Monitoring of the Ceo. American Economic Review, 88: 96-118.
  • Hermalin, B., & Weisbach, M. 2012. Information Disclosure and Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance, 67: 195-234.
  • Hermalin, B. 1993. Managerial Preferences Concerning Risky Projects. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 9: 127-135.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Suh, R. 1992. Risk, Managerial Effort, and Project Choice. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 2: 308-345.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Thakor, A. 1998. Corporate Control through Board Dismissals and Takeovers. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 7: 489-520.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Thakor, A. 1994. Managerial Performance, Boards of Directors and Takeover Bidding. Journal of Corporate Finance, 1: 63-90.
  • Holmstrom, B., & Ricart I Costa, J. 1986. Managerial Incentives and Capital Management. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101: 835-860.
  • Holmstrom, B. 1982. Managerial Incentive Problems: A Dynamic Perspective. In Essays in Economics and Management In Honour of Lars Wahlbeck.
  • Hong, H., Kubik, J., & Solomon, A. 2000. Security Analysts' Career Concerns and Herding of Earnings Forecasts. Rand Journal of Economics, 31: 121-144.
  • Huberman, G., and Kandel, S. (1993) “On the Incentives for Money Managers: A Signalling Approach. European Economic Review, 37: 1065-1081.
  • Huddart, S. 1999. Reputation and Performance Fee Effects on Portfolio Choice By Investment Advisers. Journal of Financial Markets, 2: 227-271.
  • Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305-360.
  • Jensen, M., & Murphy, K. 1990. Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98: 225-64.
  • Ju, N., Leland, H., & Senbet, L. 2003. Options, Option Repricing and Severance Packages in Managerial Compensation: Their Effects on Corporate Risk. Working Paper.
  • Kaplan, S., & Minton, B. 2012. How Has Ceo Turnover Changed? International Review of Finance, 12: 57-87.
  • Lambert, R., Larcker, D., & Verrecchia, R. 1991. Portfolio Considerations In Valuing Executive Compensation. Journal of Accounting Research, 29: 129-149.
  • Lambert, R. 1986. Executive Effort and the Selection of Risky Projects. Rand Journal of Economics, 17: 77-88.
  • Lamont, O. (2002) Macroeconomic Forecasts and Microeconomic Forecasters. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48: 265-280.
  • Li, X. 2002. Performance, Herding, and Career Concerns of Individual Financial Analysts. Working Paper.
  • Li, X., Low, A., & Makhija, A. 2011. Career Concerns and the Busy Life of the Young Ceo. Working Paper.
  • Malcomson, J. 2011. Domanagers with Limited Liability Take More Risky Decisions? An Information Acquisition Model. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20: 83-120.
  • Menkhoff, L., Schmidt, U., and Brozynski, T. 2006. The Impact of Experience On Risk Taking, Overconfidence, and Herding of Fund Managers: Complementary Survey Evidence. European Economic Review, 50: 1753-1766.
  • Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. 1992. Economics, Organization and Management, Ed. New Jersey Nj: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Murphy, K., & Zimmerman, J. 1993. Financial Performance Surrounding Ceo Turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics 16: 273-315.
  • Nohel, T., & Todd, S. 2005. Compensation for Managers with Career Concerns: the Role of Stock Options in Optimal Contracts. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11: 229-251.
  • Palomino, F., & Prat, A. 2003. Risk Taking and Optimal Contracts For Money Managers. Rand Journal of Economics, 34: 113-37.
  • Parrino, R. 1997. Ceo Turnover and Outside Succession: a Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 46: 165-197.
  • Pourciau, S. 1993. Earnings Management and Nonroutine Executive Changes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16: 317-336.
  • Pricewaterhousecoopers. 2008. Reward: A New Paradigm?
  • Rajgopal, S., & Shevlin, T. 2002. Empirical Evidence on the Relation between Stock Option Compensation and Risk Taking. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33: 145–171.
