BURMA’DAN MYANMAR’A ARAKAN’DA ROHİNGYA MÜSLÜMANLARI

Year 2017, Issue: 29, 173 - 197, 29.12.2017

Ahmet Ateş

Abstract

Uzun zaman boyunca Burma Birliği olarak bilinen
ancak 1989’da Myanmar Birliği olarak adı değiştirilen ülke, 1962’den 2011’e
kadar Tatmadaw olarak adlandırılan askeri dikta ile yönetilmiştir. Bu dönemde
askeri cunta çok sayıda anti demokratik uygulamayı hayata geçirmiştir. Burmalı
Müslümanlar bu anti demokratik uygulamaların hedefinde olmuştur. Bu çerçevede
Arakan olarak bilinen fakat resmen Rahkine Devleti olarak adlandırılan bölgede
yaşayan etnik ve dini bir azınlık olan Rohingya Müslümanlarına Burma rejimi
vatandaşlık vermemiştir. Ayrıca rejim, Rohingya Müslümanlarını Bengal’den gelen
yasadışı göçmenler olarak tanımlamış ve onlara yönelik ihlallerin önünü
açmıştır. Bu bağlamda vatandaşlık haklarından mahrum bırakılan Rohingya
Müslümanları, uluslararası örgütler ve BM’nin raporlarına yansıyan zorla güç,
zorla çalıştırma, işkence, cinsel şiddet ve tecavüz gibi çeşitli ihlallere
uğramıştır. Bu ihlallerin en önemli nedenlerinin başında askeri cuntanın anti
demokratik uygulamaları ve dini faktörler gelmektedir. Ancak bu nedenler
Rohingya meselesinin teşhis edilmesinde yeterli değildir ve burada bir boşluğun
doğduğu savunulabilir. Bu çalışmada Rohingya çatışmanın ekonomik, siyasi,
kültürel ve sosyal nedenleri incelenerek, bu boşluğun giderilmesine katkı
sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. 

