Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Cihadi Selefilik: Ahmet Musa Cibril’in Düşünce Dünyası ve Küresel Cihad Söylemi

Year 2024, , 193 - 214, 30.11.2024

Ramazan Akkır

https://doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.1550453

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Filistin asıllı Amerikalı Selefi vaiz Ahmet Musa Cibril’in düşünceleri ve cihada yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ABD'deki Cihadi Selefiliğin oluşumunu ele almaktadır. Selefilik, 1980'lerden itibaren hem İslam dünyasında hem Batı’da akademik tartışmaların merkezinde yer almıştır. ABD, cihadi selefiliğin tarihinde ayrıcalıklı bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Ancak ABD’de faaliyet gösteren cihadi selefi vaizlerin ideolojik oluşumları, derinlemesine incelenmemiş, detaylı bir biçimde araştırılmamıştır. Cibril’in ideolojisini ele alan detaylı bir çalışma da henüz ortaya çıkmış değildir. Bu çalışma, Cibril’in düşünsel hayatını, konuşmalarını, yazılarını ve bazı videolarını inceleyip yorumlayarak onun küresel cihad yaklaşımına ve cihad söyleminin oluşum sürecine ışık tutmayı ve bu alandaki boşluğu doldurmayı hedeflemektedir. 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrasında ABD'nin İslam dünyasındaki politikaları, Cihadi Selefi grupların meşruiyetini artırmış ve küresel cihad söylemine katkı sağlamıştır. Çalışma, Cibril’in ideolojik gelişimini ve küresel cihad yaklaşımını incelemekte, Suudi Sahve alimlerinin ve El-Kaide'ye yakın Selefi düşünürlerin Cibril üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Wiktorowicz'in Selefiliği pürist, politicos ve cihatçı olarak üç kategoriye ayıran tasnifi doğrultusunda Cibril'in cihad anlayışı yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın temel varsayımı, Suudi Selefiliğindeki radikalleşmenin, İslam dünyasındaki siyasi krizlerin ve ABD’nin politikalarının, Cibril’in Cihadi Selefiliğini şekillendirdiğidir. Bu analiz, doküman ve söylem analizine dayanarak yapılmış ve bu alandaki literatür eksikliğini gidermeyi hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Din Sosyolojisi, Selefilik, Cihadi Selefilik, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Ahmet Musa Cibril

The Jihadi Salafism in the United States: Ahmad Musa Jibril’s Intellectual Identity and Global Jihad Discourse

Abstract

This study examines the development of Jihadi Salafism in the United States through the intellectual history and approach to jihad of Palestinian-American Salafi preacher Ahmad Musa Jibril. Since the 1980s, Salafism has been at the center of academic debates both in the Islamic world and the West. The United States holds a significant position in the history of Jihadi Salafism. However, the ideological development of Jihadi Salafi preachers operating in the U.S. has not been thoroughly examined or researched in depth. To date, no comprehensive study has focused on Jibril’s ideology. This research aims to fill that gap by analyzing Jibril’s intellectual life, speeches, writings, and certain videos to shed light on his approach to global jihad and the development of his jihadist rhetoric. Following the 9/11 attacks, U.S. policies in the Islamic world increased the legitimacy of Jihadi Salafi groups and contributed to the global jihadist narrative. This study investigates Jibril’s ideological development and approach to global jihad, analyzing the influence of Saudi Sahwa scholars and Salafi thinkers aligned with al-Qaeda on Jibril. Using Quintan Wiktorowicz’s classification of Salafism into three categories—purists, politicos, and jihadists—Jibril’s perspective on jihad is interpreted. The main assumption of this study is that the radicalization within Saudi Salafism, political crises in the Islamic world, and U.S. policies have shaped Jibril’s Jihadi Salafism. This analysis uses document and discourse analysis to address the gap in the literature.

Keywords

Sociology of Religion, Salafism, Jihadi Salafism, United States of America, Ahmad Musa Jibril