  • Ross, S. 2004. Compensation, Incentives, and the Duality of Risk Aversion and Riskiness. Journal of Finance, 59: 207–225.
  • S&ers, W., & Hambrick, D. 2007. Swinging for the Fences: the Effect of Ceo Stock Options on Company Risk Taking and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 1055–1078.
  • Sanders, W. 2001. Behavioral Responses of Ceos to Stock Ownership and Stock Option Pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 477-492.
  • Serfling, M. 2012. Ceo Age, Underinvestment, and Agency Costs. Working Paper.
  • Sharpe, W. 1970. Portfolio Theory and Capital Markets, Mc Graw-Hill, New-York.
  • Sirri, E., & Tufano, P. 1998. Costly Search and Mutual Fund Flows. Journal of Finance, 53: 1589-1622.
  • Smith, C., & Stulz, R. 1985. The Determinants of Firms’ Hedging Policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 20: 391-405.
  • Stiglitz, J. 2010. The Financial Crisis of 2007-8 and its Macroeconomic Consequences. In Time for A Visible Hand, Lessons From The 2008 World Financial Crisis. Oxford Scholarship Online.
  • Tufano, P. 1998. The Determinants of Stock Price Exposure: Financial Engineering and the Gold Mining Industry. Journal of Finance, 53: 1015-1052.
  • Warner, J. Watts, R., & Wruck, K. 1988. Stock Prices and Top Management Changes. Journal of Financial Economics, 20: 461-492.
  • Wright, P., Kroll, M., Lado, A., & Van Ness, B. 2002. The Structure of Ownership and Corporate Acquisition Strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 41-55.
  • Zwiebel, J. 1995. Corporate Conservatism and Relative Compensation. Journal of Political Economy, 103: 1-25.

INCENTIVE ROOTS OF MANAGERIAL (EXCESSIVE) RISK TAKING AND AN ASSESMENT OF POLICY RESPONSES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 07.04.2016

Öz


There are many incentive factors affecting managers’ risk appetite. This study reviews the incentive literature and analyses arguments highlighting the impact of implicit and explicit incentives on managerial risk taking and the results of empirical studies on the issue. The paper also assesses main policy responses against excessive risk taking and concludes that current policies centered on fixing contractual schemes are not adequate to fix these incentive problems.


Kaynakça

  • Adams, R., & Ferreira, D. 2007. A Theory of Friendly Boards. Journal of Finance, 62: 217-250.
  • Agrawal, Anup, & Mandelker, G. 1987. Managerial Incentives and Corporate Investment and Financing Decisions. Journal of Finance, 42: 823-837.
  • Avery, C., & Chevalier, J. 1999. Herding Over the Career. Economics Letters, 53: 327-333.
  • Bebchuk, L., & Spamann, H. 2010. Regulating Bankers' Pay. Georgetown Law Journal, 98: 247-287.
  • Blinder, A. 2009. Crazy Compensation and the Crisis. The Wall Street Journal, May 28: A15.
  • Boyson, N. 2003. Why Do Experienced Hedge Fund Managers Have Lower Returns? Working Paper.
  • Boyson, N. 2010. Implicit Incentives and Reputational Herding By Hedge Fund Managers. Journal of Empirical Finance, 17: 283-299.
  • Bushman, R., Dai, Z., & Wang, X. 201.0 Risk and Ceo Turnover. Journal of Financial Economics, 96: 381-398.
  • Carpenter, J. 2000. Does Option Compensation Increase Managerial Risk Appetite? The Journal of Finance, 55: 2311-2331.
  • Cheng, I., Hong, H., & Scheinkman, J. 2010. Yesterday's Heroes: Compensation and Creative Risk-Taking. Working Paper.
  • Chevalier, J., & Ellison, G. 1997. Risk Taking By Mutual Funds As A Response To Incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 105: 1167-1200.
  • Citci, S., & Inci, E. (forthcoming) The Masquerade Ball of Ceos and Mask of Excessive Risk Taking. Economic Modelling.
