Namaz ve Yahudilikteki Günlük İbadet

Year 2018, , 215 - 238, 23.12.2018

Şinasi Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.34082/islamiilimler.511589

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Yahudilikte günlük ibadet (tefila), İslam’daki
namazla ilgili olarak süregelen bir tartışma konusudur. Bazıları Yahudi günlük
ibadetlerinin özellikle şekil ve biçim açısından İslam’daki namazın (salât)
kökeni olduğunu ve Hz. Muhammed’in namazı Yahudi kültür çevresinden öğrendiğini
tartışmaktadır. Ancak Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin gelişimine dair tarihsel
süreç bunun desteklememektedir; zira Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliği döneminde
İslam’daki namaza benzer bir şekil ve biçime rastlanmamaktadır. İlk elden
Yahudi dinsel literatürü incelendiğinde Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin
tapınaktaki günlük kurban ritüellerinden hareketle günde üç vakit olacak
şekilde Yazıcı Ezra başkanlığındaki bir heyet tarafından düzenlendiği
anlaşılır. İkinci Tapınağın yıkılışı sonrası günlük ibadet geleneğinde bazı
değişiklikler oldu ve İslami dönemin başlangıcında günlük ibadetler genelde
ayakta durmak suretiyle eda edilmekteydi. İlerleyen İslam egemenliği döneminde ise
Yahudi kültüründeki günlük ibadet geleneği İslami uygulamalardan etkilendi.
Sadece Anan ben David tarafından kurulan 8. yy Karailiği değil, ana gövde
Rabbinik gelenek de İslam geleneğinden etkilendi. Böylelikle 12. yy’ın ünlü
Yahudi din bilgini Maimonides, şekil ve biçim açısından ibadet öncesi
temizlenme ritüelini ve ibadetleri yeniden düzenlemek suretiyle Rabbinik
Yahudiliğin günlük ibadetlerini gözden geçirdi. Böylece kolların ve ayakların
yıkanması, tam rükû ve secde gibi şekiller Ortaçağda Yahudiliğin hem Karailik
hem de Rabbinik geleneğinde ortaya çıktı. Günümüz Yahudiliğine geldiğimizde,
Rabbinik gelenek bağlısı Yemen ve Etiyopya Yahudiliği gibi bazı gruplarla Karai
ve Samiri Yahudiliği haricinde Yahudilerin kahir çoğunluğu günlük ibadetlerini
genelde ayakta icra ederler ve tam rükû ve secde gibi ritüellere yer vermezler.
Bununla birlikte genelde Talmide Ha-Rambam olarak bilinen bazı revizyonist
gruplar Yahudi günlük ibadetlerinin şeklini ve biçimini Ortaçağda Maimonides
gibi Yahudi din bilginlerinin tanımlamalarından hareketle yeniden inşa etmeye çalışmaktadırlar.

Keywords

Yahudilik, tefila, günlük ibadetler, Karailik, Rabbinik Yahudilik, Maimonides, namaz, İslam, Hz. Muhammed

Salât and the Daily Prayer in Judaism

Abstract

The daily prayer (tefilla)
in Judaism is currently a debate of argument in connection to the daily prayers
(salat) of Islam. Some argue that the Jewish daily prayers are the origin of
Islamic prayers particularly in the context of form and shape, and that the
Prophet Muhammed has learned it in a milieu of Jewish culture. However, the
historical development of daily prayers in Judaism does not support this
argument, since we do not trace such form and shape in Jewish daily prayers
resembling salat in Islam at the period of prophecy of Muhammad. When the
first-hand Jewish literature is examined it is seen that the daily prayers are
arranged as three times daily rituals, mainly due to the daily sacrificial
rituals in the temple, by an assemble headed by Ezra, the Scribe. After the
destruction of the Second Temple, there has been some changes in the tradition
of daily prayer, and at the very beginning of Islamic period it has been
performing by standing in general. Later in Islamic domination period the
tradition of daily prayers in Jewish culture has been influenced by Islamic
customs. Not only the sect of Karaites of the 8^th century, founded
by Anan ben David, but also the Rabbinic tradition, the main body, was
influenced by the Muslim tradition. Hence Maimonides, the famous Jewish scholar
of the 12^th century, reviewed the daily prayers of Rabbinic Judaism,
reorganizing it as well as washing rituals in context of shape and form. Thus,
such forms as washing arms and feet, full bowing down and prostration appeared
in both Karaite and Rabbinic tradition of Judaism in the Middle Age. As for
Judaism today, except for some groups such as Yemenite and Ethiopian Jews in
Rabbinic context, and Karaite and Samaritan Jews in non-Rabbinic contexts, the
majority of Jews perform their daily prayer rituals in standing and do not give
place the ritual like full bowing down and prostration. However, some
revisionist Jewish groups mainly known as Talmide Ha-Rambam try to reorganize
the form and shape of Jewish daily prayer as it was described by Jewish
scholars like Maimonides in the Middle Age.

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