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ON ALTINCI YÜZYILDA HAYBER GEÇİDİ’NDE BABÜRLÜ KONTROLÜ

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 8, 57 - 68, 27.06.2022

Abstract

Hayber Geçidi tarih boyunca Türkistan ve Hindistan ulaşımı için kilit bir rol
oynamıştır. Bu geçit tarihi süreçte çoğunlukla Kabulistan hükümdarları ve yerel kabileler
tarafından kontrol edilmiş; kontrolü ele geçirmek için Hindistan yönünden yapılan
girişimler büyük güçlükler arz etmiştir. Geçit, bütün on altıncı yüzyılı Babürlü
hakimiyetinde geçirmiş olmasına rağmen görülmektedir ki merkezi yönetim ile öteki
tarafındaki otonom yönetim arasında bir çatışma alanı hâline gelmiştir. Hindistan’da büyük
ordulara ve zengin hazinelere sahip olmalarına ve göz alıcı başarılar elde etmelerine
rağmen Babürlü padişahları Kabil’de konumlanan diğer hanedan mensupları ve onların
destekçileri ile devamlı mücadele etmek durumunda kaldılar. Söz konusu iktidar
kavgalarında Hayber iki fraksiyonu birbirinden ayıran esas doğal engel oldu. Babur
Şah’tan Ekber Şah dönemine kadar geçit üzerinde süren hakimiyet mücadelesi sonraki
yüzyıllarda garçekleşen Anglo-Afgan Savaşları gibi gelişmelerin de habercisi
durumundadır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu güzergâh üzerinde gerçekleşen hakimiyet
mücadelelerine, Hindistan hükümdarlarının bu vasıtayla gelebilecek saldırılara karşı
aldıkları tedbirlere ve yolun söz konusu dönemde oynadığı ticari role değinilmekte ve bu
bağlamda bir değerlendirme sunulmaktadır.

References

  • ‘Abbas Khan: “Târîkh-i Sher Shâhî”, The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, trans. Sir. H. M. Elliot, London, 1872, vol. IV, p. 390.
  • Ahmad, Khwâjah Nizâmuddîn: The Tabaqât-i-Akbarî, edt. Chandan Roychaudhuri, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1996 (1st printed in 1936), vol. II.
  • ‘Allâmî, Abû’l-Fazl: The Â’în-i Akbarî, trans. Heinrich Blochmann, edt. D. C. Phillott, 3 vol., 2nd print, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1979.
  • ‘Allâmî, Abû’l-Fazl: The Akbarnama, trans. H. Beveridge, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1907.
  • Asher, Catherine B.: The New Cambridge History of India, Architecture of Mughal India, vol. I.4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
  • Bâbur Şah, Gazi Zahîreddin Muhammed: Baburnâme (Vekayi), trans. Reşit Rahmeti Arat, edt. Çetin Şan, İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2006.
  • Bâbur Pâdshâh Ghâzî, Zahiru’d-dîn Muhammad, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), trans. A. S. Beveridge, London, 1922, vol. II.
  • Clavijo, Ruy González: Embassy to Tamerlane (1403-1406), trans. Guy le Strange, Routledge, London, 1928.
  • Çiftçi, Ferhat: “Hayber Geçidi’nin Tarihi Coğrafyası Üzerine Bazı Notlar”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, vol. CCXLVIII, p. 133-150.
  • Dughlât, Mirza Muhammad Haidar: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlât, trans. E. Denison Ross, Curzon Press, 3rd print. London & Dublim & New York, 1972.
  • Duğlat, Mirza Haydar: Tarih-i Reşidî, trans. Osman Karatay, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Gommans, Jos: Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, London and New York, 2002.
  • Gommans, Jos: “The Horse Trade in Eighteenth-Century South Asia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. XXXVII, 1994, p. 228-50.
  • Gülbeden Begüm, Hümayunnâme, trans. Abdürrab Yelgar, TTK Yayınları, Ankara, 1987.
  • Habib, Irfan: “Postal Communications in Mughal India”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. XLVI, p. 236-52.
  • İzgin, Burhan: Babürler Devleti’nde Askerî Teşkilat (1526-1605), Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences Master's Thesis (retrieved 2021, https://tez.yok.gov.tr).
  • Kumari, Deepti: "Horse Trade: An Important Aspect of the Mughal Period" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. LXXVIII, 2017, p. 351-60.
  • Manucci, Niccolao: Storia do Mogor: or Mogul India, 1653-1708, trans. William Irvine, John Murray, London, 1907, vol. II.
  • Moosvi, Shireen: The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595 a Statistical Study, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987.
  • Pelsaert, Francisco: Jahangir’s India: The Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert, trans. W. H. Moreland – P. Geyl, Cambridge, 1925.
  • Richards, John F.: The New Cambridge History of India I.5: The Mughal Empire, edt. Gordon Johnson - C. A. Bayly – John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, 1995.

BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 8, 57 - 68, 27.06.2022

Abstract

The Khyber Pass played a key role throughout history for the transit of Turkestan
and India. This pass mostly remained under the control of the rulers of Kabulistan and the
local tribes in the historical course; and attempts made from the Indian side to gain control
met with great difficulties. The pass had spent the whole sixteenth century under Baburid
(Mughal) rule, albeit it appears that it had become an area of conflict between the central
government and the autonomous administration on the other side of it. Despite them having
great armies and rich treasures and achieving spectacular success in India, the Baburid
emperors had to constantly struggle with other members of the dynasty and their supporters
located in Kabul. In these power struggles, Khyber became the main natural barrier
separating the two factions. The struggle for dominance over the pass from Babur Shah to
the reign of Akbar Shah is also a harbinger of developments such as the Anglo-Afghan
Wars that took place in the following centuries. In this study, the struggles for domination
on the route in question, the measures taken by the rulers of India against the attacks that
could come through it, and the commercial role of the road in the said period are discussed
and an assessment is presented in this context.

References

  • ‘Abbas Khan: “Târîkh-i Sher Shâhî”, The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, trans. Sir. H. M. Elliot, London, 1872, vol. IV, p. 390.
  • Ahmad, Khwâjah Nizâmuddîn: The Tabaqât-i-Akbarî, edt. Chandan Roychaudhuri, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1996 (1st printed in 1936), vol. II.
  • ‘Allâmî, Abû’l-Fazl: The Â’în-i Akbarî, trans. Heinrich Blochmann, edt. D. C. Phillott, 3 vol., 2nd print, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1979.
  • ‘Allâmî, Abû’l-Fazl: The Akbarnama, trans. H. Beveridge, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1907.
  • Asher, Catherine B.: The New Cambridge History of India, Architecture of Mughal India, vol. I.4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
  • Bâbur Şah, Gazi Zahîreddin Muhammed: Baburnâme (Vekayi), trans. Reşit Rahmeti Arat, edt. Çetin Şan, İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2006.
  • Bâbur Pâdshâh Ghâzî, Zahiru’d-dîn Muhammad, The Bâbur-nâma in English (Memoirs of Bâbur), trans. A. S. Beveridge, London, 1922, vol. II.
  • Clavijo, Ruy González: Embassy to Tamerlane (1403-1406), trans. Guy le Strange, Routledge, London, 1928.
  • Çiftçi, Ferhat: “Hayber Geçidi’nin Tarihi Coğrafyası Üzerine Bazı Notlar”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, vol. CCXLVIII, p. 133-150.
  • Dughlât, Mirza Muhammad Haidar: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlât, trans. E. Denison Ross, Curzon Press, 3rd print. London & Dublim & New York, 1972.
  • Duğlat, Mirza Haydar: Tarih-i Reşidî, trans. Osman Karatay, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Gommans, Jos: Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, London and New York, 2002.
  • Gommans, Jos: “The Horse Trade in Eighteenth-Century South Asia”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. XXXVII, 1994, p. 228-50.
  • Gülbeden Begüm, Hümayunnâme, trans. Abdürrab Yelgar, TTK Yayınları, Ankara, 1987.
  • Habib, Irfan: “Postal Communications in Mughal India”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. XLVI, p. 236-52.
  • İzgin, Burhan: Babürler Devleti’nde Askerî Teşkilat (1526-1605), Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences Master's Thesis (retrieved 2021, https://tez.yok.gov.tr).
  • Kumari, Deepti: "Horse Trade: An Important Aspect of the Mughal Period" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. LXXVIII, 2017, p. 351-60.
  • Manucci, Niccolao: Storia do Mogor: or Mogul India, 1653-1708, trans. William Irvine, John Murray, London, 1907, vol. II.
  • Moosvi, Shireen: The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595 a Statistical Study, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987.
  • Pelsaert, Francisco: Jahangir’s India: The Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert, trans. W. H. Moreland – P. Geyl, Cambridge, 1925.
  • Richards, John F.: The New Cambridge History of India I.5: The Mughal Empire, edt. Gordon Johnson - C. A. Bayly – John F. Richards, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burhan İzgin

Publication Date June 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 8

Cite

APA İzgin, B. (2022). BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(8), 57-68.
AMA İzgin B. BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. İRTAD. June 2022;5(8):57-68.
Chicago İzgin, Burhan. “BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY”. İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 8 (June 2022): 57-68.
EndNote İzgin B (June 1, 2022) BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 8 57–68.
IEEE B. İzgin, “BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY”, İRTAD, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 57–68, 2022.
ISNAD İzgin, Burhan. “BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY”. İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/8 (June 2022), 57-68.
JAMA İzgin B. BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. İRTAD. 2022;5:57–68.
MLA İzgin, Burhan. “BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY”. İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 8, 2022, pp. 57-68.
Vancouver İzgin B. BABURID (MUGHAL) CONTROL ON THE KHYBER PASS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. İRTAD. 2022;5(8):57-68.