References

• Al-Rasheed, Madawi. Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation. England: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• Middle East Eye. “Mohammad bin Salman’s Reign of Terror Will Not Make Saudi Arabia Stable”. Erişim 05 Haziran 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/mohammed-bin-salmans-reign-terror-will-not-make-saudi-arabia-stable
• Alshamsi, Mansoor Jassem. Islam and Political Reform in Saudi Arabia: The Quest for Political Change and Reform. New York: Routledge, 2011.
• Aygın, Münire Gözde. XX. Yüzyılda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Selefîlik. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2022.
• SalafiTalk.Net. “Beware of ‘Sheikh’ Ahmad Jibril and ‘Sheikh’ Musa Jibril”. SalafiTalk.Net. Erişim 15 Haziran 2024. http://www.salafitalk.net/st/viewmessages.cfm?Forum=6&Topic=1021
• Beranek, Ondrej. “Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia”. Crown Canter for Middle East Studies 33 (Ocak 2009).
• Bergen, Peter L. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. New York: The Free Press, 2001.
• Büyükkara, Mehmet Ali. “11 Eylül’le Derinleşen Ayrılık: Suudî Selefiyye ve Cihadî Selefiyye”. Dini Araştırmalar 7/20 (2004), 205-234.
• Carter, Joseph A. vd. #Greenbirds: Measuring Importance and Influence in Syrian Foreign Fighter Networks. London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2014.
• Commins, David. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.
• Counter Extremism Project. “Ahmad Musa Jibril”. Erişim 05 Haziran 2024. https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ahmad-musa-jibril
• Dekmejian, R. Hrair. “The Rise of Political Islamism in Saudi Arabia”. Middle East Journal 48/4 (1994), 627-643.
• Doran, Michael Scott. “The Saudi Paradox”. Foreign Affairs 83/1 (Ocak 2004), 35-51.
• El Fadl, Khaled Abou. “Islam and the Theology of Power”. Middle East Report 221 (Winter 2001), 28-33.
• Esposito, John L. “Contemporary Islam Reformation or Revolution?” The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Fandy, Mamoun. “Safar al‐Hawali: Saudi Islamist or Saudi Nationalist?” Islam and Christian‐Muslim Relations 9/1 (01 Mart 1998).
• Fandy, Mamoun. Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1st edition., 1999.
• İllim ve Cihad. “Hamud b. Ukla eş-Şuaybi”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2024. https://ilimvecihad.com/makale/2105/hamud-b-ukla-es-suaybi.html
• Griffel, Frank. “What Do We Mean By ‘Salafī’? Connecting Muḥammad ʿAbduh with Egypt’s Nūr Party in Islam’s Contemporary Intellectual History”. Die Welt Des Islams 55/2 (2015), 186-220.
• Hallden, Philip. “Salafi in Virtual and Physical Reality”. Isim Newsletter 13 (Aralık 2003).
• Hamdeh, Emad. Salafism and Traditionalism: Scholarly Authority in Modern Islam. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
• Hawali, Safar al-. The Day of Wrath: Is the Intifadha of Rajab only the Beginning? Birmingham–England: Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers, 2008.
• Haykel, Bernard. “On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action”. Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement. ed. Roel Meijer. 34-57. Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Hegghammer, Thomas. Violent Islamism in Saudi Arabia, 1979‐2006: The Power and Perils of Pan‐Islamic Nationalism. Paris: Institut dʹEtudes Politiques de Paris, Doktora, 2007.
• Hitchens, Alexander Yannis Meleagrou vd. Homegrown: ISIS in America. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: I.B.Tauris, 2020.
• Hitchens, Alexander Yannis Meleagrou. Salafism in America: History, Evolution, Radicalization. Washington: George Washington University, 2018.
• Ismail, Raihan. Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ’Ulama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021.
• Archive. “Al-Jihad”. Erişim 31 Mayıs 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20010831133234/http://www.alsalafyoon.com:80/EnglishPosts/poem2.html
• Archive. “From Falestine To You”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108085847/http://alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/poem3.html
• Archive. “Jihad And Expedition”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108092143/http://alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/jihad1.html
• Archive. “Jihad in Allah’s Cause”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20010904200013/http://www.alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/jihad.html
• Archive. “Syria in Our Hearts”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. http://archive.org/details/syria-in-our-hearts-transcript
• Archive. “Tawheed”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108094052/http://alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/tawheed.html
• Archive. “The Call to Jihad in the Qur’an”. Erişim 31 Mayıs 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108093442/http://alsalafyoon.com:80/EnglishPosts/jihad2.html
• Archive. “Three Aspect of Tawheed”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108094058/http://alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/tawheed2.html
• Archive. “Turkey’s Earthquake an Unforgettable Lesson”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20011108100405/http://alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/TurkeyQuakeEng.htm
• Archive. “Watch me Bleed...”. Erişim 17 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20010625160457/http://www.alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/poem4.html