Keywords

Burma, Myanmar, Arakan, Rahkine Eyaleti, Tatmadaw, Rohingya Müslümanları

References

• KAYNAKÇA Albert, Eleanor, "The Rohingya Migrant Crisis", http://Www.Cfr.Org/ Burmamyanmar/Rohingya-Migrant-Crisis/P3665, (et. 19.09.2016) "Anti Muslim Monk Wira Thu Talk About Meiktila before Riot", https://Www.Youtube.Com/Watch?V=N7iruggsfyw, (et. 10.10.2016) Anwar, M.S., "Myanmar’s Armed Forces Rape Rohingya Women", http://Www.Rvisiontv.Com/Myanmars-Armed-Forces-Rape-Rohingya-Women/, (et. 23.09.2015) "A Changing Ethnic Landscape: Analysis of Burma's 2010 Polls", http://Www.Theatlantic.Com/International/Archive/2013/04/969-the-Strange-Numerological-Basis-for-Burmas-Religious-Violence/274816/, (et. 16.09.2016) “All You Can Do Is Pray” Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State, Human Rights Watch Press, ABD, 2013. Baxter, Will, "Unregistered Rohingya Refugees Persecuted by 'Political Decree'", http://Www.Ucanews.Com/News/Unregistered-Rohingya-Refugees-Persecuted-by-Political-Decree/71298, (et. 02.10.2016) Belford, Aubrey-Tun, Soe Zeya, "Forced Labor Shows Back-Breaking Lack of Reform in Myanmar Military", http://Www.Reuters.Com/Article/Us-Myanmar-Rohingya-Forcedlabour-Iduskcn0pc2l720150702, (et. 09.09.2016) Bradley, David, "Democracy in Burma?", Asian Studies Review (ASR), 21/2-3 (1997): 19-31. Brooten, Lisa, "Political Violance and Journalism in a Multiethnic State", Journal of Communication Inquiry (JCI), 30/4 (2006): 354-373. Brown, Catherine, "Burma: The Political Economy of Violence", Disasters, 23/3 (1999): 234-256. "Burmese Junta Sets Voting Dates", http://News.Bbc.Co.Uk/2/Hi/Asia-Pacific/7236648.Stm, (et. 03.10.2016) Cheung, Samuel, "Migration Control and the Solutions Impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications from the Rohingya Experience", Journal of Refugee Studies (JRS), 25/1 (2011): 50-70. Crimes against Humanity in Western Burma: The Situation of the Rohingyas, Irish Centre for Human Rights, Galway, 2010. Dale, John G., "Trasnnational Legal Conflict between Peasants and Corporations in Burma: Human Rights and Discursive Ambivalance under the Us Alien Tort Claims Act", The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law between the Global and the Local, ed. Mark Goodale, Sally Engle Mery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007. Dawson, Jenna, Barlow, Daniel, "Burma: Drug Control Progress and Possibilities." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs (JCSAA), 25:1 (2006): 7-16. Dittmer, Lowell, Burma or Myanmar? Struggle for National Identity, World Scientific Publishing, New Jersey, 2010. Downs, Ray, “Is Burma’s Anti-Muslim Violence Led by ‘Buddhist Neo-Nazis’?”, http://Www.Vice.Com/Read/Is-Burmas-Anti-Muslim-Violence-Led-by-Buddhist-Neo-Nazis, (et. 20.09.2016) Draitser, Eric, “Myanmar’s Ethno-Sectarian Clashes: Containing China?”, http://Www.Globalresearch.Ca/Myanmars-Ethno-Sectarian-Clashes-Containing-China/5306192, (et. 26.09.2016) ———, “Towards a New Humanitarian Front? Myanmar and the Geopolitics of Empire”, http://Www.Globalresearch.Ca/Towards-a-New-Humanitarian-Front-Myanmar-and-the-Geopolitics-of-Empire, (et. 21.09.2016) Egreteau, Renaud, "Burmese Indians in Contemporary Burma: Heritage, Influence, and Perceptions since 1988", Asian Ethnicity (AE), 12/1 (2011): 33-54. Ertekin, Sümeyye, “Arakan Uzaktaki Zulüm”, http://Appsaljazeera.Com/Interactive/ Arakan/, (et. 23.09.2016) Farrely, Nicholas, "Discipline without Democracy: Military Dominance in Post Colonial Burma", Australian Journal of International Affairs(AJIA), 67/3 (2013): 312-326. Farzna, Kazı Fahmida, "Music and Artistic Artefacts: Symbols of Rohingya Identity and Every Resistance in Borderlands", Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies (AJSEAS), 4/2 (2011): 215-36. Frontieres, Medecis Sans, 10 Years for the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Past, Present and Future, Medecis Sans Frontieres, Holland, 2002. Galache, Carlos Sardina, “Who Are the Monks Behind Burma’s ‘969’ Campaign?”, http://Www.Dvb.No/News/Features-News/the-Monks-Behind-Burma%E2%80 %99s-%E2%80%9c969%E2%80%9dmovement-2/28079, (et. 18.09.2016) Galtung, Johan, Çatışmaları Aşarak Dönüştürmek: Çatışma Çözümüne Giriş, çev. Havva Kök, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2009. Göksoy, İsmail Hakkı, “Myanmar”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Ankara 2006, XXXII, ss. 253-255. ———, İsmail Hakkı, “Arakan”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Ek. 1, 104-108. Green, Penny, “Islamophobia: Myanmar's Racist Fault-Line”, http://Www.Aljazeera.Com/ Indepth/Opinion/2013/04/201342910920804170.Html, (et. 20.09.2016) ———, MacManus, Thomas, Venning, Alicia de la Cour, Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar, International State Crime Initiative, London, 2015. Grundy-Warr, Carl-Wong, Elaine, Sanctuary Under a Plastic Sheet- the Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees, IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, yy., 1997. HIIK, "Conflict Barometer 2014", http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/ pdf/ConflictBarometer_2014.pdf, (et. 13.11.2015) Human Rights Watch, “Burma: New Violence in Arakan State”, https://Www.Hrw.Org/ News/ 2012/10/26/Burma-New-Violence-Arakan-State., (et. 11.10.2016) Macgregor, Fiona, “Economic Focus for Rakhine Relief” http://Www.Mmtimes.Com/Index.Php/Business/8212-Economic-Focus-for-Rakhine-Relief.Html, (et. 10.10.2016) Matthews, Bruce, "Religious Minorities in Myanmar—Hints of the Shadow", Contemporary South Asia (CSA), 4/3 (1995): 