  • Coles, J., Daniel, N., and Naveen, L. 2006. Managerial Incentives and Risk-Taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 79: 431-468.
  • Coughlan, A., & Schmidt, R. 1985. Executive Compensation, Management Turnover, and Firm Performance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7: 43-66.
  • Dasgupta, A., & Prat, A. 2006. Financial Equilibrium with Career Concerns. Theoretical Economics, 1: 67-93.
  • Defond, M., & Park, C. 1999. The Effect of Competition on Ceo Turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 27: 35-36.
  • Diane, D., & Tkac, T. 2002. The Determinants of the Flow of Funds of Managed Portfolios: Mutual Funds Vs. Pension Funds. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 37: 523-557.
  • Falato, A., Li, D., & Milbourn, T. 2011. To Each According to His Ability? Ceo Pay and the Market for Ceos, Working Paper.
  • Fama, E. 1980. Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88: 288-307.
  • Froot, K., Perold A., & Stein, J. 1992. Shareholder Trading Practices and Corporate Investment Horizons. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 5: 42-58.
  • Frydman, C., & Jenter, D. 2010. Ceo Compensation. Working Paper.
  • Gibbons, R., & Murphy, K. 1990. Relative Performance Evaluation for Chief Executive Officers. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43: 30-51.
  • Graham, J. R., Harvey, C., & Rajgopal, S. 2005. The Economic Implications of Corporate Financial Reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40: 3-73.
  • Graham, J. 1999. Herding Among Investment Newsletters: Theory and Evidence: Journal of Finance, 54: 237-268.
  • Guay, W.R.1999. The Sensitivity of Ceo Wealth To Equity Risk: an Analysis of the Magnitude and Determinants. Journal of Financial Economics, 53: 43-71.
  • Hall, B. & Murphy, K. 2002. Stock Options for Undiversified Executives,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33: 3-42.
  • Hermalin, B., & Weisbach, M. 1998. Endogenously Chosen Boards of Directors and Their Monitoring of the Ceo. American Economic Review, 88: 96-118.
  • Hermalin, B., & Weisbach, M. 2012. Information Disclosure and Corporate Governance. Journal of Finance, 67: 195-234.
  • Hermalin, B. 1993. Managerial Preferences Concerning Risky Projects. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 9: 127-135.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Suh, R. 1992. Risk, Managerial Effort, and Project Choice. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 2: 308-345.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Thakor, A. 1998. Corporate Control through Board Dismissals and Takeovers. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 7: 489-520.
  • Hirshleifer, D., & Thakor, A. 1994. Managerial Performance, Boards of Directors and Takeover Bidding. Journal of Corporate Finance, 1: 63-90.
  • Holmstrom, B., & Ricart I Costa, J. 1986. Managerial Incentives and Capital Management. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101: 835-860.
  • Holmstrom, B. 1982. Managerial Incentive Problems: A Dynamic Perspective. In Essays in Economics and Management In Honour of Lars Wahlbeck.
  • Hong, H., Kubik, J., & Solomon, A. 2000. Security Analysts' Career Concerns and Herding of Earnings Forecasts. Rand Journal of Economics, 31: 121-144.
  • Huberman, G., and Kandel, S. (1993) “On the Incentives for Money Managers: A Signalling Approach. European Economic Review, 37: 1065-1081.
  • Huddart, S. 1999. Reputation and Performance Fee Effects on Portfolio Choice By Investment Advisers. Journal of Financial Markets, 2: 227-271.
  • Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305-360.
  • Jensen, M., & Murphy, K. 1990. Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98: 225-64.
  • Ju, N., Leland, H., & Senbet, L. 2003. Options, Option Repricing and Severance Packages in Managerial Compensation: Their Effects on Corporate Risk. Working Paper.
  • Kaplan, S., & Minton, B. 2012. How Has Ceo Turnover Changed? International Review of Finance, 12: 57-87.
  • Lambert, R., Larcker, D., & Verrecchia, R. 1991. Portfolio Considerations In Valuing Executive Compensation. Journal of Accounting Research, 29: 129-149.
