Research Article

Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78

Number: 56 July 31, 2026
TR EN

Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78

Abstract

This article examines the intersection of humanitarianism and diplomacy during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, focusing on the role of the Muslims of the Raj as a motivating factor behind the initiation of the “civil” British relief campaigns for war-affected Ottoman soldiers and civilians. It argues that the mobilisation of Indian Muslim opinion served as a crucial instrument in shaping the British-Ottoman alliance and the politics of public diplomacy for both sides. Drawing upon parliamentary debates, archival correspondence, and contemporary newspapers, the study situates Ottoman-British relief cooperation within a broader framework of public diplomacy, transimperial networks, and imperial anxiety regarding the Caliphate. The article contributes to the scholarship on late Ottoman diplomacy by highlighting the strategic interplay between philanthropy, Islamic solidarity, and British colonial governance. Moreover, it reassesses the chronology of Hamidian public diplomacy by locating the entry of humanitarian discourse at the very outset of the Hamidian era, during the crisis of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmed, Faiz, “Contested Subjects: Ottoman and British Jurisdictional Quarrels in re Afghans and Indian Muslims.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3/2 (2016): 325–346.
  2. Ahmed, Faiz, “Meddling with Medals, Defending the Dead: Late Ottoman Soft Power from South Asia to North America.” The International History Review 43/5 (2021): 1041–1059.
  3. Ahmed, Faiz, “Istanbul and Kabul in Courtly Contact: The Question of Exchange between the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan in the Late Nineteenth Century”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları 45/45 (2015): 265-296.
  4. Ali, Shamshad, “The Ottoman Caliphate and British Imperialism in India.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 54 (1993): 739–747.
  5. Anderson, Dorothy, The Balkan Volunteers. London: Hutchinson, 1968.
  6. Ardıç, Nurullah, “Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Hilafet Tartışmaları: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 15/29 (2017): 301–328.
  7. Aydın, Cemil, “Beyond Civilization: Pan-Islamism, Pan-Asianism and the Revolt against the West”, Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift Für Moderne Europäische Geschichte / Revue d’histoire Européenne Contemporaine 4/2 (2006): 204–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26265834.
  8. Bayram, Fatih, “Sarı Abdullah Münşeâtında Osmanlı-Bâbürlü Diplomatik İlişkilerine Dair Mektuplar”, XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi (Osmanlı Tarihi ve Medeniyeti), Türk Tarih Kurum Yayınları, 3: 467-478.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Late Modern Ottoman History

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Publication Date

July 31, 2026

Submission Date

January 10, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 56

APA
Samastı, F. (2026). Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 56, 147-178. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1860305
AMA
1.Samastı F. Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026;(56):147-178. doi:10.26570/isad.1860305
Chicago
Samastı, Fatmanur. 2026. “Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, nos. 56: 147-78. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1860305.
EndNote
Samastı F (July 1, 2026) Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 56 147–178.
IEEE
[1]F. Samastı, “Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78”, İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 56, pp. 147–178, July 2026, doi: 10.26570/isad.1860305.
ISNAD
Samastı, Fatmanur. “Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi. 56 (July 1, 2026): 147-178. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1860305.
JAMA
1.Samastı F. Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026;:147–178.
MLA
Samastı, Fatmanur. “Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 56, July 2026, pp. 147-78, doi:10.26570/isad.1860305.
Vancouver
1.Fatmanur Samastı. Between Humanitarianism and Diplomacy: British Relief, Indian Muslims, and the British-Ottoman Alliance, 1877–78. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026 Jul. 1;(56):147-78. doi:10.26570/isad.1860305