287-308. McGowan, William, "Burmase Hell", World Policy Journal (WPJ), 10/2 (1993): 47-56. “Myanmar”, http://Data.Worldbank.Org/Country/Myanmar, (et. 02.10.2016) “Myanmar: Kofi Annan to Head Commission on Rakhine State”, https://Www.Amnesty.Org/En/Latest/News/2016/08/Kofi-Annan-to-Head-Commission-on-Rakhine-State/, (et. 24.08.2016) “Myanmar: The Politics of Economic Reform”, Crisis Group Asia Report, 2012, https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/myanmar-politics-economic-reform, (et. 24.08.2016) Myoe, Maung Aung, Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces since 1948, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2009. “Nationalist Monk U Wirathu Denies Role in Anti-Muslim Unrest”, http://Www.Irrawaddy.Com/Interview/Nationalist-Monk-U-Wirathu-Denies-Role-in-Anti-Muslim-Unrest.Html, (et. 13.09.2016) Özay, Mehmet, Arakan Müslümanları: Kaybolmaya Yüz Tutmuş Bir Halkın Hikayesi, Okur Kitaplığı, İstanbul, 2013. Palmer, Victoria, "Analysing Cultural Proximity: Islamic Relief Worldwide and Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh." Development in Practice (DP), 21/1 (2011): 96-108. Parnini, Syeda Naushin, "The Rohingya İssue in Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations", International Journal of Arts and Science(IJAS), 4/23 (2011): 65-80. “Poverty in Myanmar”, https://Www.Adb.Org/Countries/Myanmar/Poverty#Tabs-0-2, (et. 01.10.2016) Rahman, Utpala, "The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh", Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies (JIRS), 8/2 (2010): 233-239. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar, UN Human Rigth Centre Pre. yy., 2013. “Rohingya Forced Labour Widespread in North Arakan: Report”, http://Reliefweb.Int/Report/Myanmar/Rohingya-Forced-Labour-Widespread-North-Arakan-Report. (et. 10.09.2016) “Rohingya Refugee Camp Gutted in Rakhine State Fire”, http://Www.Aljazeera.Com/Indepth/Inpictures/2016/05/Myanmar-Rohingya-Muslim-Refugee-Camp-Gutted-Rakhine-State-Fire-160504110727161.Html, (et. 09.09.2016) Rosenblat, Mariana Olaizola, “A Rational Approach to the Rohingya Crisis”, http://Thediplomat.Com/2015/07/a-Rational-Approach-to-the-Rohingya-Crisis/, (et. 10.08.2016) Seekins, Donald M., "Burma and U.S. Sanctions: Punishing an Autoritarian Regime", Asian Survey (AS), 45/3 (2005): 437-452. Shams, Shamil, “Myanmar's Rohingya Conflict 'More Economic Than Religious'”, http://Www.Dw.Com/En/Myanmars-Rohingya-Conflict-More-Economic-Than-Religious/a-18496206, (et. 09.10.2016) “South-East Asia Migrant Crisis: Gambia Offers to Resettle All Rohingya Refugees”, https://Www.Theguardian.Com/World/2015/May/21/South-East-Asia-Migrant-Crisis-Gambia-Offers-to-Resettle-All-Rohingya-Refugees, (et. 05.10.2016) Spar, Debora L., La Mure, Lane T., "The Power of Activism: Assessing the Impact of Ngos on Global Business", California Management Review (CMR), 45/3 (2003): 78-101. Steinberg, David I., "International Rivalries in Burma: The Rise of Economic Competition", Asian Survey (AS), 30/6 (1990): 587-601. Steinberg, David I., Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford Press, New York, 2010. Szep, Jason, “Special Report: Buddhist Monks Incite Muslim Killings in Myanmar”, http://Www.Reuters.Com/Article/Us-Myanmar-Violence-Specialreport-Idusbre9370ap20130408, (et. 22.08.2016) Taylor, Robert H, "Myanmar: From Army Rule to Constitutional Rule?", Asian Affairs (AA), 43/2 (2012): 221-236. Tha, Kin Oo, “In Arakan State Concerns Grow over Rise in Drug Seizures Abuse”, http://Www.Irrawaddy.Com/Burma/Arakan-State-Concerns-Grow-Rise-Drug-Seizures-Abuse.Html, (et. 15.09.2016) "The Constitution of the Union of Burma, 24 September 1947, Effective 4 January 1948", https://Www.Ilo.Org/Dyn/Natlex/Docs/Electronic/79573/85699/F1436085708/Mmr79573.Pdf, (et. 26.09.2016) Than, Tin Maung Maung, "Burma: The "New Professionalism" of the Tatmadaw", Military Professionalism in Asia: Conceptual and Empirical Perspectives, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah, East-West Center, Hawaii 2001. Thawnghmung, Ardeth, "The Myanmar Elections 2015: Why the National League for Democracy Won a Landslide Victory", Critical Asian Studies (CAS), 48/1 (2016): 132-142. Topich, William J., Leitich, Keith A, The History of Myanmar, Green Wood, Santa Barbara, 2013. Udwadia, Shanaira, "Corporate Responsibility for International Human Rights Violations", Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal (SCILJ), 13/2 (2004): 359-400. Ullah, Akm Ahsan, "Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusion and Contemporary Marginalization", Journal of Immigrant and Refugees Studies (JIRS), 9/2 (2011): 139-161. “UN Envoy Warns of Myanmar Crisis”, http://Www.Aljazeera.Com/News/Asia-Pacific/2007/09/200852512370678540.Html, (et. 03.10.2016) “UN to Resume Burma Aaid Flights”, https://Www.Theguardian.Com/World/2008/ May/09/Cyclonenargis.Burma4, (et. 05.10.2016) Wade, Francis, “Islamophobia and the Fear of 'the Other' in Myanmar”, http://Www.Aljazeera.Com/Indepth/Opinion/2012/06/2012610134755390151.Htm, (et. 23.09.2016) ———, “Rapes by Burmese Security Forces 'May Cause More Strife' in Troubled Region”, https://Www.Theguardian.Com/World/2013/Feb/26/Burma-Security-Forces-Rape-Arakan, (et. 05.10.2016) “Who Is Ashin Wirathu?”, http://969movement.Org/Ashin-Wirathu/, (et.16.09.2016) Yunus, Muhammed, Dünden Bugüne Arakan, çev. Hatice Uğur, İHH İnsani Yardım Varkfı, İstanbul, 2012. “100,000 Protestors Flood Streets of Rangoon in ‘Saffron Revolution’", http://Www.Novinite.Com/View_News.Php?Id=85644, (et. 21.09.2016)