• Jibril, Shaykh Ahmad Musa. Al-Walāʾ Wal-Barā: Loyalty and Disavowal. b.y.: Rayat Al-Quran Publications, ts.
• Jibril, Shaykh Ahmad Musa. Celebrating the Holidays of the Infidels. b.y.: Adviceforparadise Publications, ts.
• Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. London: I.B. Tauris, 2002.
• Kepel, Gilles. The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. çev. Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.
• Klausen, Jytte. “Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38/1 (2015), 1-22.
• Kramer, Martin. “The Jihad Against the Jews”. Commentary 98/4 (Ekim 1994), 39-40.
• Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. çev. George Holoch. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.
• Lauzière, Henri. The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. USA: Columbia University Press, 2015.
• Maher, Shiraz. Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander. Incitement: Anwar al-Awlaki’s Western Jihad. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020.
• Mohammed M., Hafez. “Jihadi Salafism”. Routledge Handbook of Political Islam. ed. Shahram Akbarzadeh. London and New York: Routledge, 2021.
• Murad Batal, al-Shishani. “Saudi Arabia’s Jihadi Jailbird: A Portrait of al-Shu’aybi Ideologue Nasir al-Fahd”. Intelligence Quarterly 1/12 (27 Aralık 2010).
• Musa, Mohd Faizal. “The Riyal and Ringgit of Petro-Islam: Investing Salafism in Education”. Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity. 63-90. Singapore: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, 2018.
• Omayma, Abdel Latiff. “Trends in Salafism”. Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations,. ed. Michael Emerson vd. 69-86. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009.
• Paz, Reuven. “Islamists Abroad: The Global Jihad Movement in the West”. Australia/Israel Review 27/2 (2002).
• South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP).“Messianism: The Brotherhood of Global Jihad”. Erişim 02 Haziran 2024. https://old.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/books/global/paz.htm
• Paz, Reuven. “Middle East Islamism in the European Arena”. Middle East Review of International Affairs 6/3 (Eylül 2002), 67-76.
• CSMonitor. “Saudi Clerics Issue Edicts Against Helping ‘Infidels’”. Erişim 12 Haziran 2024. https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1012/p7s1-wome.html
• Razavian, Christopher Pooya. “Post-Salafism: Salman al-Ouda and Hatim al-Awni”. Modern Islamic Authority and Social Change. ed. Masooda Bano. 1/172-193. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2018.
• MuslimMatters. “Shaykh Salman al-Oudah’s Ramadan Letter to Osama Bin Laden”. Erişim 29 Mayıs 2024. https://muslimmatters.org/2007/09/18/shaykh-salman-al-oudahs-ramadan-letter-to-osama-bin-laden-on-nbc/
• Medyascope. “Cihadcılık Bir Kuşağa Özgü Nihilist Bir İsyandır”. çev. Haldun Bayrı. Erişim 18 Haziran 2024. https://medyascope.tv/2015/12/06/olivier-roy-cihadcilik-bir-kusaga-ozgu-nihilist-bir-isyandir/
• Beliefnet.“Extremism in Our Own Communities?”. Erişim 05 Haziran 2024. https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/2006/06/extremism-in-our-own-communities.aspx
• Scharbrodt, Oliver. Muhammad ‘Abduh: Modern Islam and the Culture of Ambiguity. London New York Oxford: I.B. Tauris, 2022.
• Scheuer, Michael. Osama Bin Laden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Spannaus, Nathan - Bano, Masooda. “Evolution of Saudi Salafism”. Modern Islamic Authority and Social Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2018.
• Weimann, Gabriel. “Cyber-Fatwas and Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34/10 (01 Ekim 2011), 765-781.
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “A Genealogy of Radical Islam”. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28/2 (2005).
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “Anatomy of the Salafi Movement”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29/3 (2005), 207-239.
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “Framing Jihad: Intramovement Framing Contests and al-Qaeda’s Struggle for Sacred Authority”. International Review of Social History 49/12 (2004), 159-177.
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad”. Middle East Policy 8/4 (2001), 18-38.
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan - Kaltner, John. “Killing in the name of Islam: Al-Qaeda’s Justification for September 11”. Middle East Policy 10/2 (Summer 2003).
• “Advice on Hijra: You Be the Judge / Shaikh Ahmed Musa Jibril”. Youtube. Yayın Tarihi 14 Aralık 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbDvbIqDhMk&rco=1
• Sunnah Online. “Fatwa on Recent Events by Shaykh Humûd al-’Uqlâ”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2024. https://sunnahonline.com/ilm/contemporary/0017.htm
• Archive. “Sheikh Nasser Ibn Hamad Al-Fahd Withdraws Several Fatwas Advocating Militancy, Describes Them as ‘A Grave Mistake,’ and Condemns the Crimes Committed at Al-Mohayya Compound. The Attack Is a Sin And the Bombers Are Not Martyrs Because They Violate Islam By Killing Both Muslims and Non-Muslims Under the State’s Protection”. Erişim 07 Haziran 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180247/http://www.ainalyaqeen.com/issues/20031128/feat6en.htm
• Jibril, Victory. “The Only Path to Victory - Shaykh Ahmad Musa Jibril”.Youtube. Yayın Tarihi 16 Şubat 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SMESW4vxQ0.
• Global Message. “Walaa’ and Baraa’ and It’s Importance: Shaykh Ahmad Musā Jibrīl”. Youtube. Erişim 14 Haziran 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvtmKi1xkzg&t=129s