Hint Okyanusu'nda İbâzî Deniz Hukuku: 2.-3./8.-9. Yüzyıllarda Ulaşım, Ticaret ve Vergiler

Abstract

Hint Okyanusu'ndaki denizcilik ve ticaret, Umman ve âlimleri için çok önemli bir rol oynamıştır. İslam hukuku derlemeleri, kendi dönemlerinin maddî kültürünü yansıtır ve bu kültürün önemli bir kaynağıdır. Bu derlemeler, insan hayatının tüm yönlerini, kişisel statü, ticaret ve uluslararası ilişkilerle ilgili meseleleri ele almaktadır. Umman ve âlimleri denize ve denizcilikle ilgili hukukî davalara maruz kalmış olmalarına rağmen, İbâzî fıkıh ansiklopedilerinde deniz hukuku ihmal edilmiş bir araştırma alanıdır. Bu çalışma, literatürdeki bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, günümüze ulaşan en eski Umman fıkıh ansiklopedileri ve 2.-3./8.-9. yüzyıllara ait diğer ilgili materyallere, özellikle Kitâbü Câmiʿi Ebi'l-Havvârî (272/885'te hayatta), Kitâbü Câmiʿi'l-Fadl İbni'l-Havvârî (ö. 278/891) ve Câmiʿu İbn Caʿfer el-İzkevî'ye (277/892'de hayatta) odaklanmakta, ve başta Muhammed b. İbrâhîm el-Kindî'nin (ö. 508/1115) Kitâbü Beyâni'ş-şerʿ, Ebû Bekr el-Kindî'nin (ö. 557/1162) Musannef'i ve diğerleri olmak üzere daha sonraki kaynaklara atıfta bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, İbâzî deniz hukuku ile ilgili mümkün olan en eski kaynak materyalleri ve otoriteleri tespit etmek amacıyla mevcut materyali analiz ederken, açıklığa kavuşturmak için daha sonraki materyallere de atıfta bulunmaktadır. Nakliye için gemi ve teknelerin kiralanması, sözleşme işleri, gemi kazası ve denize yük atma, vergilendirme ve denizde kaybolan kişiler gibi farklı konulara ilişkin vaka çalışmaları, İslam hukuk kurallarını etkileyebileceği (veya etkileyemeyeceği) bir mekansal faktör olarak deniz açısından analiz edilmektedir.

Keywords

• İbâzıyye
• deniz hukuku
• Hint Okyanusu
• vergilendirme
• taşımacılık
• gemi kazası

Ibāḍī Maritime Law in the Indian Ocean: Transport, Trade and Taxes in the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th Centuries

Abstract

Seafaring and trade across the Indian Ocean have played a pivotal role for Oman and its scholars. Islamic law compendia are reflective of and an important source on the material culture of their times. They discuss all aspects of human life, questions of personal status and trade and international relations. Despite the exposure of Oman and its scholars to the sea and related legal cases, maritime law in the Ibāḍī fiqh encyclopedias is a neglected field of research. This study aspires to close a gap in the literature. It focuses on the earliest extant Omanī fiqh encyclopedias and other relevant material of the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th centuries, mainly the Kitāb Jāmiʿ Abī l-Ḥawwārī (alive in 272/885), Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Faḍl ibn al-Ḥawwārī (d. 278/891) and Jāmi’ Ibn Jaʿfar al-Izkawī (alive in 277/892), with references to later sources, primarily the Kitāb Bayān al-sharʿ of Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Kindī (d. 508/1115), the Muṣannaf of Abū Bakr al-Kindī (d.557/1162), and others. This research analyses the available material to identify the earliest possible source material and authorities of dicta on Ibāḍī maritime law while referencing later material for clarification. Case studies on different questions, such as hiring ships and vessels for transportation, contract work, shipwreck and jettison, taxation, and persons missing at sea, are analyzed with respect to the sea as spatial factor that may (or may not) impact Islamic legal rule.

Keywords

• Ibāḍī school
• maritime law
• Indian Ocean
• taxation
• transportation
• shipwreck

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