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Mısır Sineması (1927-1970)

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 265 - 296
https://doi.org/10.51802/istanbuljas.1557958

Abstract

Sinema, kitlesel popülaritesi ve geniş izleyici kitlesine ulaşması nedeniyle sanatsal tür olarak farklı bir özgünlüğe sahiptir. Sinema tarihinde “Arap sineması” ele alındığında bu alanda en büyük ve en önemli rol Mısır sinemasına aittir. Mısır film endüstrisi, Arap dünyasında türünün en güçlü ve en etkili endüstrisi olmuş ve öyle olmaya da devam etmektedir. Orta Doğu'da sinema filmleri üreten tek ülke olmasıyla bilinen Mısır sineması, “Arap dünyasının Hollywood'u” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Mısır sinemasının başlangıç tarihi hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Bazı sinema tarihçilerine göre başlangıç tarihi Lumière Kardeşlerin kısa filmlerinin İskenderiye’de gösterildiği 1896, bazılarına göre Mısır sinemasının ilk kısa belgesel filminin yapım yılı olan 1907, bazılarına göre ise Mısır sinemasının ünlü kadın yönetmeni ve oyuncusu Azîze Emîr’in yönettiği ve senaryosunu yazdığı “Leylâ” adlı ilk uzun metrajlı filmin yapım tarihi olan 1927 yılıdır. Çoğunlukla toplumsal ve ekonomik sorunları ele almak suretiyle Mısır toplumunun aynası haline gelen Mısır sineması kimi zaman yeni yazılan senaryolarla kimi zaman başka ülkelerin filmlerinden ve zaman zaman edebi eserlerden yapılan uyarlamalarla öne çıkmıştır. Mısır sineması, toplumsal değişimleri takip ederek bunları ileri düzeyde bir sanat diliyle ifade etme becerisine sahip sinema eğitimi almış yönetmenler, senaristler ve oyuncular yetiştirme safhasına gelinceye kadar önemli aşamalardan geçmiştir. Bu çalışmada kendine özgü tarzı, tavrı, dili, üslubu ve zengin sözcük dağarcığı ile dünya sinema tarihinde önemli bir yere ve kimliğe sahip Mısır sinemasının, 1927 yılından 1970’li yıllara kadar olan dönemdeki gelişim sürecinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

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References

  • Kaynakça/Reference Ahmad, Biğâliye. “Mikyâsu’s-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye.” Dirâsât Sînemâ ̒iyye (el-Muhâdaratu’l-Ûlâ) https://elearn.univ-oran1.dz/pluginfile.php/86636/course/overviewfiles/ (Erişim tarihi: 15.05.2024)
  • Al-Mahdy, Dina. “The golden age of Egyptian cinema.” Tuesday 7 Apr 2020, https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/366778.aspx (Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2024)
  • Aleksan, Jean. al-Sînemâ fi'l-Watani'l-‘Arabî. Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Wataniyya li's-Sekâfe wa'l-Funûn wa'l-Âdâb, 1982.
  • Arabi, Afif J., “The History of Lebanese Cinema 1929 – 1979: An Analytical Study of The Evolution and The Development of Lebanese Cinema.” Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1996.
  • Bidâyâtu’s-Sînemâ fî Mısr kemâ Hakâhâ Jalâl al-Sharqâvî, https://web.archive.org/web/20220831174714/https://www.medinaportal.com/galal-el-sharqawy-history-of-cinema (Erişim tarihi: 17.08,2024)
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  • el-Masnâvî, Mustafa. “Târîhu’s-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye (Medâhil li’l-Fehm ve’t-Tefsîr).” es-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye: Târîhuhâ ve Mustakbeluhâ ve Devruhe’n-Nahdavî, 85-101. Lebanon: Merkez Dirâsâti’l-Vahdeti’l- ̒Arabiyye, 2014.
  • Elnaccash, Ataa. “Egyptian Cinema: A Historical Outline.” African Arts 2, No. 1 (1968): 52-71.
  • Farid, Samir. “Naissance et développement du cinéma égyptien (1922-1970).” A propos du cinéma égyptien, Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, Juillet 1984, http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/naissance-et-developpement-du-cinema-egyptien-1922-1970 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2024)
  • Farrugia, Marisa. “The Plight of Women in Egyptian Cinema (1940s- 1960s).” Doctoral Thesis, The University of Leeds, 2002.
  • Gadsby, John. My Wanderings. Being Travels in the East in 1846-47, 1850-51, 1852-53. London: Stereotype Edition, 1857.
  • Gaffney, Jane. “The Egyptian Cinema: Industry and Art in Changing Society.” Arab Studies Quarterly 9, No.1 (Winter 1987): 53-75 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857918 (Erişim tarihi: 13.05.2024)
  • Heshmat, Dina. Egypt 1919: The Revolution in Literature and Film. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2020.
  • Khayati, Khémaïs. “'Les fondements culturels du cinéma égyptien.” Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, (Juillet 1984): 5-20 http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/les-fondements-culturels-du-cinema-egyptien/ (Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2024)
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  • Sadûl, Cûrc. Târîhu’s-Sînemâ fi’l- ̒Âlem. Translated by: İbrahim el-Kîlânî, Fâyiz Kem Nakş. Beirut: Menşûrât ʿUveydât, 1968.
  • Wassef, Magda. “Le cinéma égyptien au bout du tunnel (1970-1980).” A propos du cinéma égyptien, Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, (Juillet 1984): 38-43. http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/le-cinema-egyptien-au-bout-du-tunnel-1970-1980 (Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2024)
  • https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/cinema-of-egypt (Erişim tarihi: 22.07.2024
  • https://elcinema.com/person/1052809/ (Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2024)
  • https://elcinema.com/work/1004829/ (Erişim tarihi: 27.09.2024)
  • https://goldenglobes.com/articles/century-egyptian-cinema/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2024)
  • https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/startupcity (Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2024)
  • https://sinemaninaltincagi.blogspot.com/ (Erişim tarihi:25.03.2024)
  • https://www.alqabas.com/article/409817 (Erişim tarihi: 09.08.2024)
  • https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/cinematographers/Alvise_Orfanelli.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2024)
  • https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/films/Early_Films.html (The Early Years of Documentaries and Short Films in Egypt (1897-1939) (Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2024)
  • https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2011/egyptian-films-at-the-festival-de-cannes/ (Erişim tarihi: 16.03.2024)