  • Lambert, R. 1986. Executive Effort and the Selection of Risky Projects. Rand Journal of Economics, 17: 77-88.
  • Lamont, O. (2002) Macroeconomic Forecasts and Microeconomic Forecasters. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48: 265-280.
  • Li, X. 2002. Performance, Herding, and Career Concerns of Individual Financial Analysts. Working Paper.
  • Li, X., Low, A., & Makhija, A. 2011. Career Concerns and the Busy Life of the Young Ceo. Working Paper.
  • Malcomson, J. 2011. Domanagers with Limited Liability Take More Risky Decisions? An Information Acquisition Model. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20: 83-120.
  • Menkhoff, L., Schmidt, U., and Brozynski, T. 2006. The Impact of Experience On Risk Taking, Overconfidence, and Herding of Fund Managers: Complementary Survey Evidence. European Economic Review, 50: 1753-1766.
  • Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. 1992. Economics, Organization and Management, Ed. New Jersey Nj: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Murphy, K., & Zimmerman, J. 1993. Financial Performance Surrounding Ceo Turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics 16: 273-315.
  • Nohel, T., & Todd, S. 2005. Compensation for Managers with Career Concerns: the Role of Stock Options in Optimal Contracts. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11: 229-251.
  • Palomino, F., & Prat, A. 2003. Risk Taking and Optimal Contracts For Money Managers. Rand Journal of Economics, 34: 113-37.
  • Parrino, R. 1997. Ceo Turnover and Outside Succession: a Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 46: 165-197.
  • Pourciau, S. 1993. Earnings Management and Nonroutine Executive Changes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16: 317-336.
  • Pricewaterhousecoopers. 2008. Reward: A New Paradigm?
  • Rajgopal, S., & Shevlin, T. 2002. Empirical Evidence on the Relation between Stock Option Compensation and Risk Taking. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33: 145–171.
  • Ross, S. 2004. Compensation, Incentives, and the Duality of Risk Aversion and Riskiness. Journal of Finance, 59: 207–225.
  • S&ers, W., & Hambrick, D. 2007. Swinging for the Fences: the Effect of Ceo Stock Options on Company Risk Taking and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 50: 1055–1078.
  • Sanders, W. 2001. Behavioral Responses of Ceos to Stock Ownership and Stock Option Pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 477-492.
  • Serfling, M. 2012. Ceo Age, Underinvestment, and Agency Costs. Working Paper.
  • Sharpe, W. 1970. Portfolio Theory and Capital Markets, Mc Graw-Hill, New-York.
  • Sirri, E., & Tufano, P. 1998. Costly Search and Mutual Fund Flows. Journal of Finance, 53: 1589-1622.
  • Smith, C., & Stulz, R. 1985. The Determinants of Firms’ Hedging Policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 20: 391-405.
  • Stiglitz, J. 2010. The Financial Crisis of 2007-8 and its Macroeconomic Consequences. In Time for A Visible Hand, Lessons From The 2008 World Financial Crisis. Oxford Scholarship Online.
  • Tufano, P. 1998. The Determinants of Stock Price Exposure: Financial Engineering and the Gold Mining Industry. Journal of Finance, 53: 1015-1052.
  • Warner, J. Watts, R., & Wruck, K. 1988. Stock Prices and Top Management Changes. Journal of Financial Economics, 20: 461-492.
  • Wright, P., Kroll, M., Lado, A., & Van Ness, B. 2002. The Structure of Ownership and Corporate Acquisition Strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 41-55.
  • Zwiebel, J. 1995. Corporate Conservatism and Relative Compensation. Journal of Political Economy, 103: 1-25.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Sadettin Haluk Çitçi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Nisan 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çitçi, S. H. (2016). INCENTIVE ROOTS OF MANAGERIAL (EXCESSIVE) RISK TAKING AND AN ASSESMENT OF POLICY RESPONSES. International Review of Economics and Management, 4(1), 29-44.