Nefret Söylemi: Zorluklar ve Yüzleşme Yolları

Year 2021, , 33 - 50, 14.06.2021

Naceur Amara

https://doi.org/10.51802/istanbuljas.908154

Abstract

Bu araştırma, nefret söyleminin zararlarını ve tehlikelerini birinci bir başlıkta (nefret söylemi: psikolojik imha ve itibar kaybı) inceleyerek çağdaş toplumların ve ülkelerin dini nefret söylemi ile mücadelede karşılaştıkları en önemli zorlukları ele almaktadır. Daha sonra dini nefret konusunu ikinci bir başlık üzerinden (dini nefret: olağanüstü hal durumundaki dinler) ve (a- kişisel bir bağlılık olarak dini mensubiyet ve b- kültürel bir kimlik olarak dini mensubiyet) arasındaki ayrım üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Ardından üçüncü bir başlıkta nefret söyleminin yasal algısı sunulmuştur: (nefret söylemi ve yasal caydırıcılık: pasif nefret ve aktif nefret). Ayrıca dini nefret söyleminin hukuki çerçevesi dördüncü bir başlıkta (nefret söylemi ve ifade özgürlüğü: çürük gerekçeler ve açık suiistimal) ifade özgürlüğü konusuna bağlanarak incelenmiştir. Beşinci başlıkta, medyada Arap Baharı olarak bilinen süreçte Arap dünyasının geçirdiği aşamada nefret söylemi teşhis edilmiştir. Altıncı konuda ise; nefret söylemiyle yüzleşmenin, dini nefret söylemini tedavi etmenin ve bunlarla mücadele etmenin yolları önerilmiş, özel olarak da anti-nefret söylemi üretimi konusuna değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Nefret söylemi, haysiyet, ifade özgürlüğü, nefret söylemi karşıtlığı

خطاب الكراهية: التحدّيات وسُبُل المُواجَهة

Abstract

يعالج هذا البحث أهمّ التحدّيات التي تواجهها المجتمعات والدول المعاصرة في مكافحتها لخطاب الكراهية الدينية من خلال تشريح أضرار خطاب الكراهية ومخاطره ضمن مبحثٍ أوّل (خطاب الكراهية: إبادةٌ نفسية وإهدارٌ للكرامة) ثمّ تحليل مسألة الكراهية الدينية من خلال مبحث ثانٍ (الكراهية الدينية: الأديانُ في حالة طوارئ) والتفريق بين (أ- الانتماء الديني باعتباره التزاماً شخصياً وبين ب- الانتماء الديني باعتباره هويّة ثقافية)، وبعده عرضنا التصوّر القانوني لخطاب الكراهية في مبحث ثالث: (خطاب الكراهية والردع القانوني: الكراهية الخاملة والكراهية النَشِطَة). كما حلّلنا الإطار الحقوقي لخطاب الكراهية الدينية من خلال ربطه بمسألة حريّة التعبير ضمن مبحث رابع (خطاب الكراهية وحريّة التعبير: مبرّراتٌ واهية وتعسّفٌ مكشوف). وفي مبحث خامس قمنا بتشخيص خطاب الكراهية في المرحلة التي مرّ بها العالم العربي خلال ما سُمّيَ في وسائل الإعلام بالربيع العربي، وفي مبحث سادس اقترحنا سُبُلاً لمواجهة خطاب الكراهية وعلاج ومكافحة خطاب الكراهية الدينية بالخصوص فيما سميّناه بـ: صناعة مُضادّات الكراهية

Keywords

خطاب الكراهية, الكرامة, حريّة التعبير, مُضادّات خطاب الكراهية

Hate Speech: Challenges and Ways of Confrontation.

Abstract

This research deals with the most important challenges that contemporary societies and countries face in their struggle against religious hate speech, by dissecting the harms and dangers of hate speech within the first topic (hate speech: psychological genocide and a waste of dignity), then analyzing the issue of religious hatred through a second topic (religious hatred: religions in a state of emergency) and the distinction between (a- religious affiliation as a personal commitment and b- religious affiliation as a cultural identity), after which we presented the legal perception of hate speech in a third topic: (hate speech and legal deterrence: passive hatred and active hatred), and we also analyzed the human rights framework of the religious hatred discourse by linking it to the issue of freedom of expression within a fourth topic (hate speech and freedom of expression: flimsy justifications and open abuse). In a fifth topic, we diagnosed hate speech at the stage that the Arab world went through during what was known in the media as the Arab Spring. In the sixth topic, we suggested ways to confront hate speech and treat and combat religious hate speech, in particular in what we have called: the manufacture of anti-hate speech.

Keywords

Hate speech, dignity, freedom of expression, anti-hate speech

References

• Amandine Barb et Denis Lacorne, « Les politiques du blasphème », éditions Karthala, Paris, 2018.
• Anna Weber, « Manual on hate speech », Council of Europe publishing, Strasbourg, 2009.
• Antony Cortese, « Opposing hate speech », Praeger Publishers, US, 2006.
• Blackford Russel, « Freedom of religion and the secular state», John Wiley & Sons, UK, 2012.
• Eric Barendt, « Freedom of speech », Oxford University Press, 2ed, UK, 2007.
• Erica Haward, « Freedom of expression and religions hate speech in Europe», Routledge, London and New York, 2018.
• Jeremy Waldron, « The harm in hate speech », Harvard University press, Cambridge, London, 2012.
• Joen Temperman, « Religious hatred and international law: the prohibition of incitement to violence or discrimination», Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016.
• Katharine Gelber, « Speaking Back: the free speech versus hate speech debate», John Benjamin’s Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 2002.
• Marc Deleplace, « Les discours de la haine : récits et figures de la passion dans la cité », Presses Universitaires des Septentrion, France, 2009.
• Nancy L. Rosenblum, « Obligations of citizenship and demands of faith: religions accommodation in pluralist democracies», Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000.
• Paul Ricœur, «La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli », Seuil, Paris, 2000.
• Richard Moon, « Putting faith in hate: when religion is the source or target of hate speech», Cambridge University press, UK, 2018.
• Samuel Walker, « Hate speech, the history of an American controversy», University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1994.
• Stavos Assimakoponlos, Fabienne H. baider, Sharon Millar, « On line hate speech in the European Union, A discourse- Analytic perspective», Springer, Switzerland, 2017.
• Wojciech Sadurski, « Freedom of speech and its limits», Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1991.
• Yaman Akdeniz, « Racism on the internet», Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2009.