Cinema of Egypt (1927-1970)

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 265 - 296
https://doi.org/10.51802/istanbuljas.1557958

Abstract

Cinema has a distinct originality as an artistic genre due to its mass popularity and ability to reach a wide audience. When "Arab cinema" is considered in the history of cinema, the biggest and most important role in this field belongs to Egyptian cinema.The Egyptian film industry has been and remains the most powerful and influential of its kind in the Arab world. Known for being the only country in the Middle East that produces feature films, Egyptian cinema has been called the "Hollywood of the Arab world". There are different opinions about the beginning date of Egyptian cinema. According to some film historians, the start date is 1896, when the Lumière Brothers' short films were shown in Alexandria; and according to some, it is 1907, the year the first short documentary film of Egyptian cinema was made; according to others, it is the year 1927, the year of production of the first feature-length film, "Leila", directed and scripted by Azîza Amîr, the famous female director and actress of Egyptian cinema. Egyptian cinema, which has become a mirror of Egyptian society by mostly addressing social and economic issues, has sometimes come to the fore with newly written scripts, sometimes with adaptations from films of other countries and sometimes from literary works. Egyptian cinema has gone through important stages until it has reached a level where it can produce directors, screenwriters and actors who have received cinema education, can follow social changes and can express them with a developed artistic language. This study aims to examine the development process of Egyptian cinema, which has an important place and identity in the history of world cinema with its unique style, attitude, language, style and rich vocabulary, from 1927 to the 1970s.

References

  • Kaynakça/Reference Ahmad, Biğâliye. “Mikyâsu’s-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye.” Dirâsât Sînemâ ̒iyye (el-Muhâdaratu’l-Ûlâ) https://elearn.univ-oran1.dz/pluginfile.php/86636/course/overviewfiles/ (Erişim tarihi: 15.05.2024)
  • Al-Mahdy, Dina. “The golden age of Egyptian cinema.” Tuesday 7 Apr 2020, https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/366778.aspx (Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2024)
  • Aleksan, Jean. al-Sînemâ fi'l-Watani'l-‘Arabî. Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Wataniyya li's-Sekâfe wa'l-Funûn wa'l-Âdâb, 1982.
  • Arabi, Afif J., “The History of Lebanese Cinema 1929 – 1979: An Analytical Study of The Evolution and The Development of Lebanese Cinema.” Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, 1996.
  • Bidâyâtu’s-Sînemâ fî Mısr kemâ Hakâhâ Jalâl al-Sharqâvî, https://web.archive.org/web/20220831174714/https://www.medinaportal.com/galal-el-sharqawy-history-of-cinema (Erişim tarihi: 17.08,2024)
  • Egyptian Cinema, https://www.scribd.com/document/318934544/Egyptian-Cinema-History (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2024)
  • el-Masnâvî, Mustafa. “Târîhu’s-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye (Medâhil li’l-Fehm ve’t-Tefsîr).” es-Sîneme’l- ̒Arabiyye: Târîhuhâ ve Mustakbeluhâ ve Devruhe’n-Nahdavî, 85-101. Lebanon: Merkez Dirâsâti’l-Vahdeti’l- ̒Arabiyye, 2014.
  • Elnaccash, Ataa. “Egyptian Cinema: A Historical Outline.” African Arts 2, No. 1 (1968): 52-71.
  • Farid, Samir. “Naissance et développement du cinéma égyptien (1922-1970).” A propos du cinéma égyptien, Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, Juillet 1984, http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/naissance-et-developpement-du-cinema-egyptien-1922-1970 (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2024)
  • Farrugia, Marisa. “The Plight of Women in Egyptian Cinema (1940s- 1960s).” Doctoral Thesis, The University of Leeds, 2002.
  • Gadsby, John. My Wanderings. Being Travels in the East in 1846-47, 1850-51, 1852-53. London: Stereotype Edition, 1857.
  • Gaffney, Jane. “The Egyptian Cinema: Industry and Art in Changing Society.” Arab Studies Quarterly 9, No.1 (Winter 1987): 53-75 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857918 (Erişim tarihi: 13.05.2024)
  • Heshmat, Dina. Egypt 1919: The Revolution in Literature and Film. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2020.
  • Khayati, Khémaïs. “'Les fondements culturels du cinéma égyptien.” Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, (Juillet 1984): 5-20 http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/les-fondements-culturels-du-cinema-egyptien/ (Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2024)
  • Landau, J. M. Studies in the Arab Theatre and Cinema. London and New York: Routledge Library Editions: Society of The Middle East, Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969.
  • Sabella, Bernard. “Christian Contributions to Art, Culture and Literature in the Arab-Islamic World.” Secular Nationalism And Citizenship in Muslim Countries (Arab Christian in the Levant), edited: Kail C. Ellis, 89-106. USD: Villanova University, 2018.
  • Sadûl, Cûrc. Târîhu’s-Sînemâ fi’l- ̒Âlem. Translated by: İbrahim el-Kîlânî, Fâyiz Kem Nakş. Beirut: Menşûrât ʿUveydât, 1968.
  • Wassef, Magda. “Le cinéma égyptien au bout du tunnel (1970-1980).” A propos du cinéma égyptien, Les dossiers de la cinémathèque 13, (Juillet 1984): 38-43. http://collections.cinematheque.qc.ca/articles/le-cinema-egyptien-au-bout-du-tunnel-1970-1980 (Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2024)
  • https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/cinema-of-egypt (Erişim tarihi: 22.07.2024
  • https://elcinema.com/person/1052809/ (Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2024)
  • https://elcinema.com/work/1004829/ (Erişim tarihi: 27.09.2024)
  • https://goldenglobes.com/articles/century-egyptian-cinema/ (Erişim tarihi: 26.05.2024)
  • https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/startupcity (Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2024)
  • https://sinemaninaltincagi.blogspot.com/ (Erişim tarihi:25.03.2024)
  • https://www.alqabas.com/article/409817 (Erişim tarihi: 09.08.2024)
  • https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/cinematographers/Alvise_Orfanelli.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2024)
  • https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/films/Early_Films.html (The Early Years of Documentaries and Short Films in Egypt (1897-1939) (Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2024)
  • https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/2011/egyptian-films-at-the-festival-de-cannes/ (Erişim tarihi: 16.03.2024)
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Arabic Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Aydın 0000-0001-7640-7470

Aysel Ergül Keskin 0000-0002-1326-8124

Early Pub Date December 14, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date September 30, 2024
Acceptance Date November 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Aydın, Mustafa, and Aysel Ergül Keskin. “Cinema of Egypt (1927-1970)”. Istanbul Journal of Arabic Studies 7, no. 2 (December 2024): 265-96. https://doi.org/10.51802/istanbuljas.1557958.